2.3.2.2 ezingafikelelekiyo
Data ezigcinwe amashishini kunye noorhulumente kunzima kubaphandi ukufikelela.
NgoMeyi 2014, US National Agenda Ukhuseleko wavula kwiziko data kwiilali Utah, ukuba unalo igama nzima, ezobuntlola Comprehensive National lokhuselo Initiative Center Data. Nangona kunjalo, eli ziko data, leyo ke ibifihliwe kwasemaphakadeni kwaziwa ngokuba Utah Center Data, wade ezinesiphiwo ebalaseleyo. Enye ingxelo yayibonisa ukuba Utah Center Data uyakwazi ukugcina basingathe zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano kuquka "imixholo epheleleyo emails zabucala, iminxeba cell phone, kunye nokukhangela Google, kwakunye nazo zonke iintlobo idata yobuqu iirisithi ezityhutyhayo-yokupaka, apps , izinto ezithengwa kwivenkile, kunye nezinye digital `inkunkuma epokothweni '" (Bamford 2012) . Ukongeza iinkxalabo ukuphakamisa malunga nohlobo ezibuthathaka phantse ulwazi kwikhompyutha data ezinkulu, apho ziza kuchazwa ngasezantsi, le Utah Center Data ngumzekelo bom kumthombo data osisityebi ukuba ingafunyanwa abaphandi. Okuninzi ngokubanzi, imithombo emininzi data omkhulu kuya kuba luncedo kubaphandi zilawulwa kwaye umda ngoorhulumente (umzekelo, iinkcukacha-rhafu data zemfundo) kunye neenkampani (umzekelo, imibuzo ukukhangela iinjini yefowuni umnxeba meta-data). Ngoko ke, ezi data aziyi kufumaneka ngoko nangoko ukuba abaphandi beeyunivesithi, kwaye uninzi aziyi kufumaneka abaphandi oorhulumente okanye iinkampani.
Ngokwamava am, abaphandi abaninzi esekelwe kwiiyunivesithi phosakeleyo umthombo lo neyokungafikeleleki. Ezi data hayi ingafikeleleki kuba abantu iinkampani kunye noorhulumente bazizidenge, uyonqena, okanye nabangakhathaliyo. Kunoko, kukho umthetho, zobugcisa, ishishini, kwaye nemiqobo zemigaqo ezithintela kwakhona ukufikelela data. Ngokomzekelo, abanye izivumelwano ngokwemigaqo-of-nkonzo websites kuvumela kuphela data ukuba zisetyenziswe ngabasebenzi okanye ukuphucula inkonzo. Ngoko iintlobo ezithile yokwabelana data ezinokukufak iinkampani amatyala ezisemthethweni ngabathengi. Kukwakho imingcipheko yeshishini kakhulu iinkampani inxaxheba data ukwabelana. Zama ukuba nomfanekiso indlela Uluntu ziwusabele ukuba data search yobuqu ngempazamo avuza waphuma Google njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yophando eyunivesithi. Loo ulwaphulo data, ukuba ezigabadeleyo, Kusenokuba ingozi ebomini ngenxa yenkampani. Ngoko Google-kwaye uninzi ezinkulu iinkampani-ngozi-bengathandi kakhulu ngayo ngokwabelana data kunye nabaphandi.
Enyanisweni, phantse wonke umntu abe nako ukunika ufikelelo izixa ezikhulu ze data uyazi ibali Abdur Chowdhury. Ngowe-2006, xa intloko yophando AOL, yena ngabom wakhululwa oko babecinga zingachazwa ukuba zezikabani imibuzo uphendlo 650.000 abasebenzisi AOL kuluntu kuphando. Kangangoko ndinako ndithi, Chowdhury kunye abaphandi AOL babeneenjongo ezintle yaye babecinga ukuba zingachazwa ukuba zezikabani idata. Kodwa, bona engalunganga. Kuye ngokukhawuleza ndafumanisa ukuba idatha njengamntu engaziwayo abaphandi bacinga, neentatheli ukusuka New York Times bakwazi ukuchonga abantu dataset ngokulula (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006) . Zakuba ezi ngxaki kubhaqwa, Chowdhury wazisusa idata website AOL, kodwa kakhulu ixesha. Le data iye reposted kwezinye websites, kwaye mhlawumbi nangoku kufumaneka xa ufunda le ncwadi. Ngenxa kwiinzame zakhe ukwabelana data kunye noluntu ngophando, Chowdhury emibi-, kunye negosa eliyintloko iteknoloji AOL wakhe barhoxa (Hafner 2006) . Njengoko lo mzekelo ubonisa, izibonelelo kuba ngabantu abathile ngaphakathi iinkampani ukuba kube lula ukufikelela data mahle amancinane kunye kuphoxwa na eyoyikekayo.
Uphando, nangona kunjalo, ukufikelela data ukuba ingafikelelwa luluntu ngokubanzi. Oorhulumente kufuneka iinkqubo nabaphandi kuwalandela isicelo sokufikelela, yaye njengoko imizekelo kamva kwesi sahluko bonisa, abaphandi usenokuziva ukufikelela data lweziko. Umzekelo, Einav et al. (2015) yabambisana umphandi e eBay ukufunda imizila lwedijithali ukusuka ngotyefezo intanethi. Ndiza kuthetha okungakumbi uphando weza kule ngokusebenzisana kamva kwisahluko (Section 2.4.3.2), kodwa ndizakuyichaphazela loo nto ngoku ngenxa yokuba zonke ezine izithako ukuba ndilibone intsebenziswano yimpumelelo: umphandi umdla ukwazi umphandi, umdla inkampani, kunye nesakhono inkampani. Ngamanye amazwi, Einav kunye nabalingane babenomdla nabanako zifundele ngotyefezo online. Kwaye, kwakhona eBay leyo. Kodwa, ndiye ndabona intsebenziswano ezininzi kangangoko ingasilela kuba nokuba umphandi okanye inkampani naniswele enye yezi izithako.
Nokuba uyakwazi kunjalo ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano kunye ishishini, kukho ezinye downsides kuwe. Okokuqala, imibuzo onokuthi uyibuze idatha kunye kusenokwenzeka ukuba umda; iinkampani akungekwazeki ukuba ukuvumela uphando olunokuba kubenza bajongelwe. Okwesibini, uya mhlawumbi akuyi kuba nako ukwabelana data zakho nabanye abaphandi, oko kuthetha ukuba abanye abaphandi akayi kuba nako ukuqinisekisa nokwandisa iziphumo zakho. Ngaphezu koko, ezi intsebenziswano ungenza ubuncinane ukubonakala ungquzulwano ngumdla, apho abantu bacinge ukuba iziphumo zakho baphenjelelwa intsebenziswano yenu. Zonke ezi downsides ingabhekiswa, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba kucace gca ukuba ukusebenza data ukuba nakuvoto wonke zombini upsides kunye downsides.
Xa sishwankathela, amaqashiso data omkhulu ingafunyanwa abaphandi. Kukho umthetho, zobugcisa, ishishini, kwaye nemiqobo zemigaqo ezithintela kwakhona ukufikelela data, kwaye ezi imiqobo akayi kumka. ngokubanzi ukuba oorhulumente yesizwe iinkqubo yokwenza ufikelelo data, kodwa inkqubo no ku ad hoc xa urhulumente nasekuhlaleni. Kwakhona, kwezinye iimeko, nabaphandi iqabane kunye neenkampani ukuba afumane ufikelelo data, kodwa oku ukwenza ezahlukeneyo iingxaki abaphandi.
