ezimbalini ngakumbi

Eli candelo yenzelwe ukuba isetyenziswe njengesingqiniso, kunokuba kufundwe njengokuba ebalisayo.

• Intshayelelo (Section 6.1)

zokuphatha uphando ngokwemveli lwaluquka izihloko ezifana ubuqhetseba yenzululwazi kunye nokwabiwa ngetyala. Ezi imixholo kuxoxwa ngayo ngokubanzi Engineering (2009) .

Esi sahluko athathway ngamandla imeko eUnited States. Kuba ngakumbi iinkqubo kwakhona yokuziphatha kwamanye amazwe, funda isahluko 6, 7, 8, no 9 Desposato (2016b) . Kuba ingxabano ukuba imigaqo kwezonyango zemigaqo yanefuthe esi sahluko American kakhulu, bona Holm (1995) . Ukufumana kwakhona yembali Institutional Review iiBhodi kwi-US, bona Stark (2012) .

INgxelo Belmont nemimiselo ezilandelayo kwi US wenze umahluko phakathi kophando kunye nendlela. Lo mahluko uchasiwe kamva (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Mna lo mahluko kwesi sahluko kuba ndicinga imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nezakhelo iyasebenza zozibini izicwangciso. Vetshe luphando lokubeka iliso kula Facebook, bona Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Kuba nesindululo luphando lokubeka iliso kwii nkampani kunye NGOs, bona Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) kunye Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Kuba ngakumbi kwimeko Ebola ukuqhambuka ngo-2014, funda McDonald (2016) , kunye ngaphezulu malunga neengozi yabucala data ifowuni ephathwayo, bona Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Kuba ndininike umzekelo yophando enxulumene-ntlekele usebenzisa data ifowuni ephathwayo, bona Bengtsson et al. (2011) kunye Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Imizekelo emithathu (Section 6.2)

Abantu abaninzi baye ezibhaliweyo malunga ngesifo ngokweemvakalelo. Ulindixesha yoPhando Lomntu enikelwe mba yabo yonke ngoJanuwari 2016 exubusha ukucikideka; ukubona Hunter and Evans (2016) ukuba ubenemboniselo. KweeNkqubo kaZwelonke Abenemfundo Science wapapasha ziqwenga zibini malunga ukucikideka: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) kunye Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Eminye malunga ukucikideka ziquka: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) ; Selinger and Hartzog (2015) ; Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

Vetshe elithile, bona Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Lwedijithali ezahlukeneyo (Section 6.3)

Ngokwemiqathango zokucupha ubunzima, ukujongwa ngokubanzi ziyabonelelwa Mayer-Schönberger (2009) kunye Marx (2016) . Kuba umzekelo iindleko atshintshayo zokucupha, Bankston and Soltani (2013) iqikelela ukuba yokulandelela umrhanelwa mthetho usebenzisa cell phones imalunga amaxesha 50 kungenandleko usebenzisa esweni emzimbeni. Bell and Gemmell (2009) libonelela ngendlela banethemba ngaphezulu wokuzi- esweni. Ngaphezu kokuba bakwazi ukulandelela zizimo ukuba wonke okanye inxalenye karhulumente (umzekelo, Ngcamlani, sies, kwaye Time), nabaphandi isanda sigqiba izinto nxaxheba abaninzi bacinga ukuba labucala. Umzekelo, uMikali Kosinski kunye noogxa wabonisa ukuba babenako ukuqonda ontununtunu ngabantu, ezifana nesini kunye nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ukusuka data ezibonakala zesiqhelo wokulanda digital (Facebook uthanda) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Oku kuvakala imilingo, kodwa indlela Kosinski kunye noogxa kusetyenziswa-leyo indibanisa imizila digital, uphando, kwaye bangajongwa yokufunda-eneneni into Sele bendithetha ngaye. Khumbula ukuba (Ukubuza imibuzo) Ndinixelele kwiSahluko 3 indlela Josh Blumenstock noogxa (2015) zidibene data uphando kunye data ifowuni ephathwayo ukuqikelela ubuhlwempu eRwanda. Le ndlela ngqo mnye, enokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kakuhle intlupheko lilizwe elisakhulayo, nazo zingasetyenziswa ezinokuba zabucala waphule kucingelwe.

Imithetho azingqinelani kunye nezithethe kunokukhokelela uphando Ingabheki iminqweno-nxaxheba, kwaye oko kunokukhokelela "zokuthenga regulatory" abaphandi (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Ngokukodwa, abanye abaphandi abanqwenela ukuphepha wokongamela IRB abe namaqabane abo ezingaqukwanga IRBs (umzekelo, abantu iinkampani okanye NGOs) ukuqokelela de-ukuchonga data. Emva koko, abaphandi no kuthetha oku data de-ezichongiweyo ngaphandle lokongamela IRB, ubuncinane ngokutsho kwezinye utoliko imithetho yangoku. Olu hlobo kokuphepha IRB ibonakala azingqinelani kunye nemigaqo-based approach.

Kuba vetshe iingcamango azingqinelani kunye ngeentlobo ukuba abantu malunga data impilo, funda Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Kuba engakumbi ingxaki ukungafani kudala zokuziphatha zophando izigqibo ukubona Meyer (2013) .

Omnye umahluko phakathi kweminyaka analog nophando ubudala yedijithali kukuba ebudaleni yedijithali uphando intsebenziswano kunye nxaxheba ukude kakhulu. Ezi ndibano uhlasela ngokusebenzisa umthetheli ezifana njengenkampani, kwaye kukho ngokokuqhelekileyo komzimba-kunye nentlalo-umgama omkhulu phakathi kwabaphandi nxaxheba. Le intsebenziswano elikude kwenza ezinye izinto lula kuphando analog ubudala kunzima kuphando ubudala digital, ezifana sokuhluza phandle nxaxheba abafuna ukhuseleko extra, ekufumaneni ngeliso elibi, kwaye ukulungisa umonakalo ukuba kwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, makhe chasanisa njengesifo Emotional kunye ilebhu ulingelo uqikelelo kwi sihloko sinye. Kwi kwalingwa elebhu, abaphandi bakwazi ukubavavanyela phandle umntu efika kwi-lab ebonisa iimpawu ezicacileyo lokubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo. Ngokubhekele phaya, ukuba kwalingwa lab kudale isiganeko esibi, abaphandi wayeza kubona oko, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo remediate umonakalo, uze wenze utshintsho protocol zovavanyo ukuthintela ingozi elizayo. Uhlobo zikude bokusebenzisana eyiyo Emotional njengesifo ukucikideka yenza ngalinye kula manyathelo alula, enengqondo nzima kakhulu. Kwakhona, ndiyakrokra ukuba umgama phakathi kwabaphandi nxaxheba kwenza abaphandi akanaluvelwano iinkxalabo nxaxheba yabo.

Okunye imithombo kwezithethe azingqinelani kunye nemithetho. Eminye yale ukuguquguquka livela yokuba olu phando kwenzeka kulo lonke ihlabathi. Umzekelo, elithile inxaxheba abantu kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngoko ke oko kuxhomekeka ukhuseleko data nemithetho yabucala kumazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Kuthekani ukuba ngokwemimiselo elawula wesithathu-iqela web izicelo (oko elithile wayesenza) zahlukile eJamani, eUnited States, Kenya, kwaye China? Kuthekani ukuba imimiselo nkqu guqukiyo ngaphakathi kwilizwe elinye? Umthombo yesibini ukungahambisalani ivela intsebenziswano phakathi kwabaphandi kwiiyunivesithi kunye neenkampani; umzekelo, Emotional njengesifo yaba nentsebenziswano phakathi lwengcali data kula Facebook kunye njingalwazi yabafundi kwiCornell. Kula Facebook aphilileyo imifuniselo ezinkulu yesiqhelo kwaye, ngelo xesha, akazange afune nayiphi wesithathu-iqela ngokutsha yeenqobo. Ngelo Cornell izithethe kunye imithetho zahluke kakhulu; phantse zonke experiments kufuneka siqwalaselwe Cornell IRB. Ngoko, apho uluhlu imigaqo elawula Emotional njengesifo-Facebook okanye Cornell ngayo?

Kuba ngakumbi iinzame lihlaziywe Rule Common, bona Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , kunye Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Siseko amane (Section 6.4)

Indlela classic imigaqo-ofisini ukuze yokuziphatha zifundo na Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Ke sicebisa ukuba imigaqo ezine eziphambili mababakhokelele yokuziphatha zifundo: Intlonelo oluzimeleyo, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, kwaye Justice. omnye Umgaqo nonmaleficence usibongoza ukuba bazikhwebule ebangela umonakalo kwabanye abantu. Le ngqiqo elidityaniswe ngokunzulu ingcamango Hippocratic of "Musani ukubaphatha kakubi." Xa zokuphatha uphando, lo mgaqo idla kudityaniswe nomgaqo Beneficence, kodwa bona Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Isahluko 5) ngaphezulu umahluko phakathi ezimbini . Kuba ukugxekwa ukuba ezi siseko ngokugqithiseleyo American, bona Holm (1995) . Ngokuthe vetshe balancing xa ungquzulwano siseko, bona Gillon (2015) .

Imigaqo ezine kwesi sahluko sele ecetywayo ukukhokela lokongamela esesikweni lophando kwenzeka kwiinkampani kunye neeNGO (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) esebenzisa imizimba ngokuba "Review Consumer Subject" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Intlonipho Persons (Section 6.4.1)

Ukongeza ekuhlonipheni oluzimeleyo, iNgxelo Belmont liyavuma kwakhona ukuba wonke umntu unako lokwenyaniso self-nokuzimisela. Umzekelo, abantwana, abantu ukubandezeleka ngenxa yokugula, okanye abantu abahlala kwiimeko wenkululeko umda kakhulu ukuze kukwazi ukuba abantu elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo, kwaye aba bantu, ngoko ke, ixhomekeke kukhuselo ezingaphezulu.

Ukusebenzisa umgaqo nanonelela umntu ubudala yedijithali kunokuba lucelomngeni. Umzekelo, kuphando ubudala digital, kunokuba nzima ukunika ukhuselo eyongezelelweyo abantu ubuchule olutshitshileyo lwe lokuzimela kuba nabaphandi nto ingako kakhulu inxaxheba yabo. Ngaphezu koko, imvume kwaziswa kuphando kwezentlalo ubudala lwedijithali mngeni omkhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, esivumelwano ngokwenene bangafumana ukuhlupheka edida elubala (Nissenbaum 2011) , apho ulwazi lokuqonda zikungquzulwano. Kalukhuni, ukuba abaphandi nika iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo malunga uhlobo ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, uhlalutyo data, kunye nezenzo zokhuseleko data, kuya kuba nzima nxaxheba abaninzi ukuqonda. Kodwa, xa abaphandi ukunika inkcazelo ebanzi, ukuze bayasilela ngolwazi ebalulekileyo zobugcisa. Kuphando kwiphepha- analog ubudala-sentlalo kumlawula kuqwalaselwa Belmont Ingxelo-umntu unokucinga ugqirha ukuthetha ngabanye kunye nxaxheba ngamnye ukunceda ukusombulula paradox elubala. Kwizifundo online ebandakanya ngamawaka okanye izigidi zabantu, ubuso-ngobuso loo ndlela akunakwenzeka. Ingxaki yesibini imvume ubudala yedijithali kukuba kwezinye izifundo, ezifana uhlalutyo bogcino data enkulu, bekuya kuba nzima ukufumana imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo zonke nxaxheba. Mna ukuxoxa ngale mibuzo neminye malunga imvume kwaziswa ngakumbi kwiCandelo 6.6.1. Nangona kukho ezi ngxaki, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba imvume esekelwe elwazini akukho kuyimfuneko okanye elaneleyo Intlonelo Abantu.

Ngaphezulu kuphando lwezonyango phambi imvume esekelwe elwazini, bona Miller (2014) . Kuba unyango incwadi-ubude ngesivumelwano nesigulana eso, bona Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Bona kufundwe ezicetyiswayo malunga esivumelwano ngezantsi.

• Beneficence (Section 6.4.2)

Sidale ingozi ukuze nemeko umonakalo uphando kunokubangela ukuba abantu abathile kodwa ezimbuthweni. Le nto ke abstract kancinane, kodwa ndiza kubuzekelisa imizekelo emibini: analog enye eyidijithali enye.

Umzekelo ezaziwa tywaleni komongo livela Wichita phulani Study [ Vaughan (1967) ; Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2] -. Nazo ngamanye amaxesha ngokuba Chicago phulani Project (Cornwell 2010) . Kwesi sifundo abaphandi ukusuka University of Chicago, njengenxalenye isifundo ezinkulu malunga nemiba yentlalo kwenkqubo yezomthetho, ebhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo bekwiingxoxo labagwebi ezintandathu Wichita, Kansas. Iijaji namagqwetha kwezi meko wayekholisiwe erekhodiweyo, kwaye kukho ulawulo olungqongqo yenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, le jurors sakhelw ushicilelo eziye zenzeka. Xa isifundo kutyhileke kwakukho kubakhubekisa yoluntu. ISebe lezoBulungisa laqalisa uphando ukufunda yaye abaphandi babizelwa ubungqina phambi Congress. Ekugqibeleni, Congress wadlula umthetho omtsha eyenza kube semthethweni ukubhala ngokufihlakeleyo labagwebi Iingxoxo.

Eyona inkxalabo abahlalutyi Study Wichita phulani akazange ukwenzakalisa ukuba nxaxheba; kunoko, ukuba sidale ukuba kumxholo labagwebi Iingxoxo. Oko kukuthi, abantu bakholwa ukuba amalungu labagwebi wayengakholelwa ukuba kudal iingxoxo kwindawo ekhuselekileyo akhuselwe, bekuya kuba nzima kuxoxwa inkundla ukuba mayiqhutywe elizayo. Ukongeza labagwebi ingxoxo, zikho nezinye iimeko ezithile zentlalo ukuba uluntu unika nokhuseleko extra ezifana nobudlelwane zegqwetha-umxhasi kunye nokhathalelo lwengqondo (MacCarthy 2015) .

Ingozi ekonzakalisweni kumxholo kunye ukuphazamiseka iinkqubo zentlalo Kwakhona phezulu kwezinye eksperimenti endle in Science Political (Desposato 2016b) . Kuba ndininike umzekelo kwimeko-ethobelayo iindleko-benefit ukubalwa kwelinge in Science Political, bona Zimmerman (2016) .

• Justice (Section 6.4.3)

Imbuyekezo nxaxheba zivelisiweyo kuxoxiwe kwinani izicwangciso ezinxulumene nophando ubudala yedijithali. Lanier (2014) ecetywayo ukuhlawula nxaxheba okukhulayo digital zenza. Bederson and Quinn (2011) uxoxa iintlawulo kwiimarike yabasebenzi intanethi. Okokugqibela, Desposato (2016a) iceba ngokuhlawula nxaxheba imifuniselo endle. Uchaza ukuba nokuba nxaxheba azikwazi kuhlawulwa ngqo, makanikele ezinokuthi zenziwe iqela esebenza egameni labo. Umzekelo, kwi elithile abaphandi wayenako yanikela kwiqela ukusebenza ukuxhasa ukufikelela kwi-Internet.

• Intlonelo Law and Public Inzala (Section 6.4.4)

Imigaqo-of-nkonzo izivumelwano kufuneka ubunzima ngaphantsi izivumelwano ekuthethathethwene phakathi amaqela alinganayo kunye nemithetho wadalwa oorhulumente abasemthethweni. Kwiimeko apho abaphandi bayawugonyamela izivumelwano ngokwemigaqo-of-nkonzo elidlulileyo ngokubanzi zibandakanya usebenzisa imibuzo automated aphicothe ukuziphatha iinkampani (kanye eksperimenti endle ukulinganisa nocalucalulo). Ukuze ufumane olongezelelweyo bona Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Kuba ndininike umzekelo uphando lokufumanisa ukuba axoxe ngokwemigaqo yenkonzo, bona Soeller et al. (2016) . Kuba vetshe iingxaki zomthetho nazo abaphandi Ukuba bathe bayihlambela ngokwemigaqo yenkonzo bona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Izikhokelo ezimbini ezisesikweni (Section 6.5)

Ngokucacileyo, luxandu- ezibhaliweyo malunga consequentialism kunye deontology. Kuba ndininike umzekelo indlela ezi zikhokelo yokuziphatha, kunye nabanye, ingasetyenziswa ukuqiqa malunga nophando ubudala yesuntswana, bona Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Kuba ndininike umzekelo indlela ezi zikhokelo yokuziphatha linokusetyenziswa eksperimenti entsimini ukuphuhlisa Economics, bona Baele (2013) .

• Imvume esekelwe elwazini (Section 6.6.1)

Kuba ngakumbi izifundo zophicotho-calulo, bona Pager (2007) kunye Riach and Rich (2004) . Kuphela na ezi zifundo ukuba imvume esekelwe elwazini, nabo kubandakanya inkohliso ngaphandle debriefing.

Zombini Desposato (2016a) kwaye Humphreys (2015) inike iingcebiso malunga eksperimenti entsimini ngaphandle kwemvume.

Sommers and Miller (2013) kwakhona iimpikiswano ezininzi ubabalo hayi ukubuzisisa nxaxheba emva inkohliso, aze axoxe ukuba abaphandi kufuneka uncame "ukubuzisisa phantsi iseti elimxinwa kakhulu iimeko, oko kukuthi, kuphando entsimini apho debriefing ubuza imiqobo emininzi eluncedo kodwa abaphandi kwakuza kufuneka aboyiki ukubuzisisa ukuba babenako. Abaphandi kufuneka kuvunyelwa ukuncama emnxebeni ukuze silondoloze nxaxheba ichibi abangazi, zisikhusele ngokwabo ukusuka umsindo nxaxheba, okanye ukukhusela nxaxheba engozini. "Abanye bathi xa debriefing wenzakalisa ngaphezu okulungileyo kufuneka kuphetshwe. Umothuko na kwimeko apho abanye abaphandi phambili Ukuhlonela Abantu phezu Beneficence, abanye abaphandi benze esahlukileyo. Esinye isisombululo aza kuba ukufumana iindlela zokwenza ukubuzisisa amava okufunda ngenxa nxaxheba. Oko kukuthi, kunokuba ucinga debriefing njengento kunokubangela umonakalo, mhlawumbi ukubuzisisa kwakhona kuba yinto yokunceda nxaxheba. Kuba ndininike umzekelo olu hlobo debriefing imfundo, bona Jagatic et al. (2007) kwi ukubuzisisa abafundi emva kwelinge yobuqhetseba zentlalo. Zezigulo zengqondo baye ubuchule ukuze ukubuzisisa (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) yaye ezinye zezi ukuze akanakusebenzisa kusetyenziswa kuphando ubudala yedijithali. Humphreys (2015) unika iingcinga ezinomdla imvume wabalibazisa, leyo ngokusondeleyo elinxulumene isicwangciso umothuko ukuba ichaziwe.

Ingcamango ngokubuza isampulu nxaxheba kwemvume yabo enxulumene noko Humphreys (2015) uthi imvume iyaqondwa.

Icebo kwakhona ukuba aye acetywa ezinxulumene ukuba imvume esekelwe elwazini kukwakha iphaneli abantu bayavuma ukuba babe imifuniselo intanethi (Crawford 2014) . Abanye baye elubala ukuba oku yolawulo kuya kuba non-random sample abantu. Kodwa ke, kwiSahluko 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo) ibonisa ukuba ezi ngxaki zisenokuba iyaziseka usebenzisa post-abahlulwe kunye ethelekisa isampula. Kwakhona, imvume ukuba abe kwiqela lenjongo ayinakukwazi ukugubungela iintlobo imifuniselo. Ngamanye amazwi, abathathi ukuze akuyomfuneko ukuba bavume yolingelo ngamnye, i ingqiqo ebizwa imvume ngokubanzi (Sheehan 2011) .

• Ukuqonda nokulawula indlela umngcipheko zolwazi (Section 6.6.2)

Kude esikhethekileyo, Prize Netflix abonisa ipropati zobugcisa obalulekileyo kwezintlu eziqulathe ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngabantu, kwaye sisifundisa izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokwenzeka "anonymization" zogcino- zentlalo zale mihla. Iifayile ngeziqwenga ezininzi ulwazi lomntu ngamnye kusenokwenzeka ukuba mithi ngengqiqo kuchaziwe ngokusesikweni in Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Oko kukuthi, ukuba irekhodi nganye azikho iingxelo ukuba ziyafana, yaye eneneni akukho iingxelo ezifanayo kakhulu: Umntu ngamnye kude kummelwane ekufutshane kwi dataset. Umntu unokucinga ukuba idatha Netflix kunokuba inqabe ngokuba malunga 20,000 eshukumayo ngomlinganiselo 5 star, kukho malunga \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) amaxabiso kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu ngamnye abe (6 Ngokuba ukongeza iinkwenkwezi omnye 5 , umntu usenokuba ibingarhafelwa imovie kwaphela). Eli nani likhulu kangaka, kunzima nokuba esingenakuzazi.

Sparsity ineempembelelo ezimbini eziphambili. Okokuqala, oku kuthetha ukuba uzama "anonymize" le dataset esekelwe perturbation ngequbuliso kusenokwenzeka kuphumelela. Oko kukuthi, nokuba Netflix babeza ukunyenyisa randomly amanye amanqaku (apho benza), oku kwanele bekuya kuba irekhodi kuphazamiseka nangoku irekhodi ekufutshane kangangoko ingcaciso umhlaseli unalo. Okwesibini, sparsity kuthetha ukuba de-anonymization kungenzeka nokuba umhlaseli onolwazi abangafezekanga okanye cala. Umzekelo, kwi data Netflix, makhe cinga umhlaseli uyazi ratings bakho movie ezimbini kunye nemihla wenza loo mahlelo +/- mihla 3; nje ukuba ulwazi kukodwa kwanele ukuba ukuchaza 68% yabantu data Netflix. Ukuba abahlaseli uyazi 8 iimovie ukuba zalinganiswa iintsuku +/- 14, ngoko nkqu nokuba kuphosakele ngokupheleleyo ezimbini kwezi ratings eyaziwa, 99% ye rekhodi ngokukhethekileyo ezichongiweyo kwi-dataset. Ngamanye amazwi, sparsity yingxaki esingundoqo iinzame "anonymize" data, Lilishwa ke elo kuba dataset zentlalo mihla inqabe.

Umnxeba metadata nabo kubonakala ukuba "abangaziwayo" hayi sensitive, kodwa ukuba akunjalo. Umnxeba metadata ukubona kwaye sensitive (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Kumfanekiso 6.6, mna zidwelise phandle kukho urhwebo-off phakathi ingozi nxaxheba kunye neenzuzo uphando ukusuka ukukhululwa data. Kuba uthelekiso phakathi iindlela umda ufikelelo (umzekelo, igadi esibiyelweyo) kunye neendlela data imiqathango (umzekelo, ezinye uhlobo anonymization) ukubona Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Inkqubo ngokweendidi olucetywayo amanqanaba umngcipheko data, bona Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Okokugqibela, kuba kukhona ingxoxo jikelele yokwabelana data, bona Yakowitz (2011) .

Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngaphezulu le urhwebo-off phakathi umngcipheko kwaye eluncedo data, bona Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , kunye Goroff (2015) . Ukubona oku lisetyenziswa data lokwenene kwi kwizifundo open egxekwa intanethi (MOOCs) urhwebo-off, bona Daries et al. (2014) kunye Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Zabucala umahluko kwakhona inika enye indlela zizidibanise zombini inzuzo enkulu eluntwini kunye nengozi ephantsi nxaxheba, bona Dwork and Roth (2014) kunye Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Kuba ngakumbi ingqikelelo ngokobuqu nokuchonga ulwazi (PII), nto leyo eyintsika ezininzi imithetho malunga zokuphatha uphando, funda Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) kunye Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Ngokuba ngakumbi zonke iinkcukacha ezinokuba novakalelo, bona Ohm (2015) .

Kweli candelo, ndiye elalibonisa Ukuqhagamshela zogcino- ezahlukeneyo njengento enokukhokelela engozini zolwazi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakhona ukudala amathuba amatsha phando, njengoko Ndamphikisa Currie (2013) .

Kuba vetshe iisefu ezintlanu, bona Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Kuba ndininike umzekelo wendlela iziphumo nazo kuchonga, bona Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iimaphu yokuxhaphaka sifo kuchonga. Dwork et al. (2017) Kwakhona ingqalelo yokuhlaselwa data aggregate, ezifana namanani bangaphi abantu abe sisifo esithile.

• Lekhusi (Section 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) kukho inqaku yophawu zomthetho malunga zabucala, kunye nenqaku ngoyena ezinxulumene ingcamango yokuba neemfihlo lilungelo ukuba usele yedwa. Kutshanje unyango ubude incwadi yabucala Ndikucebisa ziquka Solove (2010) kunye Nissenbaum (2010) .

Kuba ngokutsha reseach uphando kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo obubobakhe, bona Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Ulindixesha Science yapapasha umba ekhethekileyo osihloko sithi "Isiphelo Privacy", esilungisa imiba kukuzimela umngcipheko ulwazi ezahlukeneyo iimbono ezahlukeneyo; sesishwankathelo bona Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) unika isakhelo ndicinga ukwenzakala abavela ukunyhashwa zabucala. Umzekelo kwangoko iinkxalabo malunga sabucala kanye Ekuthwaseni ubudala lwedijithali Packard (1964) .

• Ukwenza izigqibo phantsi ukungaqiniseki (Section 6.6.4)

Omnye umngeni xa uzama ukusebenzisa umgangatho ingozi encinci kukuba akucaci ubomi mihla eza kusetyenziswa amaqondo omlinganiselo (Council 2014) . Ngokomzekelo, abantu abangenamakhaya kuba amanqanaba aphezulu iintlungu kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa ke, loo nto ayithethi kuthi ukuba nemikhwa leyo kuvumelekile ukuba makusetyenziswe abantu abangenamakhaya kuphando umngcipheko ephakamileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kubonakala kukho kwisivumelwano olukhulayo ukuba ingozi encinci kufuneka ezivavanywe ngokuchasene umgangatho ngokubanzi abemi, kungekhona umgangatho othile abemi. Nangona ndiyavuma ngokubanzi ingcamango umgangatho kubemi ngokubanzi, ndicinga ukuba kumaqonga online ezinkulu ezifana Facebook, umgangatho othile abemi unengqiqo. Oko kukuthi, xa iqwalasela njengesifo beemvakalelo, ndicinga ukuba kusengqiqweni sisikali umngcipheko ngemihla on Facebook. Umgangatho izilwanyana ezithile kule meko kulula kakhulu ukuba baphonononge kwaye akubonakali ukuba kungqubana kunye nomgaqo Justice, nto leyo efuna ukuba ukuthintela imithwalo uphando nokuphela ongenabulungisa kumaqela ahlelelekileyo (umzekelo, amabanjwa neenkedama).

• Neengcebiso (Section 6.7)

Abanye abaphengululi ndiwabizele ukuze amaphepha ngakumbi kuquka njengezihlomelo ezisesikweni (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) inikezela amacebiso aluncedo.