6.6.3 Ukuba bucala
Yabucaala banelungelo ukuhamba olufanelekileyo kolwazi.
Indawo yesithathu apho abaphengululi nzima na zabucala. Njengoko Lowrance (2012) wabeka kakhulu ecacisa ngayo: ". Zabucala kufuneka zihlonitshwe kuba abantu kufanele kuhlonelwe" Privacy, Noko ke, yayidume ingqiqo lixelegu (Nissenbaum 2010, Ch. 4) , yaye ngenxa yoko, kunzima ukusebenzisa xa ezama ukwenza izigqibo ezithile malunga nophando.
Indlela eqhelekileyo ukucinga yabucaala kunye / aphenjelelwe abucala nakarhulumente. Xa le ndlela yokucinga, ukuba ulwazi kuyafikelelwa esidlangalaleni, ngoko inokusetyenziswa abaphandi ngaphandle iinkxalabo malunga waphule zabucala abantu. Kodwa le ndlela kugagana iingxaki. Ngokomzekelo, ngoNovemba 2007 Costas Panagopoulos wathumela wonke kwiidolophu ezintathu ileta malunga ezayo kunyulo. Kwiidolophu-nticello ezimbini, Iowa kunye Holland, Michigan-Panagopoulos wathembisa / wamsongela ukupapasha uluhlu abantu ukuba ubuvotile kwiphephandaba. Kwenye idolophu-Ely, Iowa-Panagopoulos wathembisa / ezisengozini ukupapasha uluhlu lwabantu yi nga vo kwiphephandaba. Ezi unyango zazakhiwe zokuqhuba ikratshi nehlazo (Panagopoulos 2010) kuba ezi mvakalelo zifunyenwe ukuba nefuthe inxaxheba kwizifundo ngaphambili (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ulwazi malunga oyoti ngubani na ke zoluntu eUnited States; nabani Unganikeza yona. Ngoko ke, umntu unokuxoxa athi, kuba olu lwazi yokuvota sele karhulumente, akukho ngxaki kunye umphandi epapasha oko kwiphephandaba. Kwelinye icala, into yokuba ingxoxo uziva kuphosakele ukuba abantu abaninzi.
Njengoko lo mzekelo ubonisa, le / aphenjelelwe yabucala uluntu ithe yaba buthuntu kakhulu (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . Indlela engcono bacinge obubobakhe, omnye ezilungiselelwe ukusingatha imiba ephakanyiswe ubudala yesuntswana, Ingcamango ingqibelelo zomongo (Nissenbaum 2010) . Kunokuba kokuqwalasela inkcazelo loluntu okanye lwabucala, ingqibelelo ekusetyenzwa igxininisa nomthamo kolwazi. Umzekelo, abantu abaninzi baya kuba unbothered ukuba ugqirha wabo ekwabelwana iirekhodi zawo zempilo kunye nomnye nogqirha kodwa kuba ungonwabanga ukuba ugqirha wabo wathengisa olu lwazi kwinkampani ntengiso. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Nissenbaum (2010) , "ilungelo lokuba nemfihlo akuyonto ilungelo oyifihlayo okanye ilungelo ukulawula kodwa unelungelo lokuhamba ezifanelekileyo inkcazelo yobuqu."
Ingcamango engundoqo siseko ingqibelelo ekusetyenzwa izithethe zolwazi imeko-ozalanayo (Nissenbaum 2010) . Ezi nezithethe elawula nokuhamba ulwazi izicwangciso ezithile, yaye zigqitywa parameters ezintathu:
- abadlali (subject, ulwelo, abamkeli)
- iimpawu (iintlobo ulwazi)
- Imigaqo ukudluliselwa (nezithintelo phantsi apho ulwazi aqukuqela)
Ngoko, xa njengoko umphandi ukuba isigqibo sokuba ukusebenzisa idata ngaphandle kwemvume kuluncedo ukubuza, 'Ngaba le ndlela zingophula nemimiselo zolwazi nomxholo-isalamane? "Xa sibuyela kwityala Panagopoulos (2010) , kule meko, nokuba ngaphandle umphandi apapashe uluhlu lwabavoti okanye non-lwabavoti kwiphephandaba kubonakala ngathi bophule izithethe zolwazi. Enyanisweni, Panagopoulos akazange kusifeza isithembiso sakhe / kwentsongelo ngenxa amagosa yonyulo basekuhlaleni wazilanda oonobumba kuye wamcenga ukuba asyingcamango ilungileyo (Issenberg 2012, 307) .
Noko ke, kwezinye izicwangciso, ukucinga malunga nemimiselo zolwazi imeko-isalamane ifuna kancinci kakhulu ingqalelo. Ngokomzekelo, makhe sibuyele ubukho bokusetyenziswa logs ifowuni umnxeba mobile ukulandelela ukushukumiseka ngexesha loqhambuko Ebola eNtshona Afrika ngo-2014, kwityala ukuba ichazwe kwintshayelelo kwesi sahluko (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Kwesi sicwangciso, siya unokuthelekelela iimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo:
- Imeko 1: ngokuthumela epheleleyo data umnxeba log [wempawu]; ukuba oorhulumente ulwamkeleko engaphelelanga [abadlali]; ngokuba naluphi ucaphulo oluzayo ukusebenzisa [siseko zokuhambisa]
- Imeko 2: ukuthumela iingxelo ngokuyinxenye zingachazwa ukuba zezikabani [wempawu]; kubaphandi eyunivesithi ohloniphekileyo [abadlali]; ukuze zisetyenziswe ukuphendula Ebola ukuqhambuka kunye ngokuxhomekeke umveleli eyunivesithi iibhodi yokuziphatha [siseko zokuhambisa]
Nangona kuzo zombini ezi meko kubiza data aqukuqela ephuma inkampani, yimimiselo nemigangatho zolwazi ngokuphathelele ezi meko zimbini okufanayo ngenxa umahluko phakathi actors, iimpawu, nemigaqo zokuhambisa inxaxheba. Ukujolisa enye kuphela ezi parameters kungakhokelela ngokugqithiseleyo zilula kwezigqibo. Enyanisweni, Nissenbaum (2015) ugxininisa ukuba akukho nanye kwezi parameters ezintathu kungancitshiswa kwabanye, nonako namnye kubo ngabanye ukuchaza izithethe zolwazi. Olu uhlobo-onamacala amathathu kwezithethe zolwazi ucacisa ukuba kutheni iinzame-ukuba elidlulileyo zigxininise nokuba iimpawu okanye ukudluliselwa imigaqo-ziye ayisebenzi ku capturing lweengcinga eziqhelekileyo-ingqiqo bodwa.
Omnye umngeni kunye usebenzisa ingcamango kweendlela zolwazi nomxholo-kuthelekiswa ukukhokela izigqibo kukuba abaphandi akanakuzazi ngaphambi kwexesha kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisa (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Ngokubhekele phaya, nokuba ngaba ezinye uphando kugxobha izithethe contextual-isalamane zolwazi loo nto ayithethi ukuba uphando kufuneka kwenzeke. Enyanisweni, kwiSahluko 8 Nissenbaum (2010) ngokupheleleyo malunga "Imithetho Ukohlukana for Good." Nangona ezi iingxaki, umongo-kuthelekiswa nemigangatho zolwazi nangoku iyanceda kakhulu ukuqiqa malunga nemibuzo enxulumene eziyimfihlo.
Okokugqibela, wabucala yindawo apho Ndikhe ndibone ukungavisisani ezininzi phakathi abaphandi phambili Intlonelo Abantu nabo phambili Beneficence. Cinga ngemeko umphandi yempilo karhulumente ngasese ebukele abantu abathatha yimvula ukuqonda nococeko kuba ngundoqo ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka sisifo esosulelayo inoveli. Abaphandi ugxininise Beneficence uza kugxininisa iingenelo kwibutho kolu phando kwaye bathi ukuba akukho nto imbi kwi nxaxheba ukuba umphandi owenza awayeye ngaphandle ubhaqo. Kwelinye icala, abaphandi phambili Ukuhlonela Abantu baya kugxininisa inyaniso yokuba umphandi na ukuphatha abantu ngentlonipho kwaye enyanisweni nisenza ububi kuwo ngokuthi batyeshele wabucala. Ngelishwa, akukho lula ukuba ukusombulula iimbono ezingquzulanayo le meko (nangona simse kule meko kunokuba nje ukucela imvume).
Elokuphetha, xa uqiqa malunga obubobakhe, oko kuluncedo ukuba sidlule ekujongeni ngokugqithiseleyo zilula karhulumente / aphenjelelwe abucala baqiqe endaweni malunga nemimiselo nomxholo isalamane zolwazi, ezenziwe kuma imiba emithathu: abadlali (subject, ulwelo, abamkeli), iimpawu (iintlobo ulwazi), kunye nemigaqo transmission (izithintelo ukusasazwa kolwazi phantsi leyo) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Abanye abaphandi nokuvavanya sabucala ngokwemiqathango umonakalo kunokubangela ukusuka olwaphula sabucala, kanti abanye abaphandi ukujonga yokutyeshela neemfihlelo njenge imbi yaye ngokwayo. Ngenxa lweengcinga sabucala kweenkqubo ezininzi zedijithali ngokokutshintsha kwexesha, ziyahluka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye, kwaye iyahluka kwimeko (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , umgaqo-kungenzeka ukuba ube ngumthombo izigqibo ezinzima ngokweenqobo kubaphandi ezinye ixesha.
