6.3 Digital yahlukile

Uphando loLuntu kweminyaka yedijithali uneempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngoko kuphakamisa imibuzo yeenqobo eyahlukeneyo.

Uninzi lophando zentlalo kweminyaka analog wambetha ulingano yeenqobo ezisesikweni ezifanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa uphengululo bekuhlolwa ukuba ngokuhlangeneyo inxaxheba abantu abangaphezu kwama-100,000, Plott (2013) bafumanisa isiganeko esibi omnye kuphela, umfundi yacaphuka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa imali umdlalo kwezoqoqosho. Njengoko imizekelo emithathu ubudala digital edlulileyo Ngokomzekelo, nangona kunjalo, abaphandi ngoku sijamelene neengxaki zemigaqo ezahlukileyo kwezo ngaphambili. Generalizing kwezi zifundo zithathu, ndicinga ukuba iingxaki ukuba abaphandi kakuhle intsingiselo nayo kukuba Izakhono iguquka ngokukhawuleza imigaqo, imithetho, kunye nezithethe. Ngokungakumbi, abaphandi-kudla ngokusebenzisana neenkampani kunye noorhulumente-abe negunya phezu nxaxheba kunokuba elidlulileyo. Ngamandla, ndiya kuthetha nje ukukwazi ukwenza izinto abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo okanye ulwazi. Izinto ndithetha malunga lungaba ngokubukela ukuziphatha okanye kubhaliswa kwi imifuniselo. Njengoko amandla abaphandi ukuba baqwalasele kwaye perturb liyenyuka, akukho ukwanda elingana ecacileyo malunga kufuneka lusebenziswe ukuba amandla. Eneneni, abaphandi kufuneka isigqibo indlela yokusebenzisa amandla babo ngokusekelwe imithetho azingqinelani keneyo, imithetho, kunye nezithethe. Ukuze icace, oku akuthethi ukuba uninzi uphando ubudala yedijithali ayikho mgaqweni. Enyanisweni, kunikwa le meko, ndicinga ukuba abaphandi zibonise isigwebo ebalaseleyo. Indibaniso zakhono ezinamandla kunye nezikhokelo ezingacacanga, nangona kunjalo, ubeka abaphandi kakuhle intsingiselo kwimeko enzima.

Nangona ngokobuqu nawe ukuze uzive enamandla ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele ukukwazi kwakho ukwenza izinto ebantwini, ngakumbi abaphandi-rhoqo ngokusebenzisana neenkampani kunye noorhulumente-kuba ukukwazi ukuba uyigcine perturb abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo okanye ulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukulandela umntu ngeenxa nokurekhodisha yonke into abayenzayo. Oku kuquka yokulandelela izinto ezifana apho khona, oko kuthenga, abo ukuthetha, yaye oko bebekufunda. Esweni abantu abafana oku kwiminyaka analog kusetyenziswa kuba ekholelwa oorhulumente kunye nohlahlo omkhulu. Ngoku, konke oku lwazi rhoqo kunye ngokuzenzekelayo zibhalwe malunga izigidi yaye kungekudala ukuba izigidi zabantu. Ngokubhekele phaya, kuba konke oku lwazi zigcinwe ngokwamanani, kulula ukukhuphela, uphendlo, ukudlulisa, ukudibanisa, kunye nokuzigcina. Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni rhoqo kwenziwa namhlanje ku bothusa kwaye unokubothusa War Cold arhente zobuntlola efana weKGB, yiCIA, kwaye leStasi. Ngaphezu koko, ikakhulu kulo yokulandelela isimilo uthatha indawo ngaphandle ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo abo bangcwaliswayo surveilled.

Isikweko ocacileyo ngokuyinxalenye itsala le meko ekuhloneleni yelifu panopticon. Yokuqala ecetywayo ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha Jeremy Bentham ngokuba ngokwakha ngenxa iintolongo, panopticon ke uphiwa ezibonakalayo zokucupha (Figure 6.3). Olu panopticon na isakhiwo setyhula kunye namagumbi elihlenga ngeenxa IMboniselo Central. Nabani na ohlala kulo nemboniselo banokubona ukuziphatha bonke abantu amagumbi. Kwaye, ngokunzulu, abantu kumagumbi bakwazi kuzi- umntu emboniselweni. Umntu umboniselo ngoko kukho imboni ezingabonwayo (Foucault 1995) .

Isazobe 6.3: Uyilo ekuvalelweni panopticon, kuqala ecetywayo ngoYeremiya Bentham. Xa iziko, kukho imboni ezingabonwayo ngubani banokubona ukuziphatha wonke kwaye alikwazi bokugcinwa. Umzobo Willey Reveley, 1791. Umthombo: Wikimedia Commons .

Enyanisweni, ucupho lwedijithali nokuba kakhulu ngaphezu komntu kwindawo evelele kuba nako ukuvelisa irekhodi epheleleyo digital lokuziphatha kunokugcinwa ngonaphakade (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Nangona kukho akukabikho erekhodiweyo epheleleyo yonke ukuziphatha kwabantu kudityaniswa zibe master database, izinto ezinambuzelayo kwelo cala. Ke, ukuba intshukumo iya mhlawumbi kuqhubeka ixesha elide kangangoko zinako boluvo kuqhubeka ukwandisa, iindleko zokugcina iyaqhubeka ukunciphisa, aqokele kukokobomi bethu babe-mediated computer.

Kubaphandi ezininzi zentlalo le inkosi database ukuze ekuqaleni bebonwabile, ibe ngokuqinisekileyo kusetyenziselwa ezininzi zophando ezibalulekileyo. Abaphengululi zomthetho, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kunikwa igama elahlukileyo le inkosi sedata: database zokweyelisela (Ohm 2010) . Ukudalwa nkqu inkosi database engaphelelanga kunemiphumela ubhobhoyi ubomi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ukuba abantu bangafuni ukufunda izinto ezithile okanye ukuxoxa izihloko ezithile (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Kukho ingozi yokuba inkosi database, ngelixa wadalwa enye injongo-ndithi iintengiso-ukuze kujoliswe imini enye kusetyenziselwa injongo eyahlukileyo, imeko ekuthiwa yesibini-ukusetyenziswa. Umzekelo wayenga- ingalindelwanga yesibini-ukusetyenziswa yenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi xa data-kubalo karhulumente inkosi ledatha xesha-yasetyenziswa nokuququzelela ukubulawa kwamaKristu eSa- nxamnye namaYuda, Roma, kunye nabanye (Itheyibhile 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . La manani ngubani eqokelele data ngamaxesha ngoxolo phantse ngokuqinisekileyo babeneenjongo ezintle. Kodwa, xa ihlabathi yatshintsha-xa amaNazi wangumlawuli eJamani angabamelwane amazwe-oku data umgewu-ukusetyenziswa zasesekondari zazingenzelwanga. Xa inkosi database ikhona, kunzima ukuba ngolangazelelo ngubani bangakwazi ukufikelela kuyo kwaye iya kusetyenziswa ngayo.

abaphandi zentlalo abaqhelekileyo kakhulu, kude kakhulu into efana ekudaleni iziphumo oyikisayo kwi kuluntu okanye inxaxheba oluntu kunene ngokusebenzisa yesibini-ukusetyenziswa. Kudala Ndikhethe xubusha le mixholo, nangona kunjalo, kuba ndicinga baya kukunceda abaphandi zentlalo ukuqonda ilens apho abanye abantu baza kubona umsebenzi wabo. Makhe sibuye na incasa, sies, kwaye neprojekthi Time, umzekelo. Xa edibanayo idata kunye epheleleyo kwaye hlalutye Facebook kunye data epheleleyo kwaye hlalutye ukusuka Harvard, abaphandi udale basityhuthula zizityebi awayebujonga ngayo ubomi zentlalo nenkcubeko abafundi (Lewis et al. 2008) . Kubaphandi ezininzi zentlalo oku kubonakala ngathi inkosi sedata, ezino kusetyenziswa kakuhle. Kodwa ke, abanye kwabanye, kukhangeleka ngathi ekuqaleni ledatha kukonakaliswa wadalwa ngaphandle kwemvume nxaxheba. Incasa, sies, kwaye iprojekthi Ixesha waqala ngo-2006, yaye le nkcazelo ukuba abaphandi kwafuneka wayengekho ingakumbi labucala. Kodwa, ukuba ukhangela phambili kancinane uyakwazi nicinga ukuba la imiba kungenzeka ukufumana ezintsonkothileyo. Loluphi uhlobo mosaic yedijithali abaphandi baya kuba nakho ukwakha malunga abafundi 2026 okanye 2046?

Ukongeza olu hlolo ubunzima, abaphandi-kwakhona ngokusebenzisana neenkampani kunye noorhulumente-nako ngakumbi ngendlela angenelele ubomi babantu ukuze ukwenza imifuniselo elawulwayo cala. Umzekelo, kwi njengesifo beemvakalelo, abaphandi ababhalise abantu 700.000 kwi ulingelo ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ulwazi. Ke, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 5 (experiments Ukubaleka), olu hlobo emkhosini imfihlelo nxaxheba zibe experimenti ingaqhelekanga. Ngaphezu koko, oko akuthethi kufuna intsebenziswano kweenkampani ezinkulu. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 5, nabaphandi kusiba ukuyila nokwakha imifuniselo lwedijithali zero iindleko eziguquguqukayo, isakhiwo iindleko olwenza imifuniselo ezinkulu kakhulu. Kanye ukukwazi ukuqwalasela, ukukwazi perturb ngendlela baya kuqhubeka bekhula.

Xa ubuso eli gunya linyuke, abaphandi nazo imithetho azingqinelani keneyo, imithetho, kunye nezithethe. Omnye umthombo lo ukuguquguquka kukuba izakhono ubudala zedijithali iguquka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba imigaqo, imithetho, kunye nezithethe. Umzekelo, uMthetho Common (luluhlu nemimiselo elawula ezininzi uphando ngemali ngurhulumente eUnited States) iye yatshintsha ukususela ngo-1981 An iinzame kwanokuphucula Rule Common waqala ngo-2011, kodwa akazange alufezele yehlobo of 2016 A yesibini umthombo ukungahambisalani kukuba izithethe ngeenxa concepts abstract ezifana zabucala kusaxoxwa ngokubonakalayo ezixutyu- abaphandi, abenzi-nkqubo, netshantliziyo. Ukuba iingcali kwezi ndawo abakwazi ukufikelela kwimvumelwano efanayo, asifanele silindele ukuba abaphandi ngokwamava okanye nxaxheba baya kufikelela kwisivumelwano noba. Umthombo yokugqibela ukungahambisalani kukuba uphando ubudala lwedijithali kusiba mixed kwezinye iimeko, nto leyo ekhokelela norms ezinokuba ayingenelani kunye nemithetho. Umzekelo, Emotional njengesifo yaba nentsebenziswano phakathi lwengcali data kula Facebook kunye njingalwazi yabafundi kwiCornell. Kula Facebook aphilileyo imifuniselo ezinkulu kuyinto nje bayawuthobela ngokwemiqathango Facebook ngayo inkonzo, yaye ngelo xesha, kwakungekho ngokutsha wesithathu-yombutho imifuniselo. Ngelo Cornell izithethe kunye imithetho zahluke kakhulu; phantse zonke experiments kufuneka siqwalaselwe Cornell IRB. Ngoko, apho uluhlu imigaqo elawula Emotional njengesifo-Facebook okanye Cornell ngayo? Xa kukho imithetho azingqinelani keneyo, imithetho, kunye nezithethe nokuba kakuhle intsingiselo abaphandi unengxaki ukwenza into elungileyo. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokungafani, akukho ukuze nokuba yinto enye kanye.

Lilonke, ezi mpawu-ukwandisa ezimbini amandla kunye nokungabikho kwisivumelwano malunga ukuba amandla kufuneka ukuba isetyenziswe-kuthetha ukuba abaphandi asebenza kweminyaka zedijithali uza ukujamelana nemingeni yokuziphatha le kwixesha elizayo. Ngethamsanqa, abaphandi ejongene le mingeni ayizigqumeleli izinto kufuneka uqale ekuqaleni. Endaweni yoko, abaphandi Ungazoba ubulumko imigaqo yokuziphatha kuphuhliswa ngaphambili kunye nezakhelo, kwizihloko kumacandelo amabini ezayo.