6.1 Intshayelelo

Kwisahluko esingaphambili lubonise ukuba ubudala yedijithali idala amathuba amatsha ukuqokelela nokuhlalutya idata zentlalo. Ubudala yedijithali uye udale mngeni emitsha yokuziphatha. Injongo yesi sahluko kukunika izixhobo ukuba kufuneka zokuhlangabezana nale mingeni yokuziphatha.

Yabo ngoku ukungaqiniseki nokungavumelani malunga ukuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo ezinye ubudala yedijithali uphando lwentlalo. Le ukungaqiniseki kukhokelele kwiingxaki ezibini ezinxulumene, enye ethe wafumana ingqalelo kakhulu ngaphezu kwabanye. Kwelinye icala, abanye abaphandi baye batyholwa ukwaphula wabucala kwabantu okanye sithathe inxaxheba mgaqweni. Le meko-leyo Ndiza ukuchaza kwesi sahluko-ziye umbandela ingxoxo ebanzi kunye nengxoxo. Kwelinye icala, ukungaqiniseki yokuziphatha iye yaba nefuthe ubhobhoyi, ukuthintela uphando ezisesikweni kwaye kubalulekile kungenzeki; Kuyinyani into yokuba ndicinga ukuba kakhulu ngaphantsi noku. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni 2014 Ebola kokuqhambuka, amagosa ezempilo oluntu wayefuna ulwazi malunga nokushukumisa abantu kumazwe amaninzi kakhulu ezosulelekileyo ukwenzela ukunceda ukulawula kokuqhambuka. iinkampani mfono Imfono mfono ukuba iingxelo ezineenkcukacha umnxeba ukuba wayesenokusilungiselela ezinye le nkcukacha. Sekunjalo, iinkxalabo ezisesikweni kunye zomthetho unamathela phantsi iinzame abaphandi 'ukuba siqo- data (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Ukuba unako ukuqulunqa imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nemigangatho kwabelwana ngabo bobabini abaphandi kunye noluntu-kwaye ndiyacinga esingenza oku-ngoko lingakwazi ukuseben- izakhono ubudala yedijithali ngeendlela banoxanduva kwaye luncedo eluntwini.

Kukho umahluko ebalulekileyo phakathi indlela zentlalo koosonzululwazi izazinzulu data athethe zokuphatha uphando. Kuba ntle, ukucinga malunga yokuziphatha ilawulwa Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) kunye nemimiselo ukuba umsebenzi ukunyanzelisa. Ngapha koko, ekuphela kwendlela izazinzulu yasentlalweni uninzi reseach amava ingxoxo wobuntu ngokusebenzisa inkqubo zemimiselo ethi ngokutsha IRB. izazinzulu Data, kwelinye icala, kufuneka encinane namava kwindlela yokuziphatha uphando ngenxa yokuba akukho ngokuqhelekileyo kuxoxwa kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha nobunjineli. Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela-ndlela imithetho-based ntle okanye indlela iNethiwekhi yeThutyana ye data izazinzulu-kakuhle busebenze uphando lwezentlalo kweminyaka yesuntswana. Endaweni yoko, mna ndiyakholwa ukuba njenge uluntu luya kwenza inkqubela ukuba basebenzise imigaqo-based approach. Oko kukuthi, abaphandi kufuneka ukuba nazo zizivandlakanye uphando lwabo ezikhoyo imithetho-endiya kuthabatha njengoko kunikwa kwaye acingele kufuneka zilandelwe yaye ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yokuziphatha jikelele. Le ndlela ngemigaqo-esekelwe kuqinisekisa ukuba abaphandi bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo malunga nophando apho imigaqo nabangekafumani ebhaliweyo ukuba siyakwazi ukuthetha nokuqiqa bethu nabanye abaphandi kunye noluntu.

Indlela Imigaqo-esekelwe ukuba mna ethethelela asinto intsha; basondelelane phezu kwamashumi yokucinga yangaphambili. Njengoko uza kubona, kwezinye iimeko le ndlela imigaqo-esekelwe kukhokelela ukucima, izisombululo actionable. Kwaye, xa loo nto kukhokelela izisombululo ezinjalo, oko icacise urhwebo-offs ababandakanyekayo, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ondenzakalisayo uzinzo kwaye bakwazi ukuchaza iingcamango zakho nabanye abaphandi kunye noluntu. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko uza kubona, ukuthatha indlela imigaqo-esekelwe ayifuni yonge ixesha. Wakuba ufunde imigaqo esisiseko, ungasebenzisa ukuba ngokukhawuleza nangobuchule camange uluhlu olubanzi iingxaki. Okokugqibela, le ndlela imigaqo-based ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuba silindele ukuba kuya kuba luncedo kungakhathaliseki apho uphando lwakho kwenzeka okanye apho usebenza (umzekelo, eyunivesithi, urhulumente, NGO, okanye inkampani).

Esi sahluko yenzelwe ukunceda ngumphandi ngamnye kakuhle intsingiselo. Njani na ukuba ucinge ziinqobo umsebenzi wakho? Yintoni onokuyenza ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho ngokweenqobo ngakumbi? KwiCandelo 6.2, ndiza ukuchaza iiprojekthi ezintathu digital uphando ubudala ukuba unokuvelisa ingxoxo yeenqobo. Emva koko, kwiCandelo 6.3, ndiya abstract kwezo mizekelo ezithile ukuchaza into Ucinga ukuba sisiphi isizathu esingundoqo ukungaqiniseki ezisesikweni: ukwanda ngokukhawuleza ngamandla kubaphandi ukuba uyigcine ukhe abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo okanye ulwazi. Ezi zakhono iguquka ngokukhawuleza izithethe zethu, imithetho, kunye nemithetho. Okulandelayo, kwiCandelo 6.4, ndiza ukuchaza imigaqo esele ezine akhokele iingcinga zakho: Ukuhlonela Abantu, Beneficence, Justice, Nokuhlonela Law and Public Inzala. Emva koko, kwiCandelo 6.5, ndiza zishwankathela ezimbini ebanzi ngokweenqobo izikhokelo-consequentalism kunye deontology-ezinokukunceda ukuba nicamange ngomnye wemingeni zinzulu ukuba nazo: xa kufanelekile ukuba uthathe indlela yokuziphatha ethandabuzekayo ukwenzela ukuba bafikelele ekupheleni yokuziphatha efanelekileyo. Le migaqo kunye nezakhelo yokuziphatha kuya kukunceda ukuba zizame ukwenza ngaphezu ujolisa sivumelekile nemigaqo ekhoyo kwaye andise ukukwazi kwakho ukunxibelelana nokuqiqa zakho nabanye abaphandi kunye noluntu (Figure 6.1). Nalo ngasemva, kwiCandelo 6.6, ndiya kuxubusha iinkalo ezine ukuba zinobunzima kubaphandi zentlalo ubudala yedijithali: imvume (Section 6.6.1), ukuqonda kunye nokulawula umngcipheko ulwazi (Section 6.6.2), wabucala (Icandelo 6.6.3 ), nokwenza izigqibo yokuziphatha ebusweni ukungaqiniseki (Icandelo 6.6.4). Okokugqibela, kwiCandelo 6.7, Ndiza kwenza ngamacebo ezintathu aluncedo abasebenza kwindawo kunye zokuziphatha kushukuma. ElikwisiHlomelo Historical, ndiza ukuchaza ililo inkqubo yangoku yokuziphatha luphando lokubeka iliso eUnited States kuquka Tuskegee IGcushuwa Study, iNgxelo Belmont, le Rule Common, kunye neNgxelo Menlo.

Isazobe 6.1: Imithetho elawula zophando ezivela siseko nto leyo zivela sikhokhelo esesikweni. Ingxoxo ephambili yesi sahluko kukuba abaphandi kufuneka ukuba nazo zizivandlakanye uphando lwabo ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nto leyo esele ndiya kuthabatha njengoko kunikwa kwaye acingele kufuneka zilandelwe yaye ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yokuziphatha jikelele. UMthetho Common luluhlu nemimiselo elawula ngoku uphando yeyona ngemali federally-eUnited States (ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, funda iSihlomelo Historical). Le migaqo ezine zivela panels ezimbini blue-lweribhoni befuna ukunika isikhokelo yokuziphatha kubaphandi: The Belmont Ingxelo kunye neNgxelo Menlo (ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, funda iSihlomelo Historical). Okokugqibela, consequentialism kunye deontology zezi zikhokelo zemigaqo ziqulunqwe zobulumko kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Indlela ekhawulezayo kwaye ekrwada ukwahlula ngeziseko amabini kukuba consequentialists ingqalelo eziphelweni kunye deontologists kugxininisa ithetha.