6.6.4 Izigqibo Making ebusweni ukungaqiniseki
Ukungaqiniseki akufuneki kunokukhokelela kukunyotha.
Kwindawo yesine sokugqibela apho silindele abaphandi ukuba nzima wenza izigqibo ebusweni ukungaqiniseki. Oko kukuthi, emva yonke philosophizing nokulinganisa, yokuziphatha yophando ubandakanya ukwenza izigqibo ngento ukukwenza noko ukuba ukuyenza. Ngelishwa, ezi zigqibo ngokufuthi kufuneka zenziwe ngokusekelwe kulwazi engaphelelanga. Ngokomzekelo, xa uziyilela elithile, abaphandi unqwenela ukwazi ukwenzeka ukuba oko kuya kubangela umntu ukutyelelwa ngamapolisa. Okanye, Xa uziyilela abaphandi njengesifo Emotional nqwenela ukwazi ukwenzeka ukuba isekude ukudandatheka kwezinye nxaxheba. Ezi baphicothwa, mhlawumbi liphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ke ayaziwa phambi uphando kwenzeka. Kwaye, ngokuba projekthi zilandelelwe esidlangalaleni ulwazi ngeziganeko elibi, ezi lwenzekile na ngokuqhelekileyo kwaziwa emva kokuba zigqityiwe projekthi.
Ukungaqiniseki, akuwedwa kuphando zentlalo kweminyaka yesuntswana. INgxelo Belmont, xa echaza uvavanyo ngendlela lweengozi kunye nenzuzo, ngokucacileyo iyavuma ezi ziya kuba nzima ubungakanani ngqo. Ezi ukungaqiniseki, ke, alukhuni kwisigaba yesuntswana, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba bangenamava, yaye ngokuyinxenye ngenxa iimpawu yophando zentlalo ubudala yesuntswana.
Njengoko ezi yokungaqiniseki abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ixhase into efana "ekhuselekileyo bhetele uxolo," nto leyo uguqulelo wayelapha Umgaqo siseko. Nangona le ndlela kubonakala kusengqiqweni-mhlawumbi izilumko-oko okunene umonakalo; oko singagodoliswa zophando; kwaye ibangele abantu bacinge ngendlela engalunganga (Sunstein 2005) . Ukuze siqonde iingxaki Umgaqo, makhe siqwalasele njengesifo ngokweemvakalelo. Le nto wayecebe ukubandakanya abantu 700.000, kwaye kwakukho ngokuqinisekileyo abathile ithuba lokuba abantu kwalingwa uza unokwenzakala. Kodwa ke, nabo kwakukho abathile ithuba ukucikideka nako ukuvelisa ulwazi eziya kuba yingenelo kubasebenzisi Facebook kunye noluntu. Ngoko ke, lo gama kuvunyelwa yamava umngcipheko (njengoko kuxoxiwe ifike), ukuvimbela ukucikideka Kwakhona umngcipheko kuba kwalingwa ukuba avelise ulwazi ezixabisekileyo. Kakade ke, ukhetho ayikho phakathi ukucikideka njengoko yenzekile hayi ngokwenza ukucikideka; kukho ulungiso ezininzi kangangoko kuyilo esenokuba bayingenisa esikalini eyahlukileyo yokuziphatha. Noko ke, ngaxa lithile, abaphandi kuya kuba ukhetho phakathi ukwenza isifundo kwaye ukwenza isifundo, kwaye kukho imingcipheko zombini intshukumo kunye cwaka. Kungafanelekanga ukuba kugxila kuphela iingozi amanyathelo. Kakhulu ngokulula, akukho ndlela umngcipheko-free.
Ukuqhubeka ngaphaya Umgaqo, enye indlela ebalulekileyo ukucinga ukwenza izigqibo banikwe mathandabuzo yiyona umgangatho umngcipheko. Yiyona iinzame benchmark umgangatho umngcipheko umngcipheko isifundo esithile ngokuchasene ubungozi nxaxheba belwenzile kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, njengokudlala zemidlalo beqhuba iimoto (Wendler et al. 2005) . Le ndlela libalulekile ngenxa zokuvavanya nokuba kukho ingozi encinci kulula kuhlolwe likokona umngcipheko. Umzekelo, kwi njengesifo beemvakalelo, phambi kokuba uqalise uphando, abaphandi wayeza kuthelekiswa isiqulatho ngokweemvakalelo kube ngokwendalo News Feeds ukuba umxholo ngokweemvakalelo nxaxheba uza kubona kwalingwa (Meyer 2015) . Ukuba News Feeds phantsi unyango ayafana nalawo Ngokuzenzekelayo zenzeka on Facebook, ngoko abaphandi no kugqiba ukuba kwalingwa ingozi encinci. Ke, baya kwenza esi sigqibo nokuba abayazi kwizinga lomngcipheko. Indlela inye esingasetyenziswa elithile. Ekuqaleni, elithile izakufunyanwa izicelo ewebhu ziyaziwa ukuba abe novelwano, ezifana websites zamaqela umlomo ezopolitiko kumazwe noorhulumente resistance. Ngenxa yoko, bungenjengezolo ingozi encinci kubathathi kumazwe athile. Noko ke, inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo elithile-nto leyo yaba kuphela izicelo kuTwitter, Facebook, kwaye YouTube-na isicelo encinci kuba izicelo kwezo sayithi zibangelwa ngexesha ukhangelo web eqhelekileyo (Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) .
A yesibini ingcamango kubalulekile xa besenza izigqibo ngezifundo kunye umngcipheko luthiyw uhlalutyo ngamandla, nto leyo evumela abaphandi ukubala ofanelekileyo ngokobukhulu lokufunda kwabo (Cohen 1988) . Oko kukuthi, ukuba ukufunda yakho isenokumbeka nxaxheba emngciphekweni-nkqu umngcipheko-ngoko encinci umgaqo Beneficence libonisa ukuba ufuna ukubeka isixa incinane umngcipheko ezifunekayo ukuphumeza iinjongo zakho uphando. (Cinga emva Ukunciphisa umgaqo ukuba kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 4.) Nangona abanye abaphandi babe phithi ukwenza izifundo zabo kakhulu kangangoko, yokuziphatha Uphando lucebisa ukuba sifanele senze izifundo zethu ibe ncinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngoko ke, nokuba awuyazi kwinqanaba ngqo umngcipheko ukufunda yakho ibandakanya, uhlalutyo amandla kunokukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibe ncinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Uhlalutyo Power asinto intsha, kunjalo, kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi indlela oko kusetyenziswa kwiminyaka analog nendlela kufuneka zisetyenziswe namhlanje. Kweli phakade analog, ngokubanzi abaphandi wenza uhlalutyo amandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufunda lincinane kakhulu na (oko kukuthi, phantsi-Bing). Ngoku, ke, abaphandi ukwenza uhlalutyo amandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufunda sabo inkulu kakhulu (oko kukuthi, phezu-Bing). Ukuba wenza uhlalutyo amandla kunye nesifundo sakho kubonakala ukuba ifuna inani elikhulu labantu, ngoko ukuze kube ngumqondiso ukuba isiphumo uyafunda incinane. Ukuba kunjalo, kufuneka ucele ukuba olu sisiphumo esincinane kubalulekile ngokwaneleyo ukunyanzelisa inani elikhulu labantu imingcipheko lesayizi engaziwayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi mhlawumbi impendulo akukho (Prentice and Miller 1992) .
Yiyona uncedo umgangatho umngcipheko kwaye uhlalutyo amandla uqiqa izifundo malunga noyilo, kodwa aliboneleli ngayo nayiphi na inkcazelo entsha malunga nendlela avakalelwa nxaxheba ukufundisisa kwakho nento umngcipheko abanokuhlangabezana ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwisifundo sakho. Enye indlela ukujongana ukungaqiniseki kukuba ukuqokelela ulwazi olongezelelweyo, nto leyo ikhokelela kuphando yokuziphatha-impendulo kunye kulandele neemvavanyo.
Kuphando yokuziphatha-impendulo, abaphandi Nosondeza inkcazelo emfutshane iprojekthi yophando ecetywayo aze emva koko abuze imibuzo emibini:
- (Q1) "Ukuba umntu uthe uyikhathalele baba nxaxheba ngumgqatswa le yolingelo, ufuna ukuba umntu mazibandakanywe nxaxheba?": [Ewe], [andinamntu iinketho], [Akukho]
- (Umbuzo 2) "Ngaba uyakholelwa ukuba abaphandi kufuneka kuvunyelwa ukuba uqhubeke nale ukucikideka?": [Ewe], [Ewe, kodwa ngononophelo], [andiqinisekanga], [Akukho]
Emva kumbuzo ngamnye, abaphenduli zibonelelwa nesithuba apho bakwazi ukucacisa impendulo yabo. Okokugqibela, abaphenduli-onokuba ngabathathi nxaxheba okanye abantu abafu- ukusuka micro-task iimarike yabasebenzi (umzekelo, Amazon Mechanical Bonk) -Ukuphendulwa eminye imibuzo esisiseko lwamanani (Schechter and Bravo-Lillo 2014) .
iisaveyi yeNqobo-impendulo ezineefitsha ezimbini ukuba andifumani enomtsalane. Okokuqala, zingekenzeki phambi isifundo sele siqhutywa, yaye ngenxa yoko ukuthintela iingxaki phambi kokuqala ophando (njengoko kuchasene iindlela iliso ngenxa iintshukumo ezichaseneyo). Okwesibini, iisaveyi yemikhwa-impendulo ukuba abaphandi ukuba babuze iinguqulelo ezininzi iprojekthi yophando ukuze kuvavanywe kukucingela eseleyo yokuziphatha kweenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo projekti enye. Enye konyino, Noko ke, uphando yokuziphatha-impendulo kukuba akucaci ukuba isigqibo ngayo phakathi ezahlukeneyo zophando kunikwa iziphumo zophando. Kwiimeko ukungaqiniseki kakhulu olu hlobo lolwazi ukuze ukunceda izigqibo isikhokelo abaphandi '; enyanisweni, Schechter and Bravo-Lillo (2014) ingxelo ngokushiya isifundo ecwangcisiweyo ukuphendula ezixhalabisayo ezaphakanyiswa nxaxheba uphando yeenqobo-impendulo.
Lo gama iimvavanyo yokuziphatha-impendulo kunokuba luncedo yokuhlola abasabela kuphando ecetywayo, abanako umlinganiselo wokuqashisela okanye ukukhula kweziganeko esibi. Enye indlela, ukuba abaphandi zonyango ukujongana intandabuzo izicwangciso high-risk sibanjwa izilingo, indlela yokuba kunokuba luncedo uphando lwentlalo.
Xa nokuvavanya ukusebenza ichiza elitsha, abaphandi musa nangoko ukutsibela ukuba ulingo olukhulu ulingo lwezonyango. Kunoko, bandibaleke iindidi ezimbini kwizifundo zokuqala. Ekuqaleni, kwindawo lweSigaba ityala, abaphandi ingakumbi ingqalelo ekufumaneni iyeza ekhuselekileyo, kwaye ezi zifundo ziquka inani elincinane labantu. Xa ithamo ekhuselekileyo kufumaniseka, iimvavanyo kwiSigaba II ukuvavanya ukusebenza isiyobisi, ukuba nako ukusebenza kwimeko engcono-kwimeko (Singal, Higgins, and Waljee 2014) . Kuphela emva kokuba kwiSigaba I kunye nezifundo II sisiyobisi entsha kuvunyelwa ukuba kuvavanywa xa ulingo. Nangona isakhiwo ngqo izilingo ziqhutyelwa ezisetyenziswa ukuphuhliswa kwamachiza amatsha ukuze abe kuhambelane uphando lwentlalo, xa bejamelene ukungaqiniseki, abaphandi abaleke izifundo ezincinane yenzelwe awuyenzi ukuhlola ngokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza. Umzekelo, kunye elithile, nawe unokucinga abaphandi uqala nxaxheba kumazwe kunye ulawulo-of-mthetho olomeleleyo.
izilingo-nokuthi sikunye ezi ndlela-amane umgangatho omncinci umngcipheko, uhlalutyo amandla, iisaveyi yokuziphatha-asasabela, kulandele kukunceda mayiqhutywe ngendlela ebhadlileyo, nkqu nokuba sele sijamelene ukungaqiniseki. Ukungaqiniseki akufuneki kunokukhokelela kukunyotha.
