3.3.1 Ukumelwa
Umelo malunga ukuzigqibela ngento ukusuka abaphenduli yakho abemi ekujoliswe.
Ukuze siqonde uhlobo iimpazamo ukuba kunokwenzeka xa ethelekelela ukusuka abamangalelwa abemi ezinkulu, makhe siqwalasele yokuFunda Digest umququ uhlolisiso ezame ukuqikelela kwisiphumo 1936 US kaMongameli zonyulo. Nangona wayeneminyaka engaphezu kwama-75 eyadlulayo, le bomgodi wenze isifundo esibalulekileyo ukufundisa abaphandi namhlanje.
Zoncwadi Digest yaba ethandwayo iphephancwadi jikelele-inzala, yaye ukususela ngowe-1920 baza baqalisa ukusebenza ngokweentloko umququ ukuqikelela iziphumo kaMongameli Unyulo. Ukwenza ezi zinto baya kuthumela bavotela ukuba amaqashiso yabantu, uze ngokulula ngqi okuvota abebuye; boncwadi Digest ngebhongo ingxelo ukuba okuvota bamkela babengathobekanga "kulinganiselwa, watshintsha, okanye evakalayo." Le nkqubo ngokuchanekileyo yazixela ophumeleleyo unyulo ngo-1920, 1924, 1928 no-1932 ngowe-1936, phakathi Enkulu Depression, ukuFundwa Digest wathumela bavotela kubantu abazizigidi ezili-10, abamagama weza predominately evela zefowuni neerekhodi yobhaliso ngemoto. Nantsi indlela wachaza indlela yabo;
"Oshukunyiswa umatshini egudileyo-isonokungasebenzisi DIGEST- kunye ngqo namendu amava iminyaka emashumi 'ukunciphisa ebale ukuba izinto nzima. . . .Eli Veki iintlanti 500 phina phandle ngaphezu kwekota athethe sesigidi ngosuku. Yonke imihla, kwigumbi omkhulu ngaphezu motor-ribboned Okwesine Avenue, eNew York, 400 nabasebenzi ekuqhubeni andahexa lamaqhosha kwezigidi eshicilelweyo umcimbi-ngokwaneleyo ukuhlahlela iibhloko-kungena esixekweni mane etshekayo wayethetha [sic]. Wonke lixa, ngawakho Ejongene nezokuxhumana yesitishana DIGEST-'S, ephololoza ezintathu iimatshini zokuposa wekhadi itywiniweyo liyinyathela oblongs ezimhlophe; abanezakhono abasebenzi yeposi ndimguqule zibe ewayo mailsacks; lwezithuthi DIGEST- iilori bhazalala ukuba ukuvakalisa iposi-oololiwe. . . Kwiveki elandelayo, iimpendulo kuqala kwezi kwezigidi ezilishumi ziya kuqalisa amaza engenayo ye bavotela amakishiweyo, ukuba abe emithathu-ikhangelwe, zingqinisiswe,-izihlandlo ezihlanu cross-luhleliweyo kwaye kwafa. Xa nani lokugqibela iye totted kwaye lukhangelwe, ukuba amava elidluleyo njengodondolo, ilizwe liya kwazi ukuba ngaphakathi iqhezu 1 ekhulwini ivoti Eyona ezithandwayo [abavoti] amane ezigidi. "(Agasti 22, 1936)
fetishization The Digest ngayo ubungakanani ingena olufakwa kuyo nayiphi "data enkulu" Umphandi namhlanje. Ye okuvota abazizigidi 10 zakhutshwa, emangalisayo izigidi 2.4 bavotela zabuyiselwa-oko kalukhuni phindaphinda1,000 ezinkulu kuno ngokweentloko kule mihla kwezopolitiko. Ukusuka kwezi izigidi 2.4 abaphenduli isigwebo yayicacile: boncwadi Digest kwangaphambili ukuba Challenger Alf Landon uza litshitshiswe okweso Franklin Roosevelt. Kodwa, enyanisweni, wahluke kwenzeke. Roosevelt woyisa Landon kwi senzo. Njani zoncwadi Digest engalunganaga data kangaka? Esiyiqonda zokusampula kwenza iimpazamo boncwadi Digest ezicacileyo kwaye kuyasinceda siphephe ukwenza iimpazamo efanayo kwixesha elizayo.
Ukucinga ngokucacileyo malunga isampulu kufuna ukuba siqwalasele kumaqela amane abantu (Figure 3.1). Iqela lokuqala abantu ekujoliswe kubo; eli qela ukuba kuphando uchaza abemi umdla. Kwimeko yokuFunda Digest lwabantu ekujoliswe yaba lwabavoti 1936 kaMongameli loNyulo. Emva kokuba izigqibo abemi ekujoliswe, umphandi ecaleni kufuneka ukuphuhlisa uluhlu lwabantu enokusetyenziswa ukukhiwa. Olu luhlu ibizwa ifreyim kunye abemi phezu ifreyim kuthiwa abemi isakhelo. Kwimeko yokuFunda Digest labemi Isakhelo abantu abazizigidi 10 abamagama weza predominately evela zefowuni neerekhodi yobhaliso ngemoto. Ngokunqwenelekayo ekujoliswe kubo yaye abemi isakhelo kuba ncam, kodwa ukwenza oku kudla akunjalo. Umahluko phakathi ekujoliswe kubo yaye abemi isakhelo kuthiwa imposiso ingxelo. imposiso Kubonelelwe akuthethi, ngokwawo akuqinisekisi iingxaki. Kodwa ke, ukuba abantu bebonke isakhelo zahluke ngendlela ukusuka abantu bebonke isakhelo khona apho kuya kubakho ingxelo icala. Imposiso yokubhatalela wokuqala iimpazamo ezinkulu kunye yokuFunda Digest nokuvota. Babefuna ukufunda lwabavoti-ukuba abo kujoliswe kubo-kodwa bakha isakhelo isampulu predominately ukusuka zefowuni okubhalisa mafutha, imithombo ukuba ngaphezu-zimelwe afumileyo baseMerika ekwakunokulindeleka ukuxhasa Alf Landon (ukukhumbula ukuba zombini ezi ubuchwepheshe, , eziqhelekileyo namhlanje be sebatsha ngelo xesha nokuba US yaba phakathi Great Depression).
Isazobe 3.1: Iimpazamo Ukumelwa.
Emva wokuchaza abemi isakhelo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuba umphandi ukukhetha abemi isampulu; aba bantu ukuba umphandi uya kuzama indlebe. Ukuba isampuli uneempawu ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu abemi isakhelo, ngoko unokusazisa nemposiso yesampulu. Olu ke luhlobo imposiso kuchazwa kwi lunganako ukungagqibeleli elisoloko uhamba iingqikelelo. Kwimeko yokuFunda Digest fiasco, eneneni kwakungekho isampulu; eyela ukuqhagamshelana bonke abemi isakhelo. Nangona kwakungekho nemposiso yesampulu, kwakukho sazazi impazamo. Oku licacisa ukuba bangenazimvo iimpazamo ezixelwa ngokokuqhelekileyo kunye noqikelelo zophando badla misleadingly encinane; ke musa kuquka yonke imithombo esiphoso.
Okokugqibela, umphandi ukuzama udliwano bonke abemi kwisampulu. Abo bantu indlebe ngempumelelo kuthiwa abaphenduli. Inqwenelekayo, abemi lwesampulu kunye abaphenduli kuba ncam, kodwa izenzo kukho non-impendulo. Oko kukuthi, abantu bakhethiweyo kwisampulu ukwala ukuthatha inxaxheba. Ukuba abantu abasabela zahlukile kwabo musa ukuphendula, ngoko kukho kunokuba non-impendulo icala. Non-impendulo icala ingxaki yesibini ephambili kunye yokuFunda Digest nokuvota. 24% kuphela abantu abafumana lokuvota basabela, kwaye kwafumaniseka ukuba abantu sixhaswe Landon ekwakunokulindeleka ukuphendula.
Beyond nje ngumzekelo ukwazisa iingcamango yomelo, yokuvota ukuFundwa Digest i komzekeliso owenz-phindwa, cautioning abaphandi ngeengozi zokusampula engalawulekiyo. Ngelishwa, ndicinga ukuba isifundo ukuba abantu abaninzi koku bali nguye engalunganga. Eyona yokuziphatha uqhelekileyo bali kukuba abaphandi akakwazi kufunda nto iisampuli non-linokuba (oko kukuthi, iisampulu ngaphandle imithetho engqongqo linokuba-based ekukhetheni nxaxheba). Ke, njengoko ndiza kukubonisa kamva kwesi sahluko, ukuba akukho kakhulu kunene. Endaweni yoko, ndicinga ukuba ngenene kukho ukuziphatha ezimbini ukuya kweli bali; yokuziphatha ukuba ziyinyaniso namhlanje njengoko baba 1936 Okokuqala, isixa esikhulu data ngokungalungelelananga oluqokelelweyo luza ayisosiqinisekiso ingqikelelo elungileyo. Okwesibini, abaphandi kufuneka eziphendulele ngendlela lwaqokelelwa data yabo xa ukwenza uqikelelo kulo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokuqokelela idatha yokuFunda Digest Poll ngokucwangcisiweyo goso abanye abaphenduli, abaphandi kufuneka usebenzise inkqubo yokulinganisela entsonkothileyo kakhulu ukuba iintsimbi ezinye abaphenduli ngaphezu kwabanye. Kamva kwesi sahluko, Ndiza kukubonisa ukuba omnye weighting enjalo inkqubo-post-abahlulwe-ukuba ungenza kukwenza ukwenza uqikelelo ngcono kunye neesampuli non-ezinokwenzeka.
