5.2.2 Isihlwele-ngokweekhowudi nkqubo ezopolitiko

Lweekhowudi yayo kwezopolitiko, into ngokokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ziingcali, no kwenziwa lisebe iprojekthi ekubaleni yoluntu ebangela reproducibility kunye jikwa.

Ngokufanayo Galaxy Zoo, kukho iimeko ezininzi apho abaphandi zentlalo ufuna ikhowudi, ukuhlela, okanye uleyibhelishe umfanekiso okanye intwana lwesicatshulwa. Umzekelo olu hlobo lophando na ngokweekhowudi nkqubo ezopolitiko. Ngexesha lonyulo, amaqela ezopolitiko ukuvelisa nkqubo echaza kwizikhundla nkqubo yabo ngokusalathisa bulumko. Umzekelo, nantsi iqhekeza IManifesto Labor Party in Great Britain ukususela ngo-2010:

"Izigidi zabantu abasebenza kwiinkonzo zethu zoluntu bathwele amaxabiso ngeyona Britain, ukunceda ukuxhobisa abantu ukwenza inkoliso ubomi babo xa ebakhusela imingcipheko akufuneki ukuba awuthwale yedwa. Kanye njengokuba kufuneka ngesibindi malunga nendima karhulumente ekwenzeni iimarike ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kananjalo kufuneka ukuba sibe Abahlaziyi ngqindilili karhulumente. "

Ezi nkqubo idata oluxabisekileyo izazinzulu ezopolitiko, ingakumbi abo unyulo ukufunda kunye namandla entshukumo iingxoxo-nkqubo. Ukuze kufunyanwe ngokucwangcisiweyo inkcazelo kwezi nkqubo, abaphandi wadala IManifesto Project , leyo walungelelanisa izazinzulu ezopolitiko kuphawu 4000 nkqubo kumaqela nama-1,000 kumazwe-50. Isivakalisi ngasinye Manifesto nganye iye esinebhakhowudi yingcali kusetyenziswa inkqubo-kudidi 56. Isiphumo sei nzame sobambiswano na dataset oxandileyo beshwankathela iinkcukacha eziqulethwe kwezi nkqubo, kwaye oku dataset kusetyenziswe amaphepha enzululwazi ngaphezulu kwama-200.

Kenneth Benoit noogxa (2015) yagqiba ukuthatha IManifesto umsebenzi lweekhowudi ukuba ngaphambili lwenziwa ziingcungcu kwaye uyijike ibe kwiprojekthi intelekelelo ngabantu. Ngenxa yoko, udala inkqubo ukhowudo ukuba reproducible yaye neemeko, singasathethi zitshiphu nangokukhawuleza.

Ukusebenza 18 nkqubo kuveliswa ngexesha lonyulo ezintandathu lwakutsha UK, Benoit kunye nabalingane wasebenzisa ukwahlulwa-isicelo-ukudibanisa qhinga kunye abasebenzi abasuka kwimarike yabasebenzi micro-task (Amazon Mechanical Turk kwaye CrowdFlower yimizekelo iimarike yabasebenzi micro-task; ngokuba baninzi kwiimalike yabasebenzi micro-task, funda iSahluko 4). Abaphandi wathabatha Manifesto nganye uwucandile ibe izivakalisi. Okulandelayo, rating babantu busetyenzisiwe ukuba isivakalisi ngasinye. Ingakumbi, ukuba isivakalisi inxaxheba ingxelo nkqubo, oko esinebhakhowudi kunye ziziinkalo ezimbini: kwezoqoqosho (ukusuka kakhulu ekhohlo ukuya kakhulu ekunene) kunye nezentlalo (ukusuka wokungagogotyi engaguqukiyo) (Figure 5.5). isivakalisi nganye esinebhakhowudi ngabantu abohlukeneyo 5. Okokugqibela, le amanqaku dityaniswa kusetyenziswa statistical model ukuba zibalelwe zombini iziphumo rater ngamnye kunye nobunzima iziphumo sivakalisi. Kuzo zonke, Benoit noogxa eziqokelelwe-200,000 amanqaku kubasebenzi malunga 1500.

Isazobe 5.5: Coding Udweliso ukusuka Benoit et al. (2015) (Isazobe 1).

Ukuze ukuvavanya umgangatho ukhowudo isihlwele, Benoit noogxa Kwakhona 10 iingcali-oonjingalwazi kunye nabafundi abanezidanga in Science-izinga yezopolitiko nkqubo efanayo usebenzisa inkqubo efanayo. Nangona amanqaku amalungu isihlwele Womendo ngaphezu amanqaku ezivela kwiingcali, imvumelwano isihlwele rating kwafuneka isivumelwano encomekayo imvumelwano ingcali rating (Figure 5.6). Olu thelekiso lubonisa ukuba, njengokuba kunye Galaxy Zoo, iiprojekthi intelekelelo babantu ukuvelisa iziphumo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Isazobe 5.6: Uqikelelo Expert (x-axis) noqikelelo isihlwele (y-axis) yagqiba ephawulekayo xa nokhowudo nkqubo iqela 18 ukusuka Great Britain (Benoit et al. 2015) . Ezi nkqubo ezinebhakhowudi babevela amaqela amathathu ezopolitiko (akudala, elezeMisebenzi, Lutho Democrats) kunyulo ezintandathu (1987, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2010).

Ukwakha kule japan, Benoit nabalingane basebenzisa inkqubo yabo isihlwele-nokhowudo ukwenza uphando ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka kunye neProjekthi Manifesto. Umzekelo, iProjekthi Manifesto akazange ikhowudi ye yayo kumxholo abasuka kuba ndingabanga isihloko indima xa scheme ukhowudo yaphuhliswa kwiminyaka yoo-1980. Kunye, ngeli xesha, kuba benkxaso infeasible zeProjekthi Manifesto ukuba ndiye kwakhona ikhowudi yayo zabo ukufaka olu lwazi. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba abaphandi abanomdla ukufunda kwezopolitiko ongenelelo ngaphandle luck. Nangona kunjalo, Benoit kunye nabalingane bakwazi ukusebenzisa inkqubo yabo intelekelelo yabantu ukwenza oku ukhowudo-elicwangcisiweyo uphando abo emibuzo-ngokukhawuleza nangokulula.

Ukuze ukufunda nkqubo ongenelelo, bona ezinebhakhowudi le nkqubo amaqela asibhozo kunyulo 2010 Great Britain. Isivakalisi ngasinye Manifesto nganye esinebhakhowudi enoba enxulumene ongenelelo, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, ingaba oko pro-ongenelelo, cala, okanye anti-nemfuduko. Kwiiyure 5 ngokusungula yeprojekthi yabo, iziphumo ezibe. Bona kokuqokelela iimpendulo ngaphezulu kwama-22,000 ngeendleko zizonke $ 360. Ngaphezu koko, uqikelelo esihlweleni wabonisa isivumelwano encomekayo uphando ngaphambili leengcali. Emva koko, njengoko uvavanyo lokugqibela, iinyanga ezimbini emva koko, abaphandi iveliswe zabo isihlwele-ukhowudo. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa, bakuba kudale dataset entsha isihlwele-coded ukuba etelekiswe ngokusondeleyo original isihlwele-coded iseti data yabo. Ngamanye amazwi, intelekelelo yoluntu eyabangela ukuba ukujikelezisa coding iitekisi zezopolitiko kuvunyelwene uvandlakanyo ingcali yaye reproducible. Ngokubhekele phaya, kuba loo manani oluntu yakhawuleza kwaye zitshiphu, ukuba kwakulula ukuba ngokusesikweni ukuqokelelwa kwazo data umbuzo zophando oluthile malunga nemfuduko.