5.4.1 eBird
eBird iqokelela iinkcukacha neentaka birders; amavolontiya angabonelela isikali geographic ukuba akukho qela uphando utshatise.
Iintaka zonke iindawo, kwaye ornithologists ungathanda ukwazi apho wonke ntaka ngamaphanyazo onke. Wanikwa dataset egqibeleleyo enjalo, ornithologists athethe imibuzo emininzi esisiseko kwentsimi yabo. Kakade ke, ukuqokelela le datha ngaphaya umda nawuphi Umphandi ethile. Ngelo xesha, ukuba ornithologists ufuna iinkcukacha uqina epheleleyo ngakumbi, "birders" -abantu kuhamba intaka kukululangazelela fun-siyayigcina rhoqo iintaka ukubhalwa oko bakubonayo. Ezi zoluntu ezimbini zinembali ende lokusebenzisana, kodwa ngoku ezi intsebenziswano ziye siguqulwe yobudala yesuntswana. eBird iprojekthi isasazwe nokuqokelelwa kwedata ukuba ufuna ulwazi birders ehlabathini lonke, kwaye sele ifumene abaye intaka ngaphezu kwezigidi 260 ukusuka nxaxheba 250,000 (Kelling et al. 2015) .
Phambi kuqaliso eBird, uninzi data okudalwe birders ye ngenayo kubaphandi:
"Iziduko kumagunjana ehlabathini namhlanje kulala iincwadi ezininzi, amakhadi isalathiso, nomzobo lokuzikhumbuza ngokulindelekileyo, yaye iidayari. Abo bethu inxaxheba kunye namaziko zintyiloza ndiyazi kakuhle intlungu ukuva ngokuphindaphindiweyo malunga 'iirekhodi intaka umalume wam wokuqala' Siyazi ezixabisekileyo nendlela ibingazi. Okubuhlungu kukuba, siyazi nathi sikwazi ukusebenzisa kubo. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Kunokuba uthi oku data ezixabisekileyo kuhlala ongasetyenziswanga, eBird yenza birders ekhompyutheni yona enye, uvimba yesuntswana. Data phezulu ku eBird iqulethe kwiinkalo ezingundoqo ezintandathu: ngubani, phi, nini, njani iintlobo, zingaphi, nomzamo. Kuba abafundi non-zintyiloza, "iinzame" libhekisela iindlela kusetyenziswa ngexesha ukwenza bakuqapheleyo. iinkangelo nomgangatho Data kuqala phambi i data kwikhompyutha. Birders uzama ukuba angenise iingxelo-ezifana engaqhelekanga njengoko iingxelo neentlobo ezinqabileyo kakhulu, iingxelo aphezulu kakhulu, okanye ngaphandle ngexesha iingxelo-ke lisiwe, yaye website ucela ngokuzenzekelayo ulwazi olongezelelweyo, ezifana neefoto. Emva zokuqokelela olu lwazi olongezelelweyo, iingxelo enendwe zithunyelwa omnye amakhulu iingcali zommandla ukuvolontiyela kwakhona ngakumbi. Emva kophando imbalelwano yengingqi ingcali-kuquka kunokwenzeka eyongezelelweyo kunye birder-iingxelo enendwe mhlawumbi yalahlwa njengezingenakuthembeka okanye angenileyo database eBird (Kelling et al. 2012) . Le database leembono wayisithelisa ke kufumaneka ukuze nabani ehlabathini kunye loxhulumaniso lwe Internet, kwaye okwangoku, phantse 100 iincwadi peer-ngokutsha ndiyisebenzisa (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba birders ntliziyo bayakwazi ukuqokelela aneenkcukacha eziluncedo kuphando ngokwenene jikiyo.
Enye nobuhle eBird kukuba uthimba "umsebenzi" ukuba sele kwenzeka-kule meko, zintyiloza. Lo msebenzi osemqoka yenza iprojekthi ukuphumeza isikali engathethekiyo. Noko ke, le "umsebenzi" kwenziwe birders nto kanye utshatise data ezifunwa ornithologists. Umzekelo, kwi eBird, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ixhomekeke indawo birders na indawo yeentaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba, umzekelo, eyona ngqwalasela badla lifika kufutshane neendlela (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . Ukongeza koku lulwabiwo olungalinganiyo iinzame phezu isithuba, kwaye kwaqatshelwa yokwenene eyenziwe birders alusoloko efanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abanye birders layisha kuphela ulwazi malunga neentlobo ukuba bacinge umdla kunokuba lofundo ulwazi zonke iintlobo ukuba egcine.
eBird abaphandi izisombululo ezimbini eziphambili kwezi kwimiba yobulunga data, imiba kuvela kwezinye iiprojekthi ukuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha ezininzi zasasazwa. Okokuqala, eBird abaphandi basoloko bezama ukuphucula umgangatho data ezingeniswe birders. Umzekelo, eBird inika imfundo nxaxheba, yaye oko kudale neemboniso data nxaxheba ngamnye ukuba, ngokwendlela oludizayinwe ngayo, ukukhuthaza birders ukulayisha inkcazelo ngazo zonke iintlobo ukuba waphawula, kungekhona nje olusezantsi (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Okwesibini, eBird abaphandi basebenzise imifuziselo manani ezizama ukulungisa ngemo enengxolo kunye ngeentlobo lwedata ekrwada. Asinto Akukacaci ukuba le mizekelo manani ukususa ngokupheleleyo ucalu ukusuka data, kodwa ornithologists bazithembile ngokwaneleyo umgangatho data eBird kuhlengahlengiswa ukuba, njengoko sele kuchaziwe ngaphambili, iye yasetyenziswa lwabalingane-ngokutsha iimpapasho zobunzululwazi phantse 100.
Abaninzi non-ornithologists ekuqaleni bayathandabuza kakhulu xa besiva eBird okokuqala. Ngokoluvo lwam, yinxalenye yale yokuthandabuza iphuma ukucinga eBird ngendlela engalunganga. Abantu abaninzi kuqala bacinga "Ingaba data eBird ogqibeleleyo?", kwaye impendulo ngokupheleleyo hayi. Kodwa ke, ukuba akukho umbuzo kunene. Umbuzo ngulo, "Kuba imibuzo ethile uphando, na idata eBird ngaphezu data jikiyo ekhoyo?" Kuba mbuzo impendulo ngokuqinisekileyo ewe, ngokuyinxenye kuba imibuzo emininzi umdla akukho indlela eziyiyo nokuqokelelwa kwedata isasazwe.
Iprojekthi eBird ubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubandakanya amavolontiya ekuqokelelweni idata yenzululwazi ebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, eBird, yaye enxulumene iiprojekthi, abonisa ukuba imingeni enxulumene isampuli nomgangatho data inkxalabo kwiiprojekthi nokuqokelelwa kwedatha isasazwe. Njengoko siza kubona kwicandelo elilandelayo, kodwa kunjalo, uyilo krele kunye nobuchwepheshe le nkxalabo inokuncitshiswa kwezinye izicwangciso.
