3.3.2 Umlinganiselo

Umlinganiselo imalunga ukuzigqibela ngento koko abaphenduli yakho bathi oko abaphenduli wakho acinge kwaye enze.

Kudidi lwesibini sikhokelo impazamo uphando iyonke isilinganiselo; ethetha ngayo nendlela singenza intelekelelo ukusuka iimpendulo abaphendule kulinika imibuzo yethu. Kwacaca ukuba iimpendulo esikufumanayo, yaye ngoko ke intelekelelo esizenzayo, singaxhomekeka iindlela-on ngokunzulu-yaye akumangalisi ngamanye indlela sicela. Mhlawumbi akukho nto ibonisa le ngongoma bhetele ehlekisayo encwadini emangalisayo Ukubuza Imibuzo by Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, kwaye Brian Wansink (2004) :

Ababingeleli amabini, Dominican kunye wamaJesuit, axoxa ukuba kusisono sokutshaya athandaze ngexesha elinye. Emva ngokusilela ukufikelela kwisigqibo, elowo ahambe ukudibana zingaphezu yakhe ezichaphazelekayo. EDominican uthi, "Yintoni uluvo lwakho esongamileyo?"

The wamaJesuit aphendule, "Uthe kusini na."

"Ngumnqa" eDominican uphendula athi, "Umphathi wam uthe isono."

The wamaJesuit Wathi, "Yintoni na bamcelayo?" The Dominican uphendula athi: "Ndambuza ukuba oko kusini utshaye xa ethandaza." "Owu" wathi umKatolika, "Ndambuza ukuba kuyinto ukuthandaza xa ukutshaya."

Kukho imizekelo emininzi mgaqweni ezifana labonwa ababingeleli ezimbini. Enyanisweni, kanye mcimbi engcanjini yalo joke unegama ekuhlaleni lophando isaveyi: Umbuzo iziphumo ifomu (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Ukuze ubone ukuba iziphumo ifomu umbuzo nefuthe iisaveyi lenene, cinga ngale mibuzo mibini ziyafana kakhulu uphando bajonge:

• "Ingaba uyavumelana nale ngxelo ilandelayo: Abantu kakhulu ukuba ityala ngaphezu iimeko zentlalo ngolwaphulo-mthetho kweli lizwe."
• "Kangakanani uyavumelana mazwi alandelayo: iimeko zentlalo zi ukuba ityala kunokuba abantu ngolwaphulo-mthetho kweli lizwe."

Nangona bobabini imibuzo kubonakala ukuba awulinganise into enye, babesenzela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwelinge uphando yokwenene (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Xa ebuzwa nendlela enye, malunga-60% abaphenduli ingxelo ukuba abantu abangaphezu ityala lolwaphulo, kodwa xa wabuza enye indlela malunga-60% bachaza ukuba iimeko zentlalo ngakumbi ukuba ityala (Figure 3.2). Ngamanye amazwi, umahluko omncinane phakathi imibuzo emibini kungakhokelela abaphandi ukuba kwisigqibo esahlukileyo.

Isazobe 3.2: Iziphumo ukusuka kwelinge uphando (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Abaphandi Ungafumana iimpendulo ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kanye indlela wabuza umbuzo. Lo ngumzekelo we nempembelelo ifomu umbuzo (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

Ukongeza isakhiwo umbuzo, abaphenduli kwakhona anganika iimpendulo ezahlukileyo ezisekelwe amagama athile asetyenziswe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze kulinganiswe izimvo eziphambili karhulumente, abaphenduli kwafundwa ezi zilandelayo:

"Siza sijamelene neengxaki ezininzi kweli lizwe, akukho apho ingasombululwa ngokulula okanye engatyi. Ndiza igama ezinye zezi ngxaki, kwaye ngamnye ndingathanda ukuba undixelele ukuba ucinga ukuba siya ukuchitha imali eninzi kakhulu kuyo, imali encinane kakhulu, okanye malunga ekunene imali. "

". Uncedo amahlwempu" Emva koko, isiqingatha sabaphenduli babuzwa malunga "ntle" kunye nesiqingatha babuzwa malunga Nangona ezi kangangeyure amabinzana ezahlukeneyo ezimbini into enye, ke esabangela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu (Figure 3.3); AmaMelika Ingxelo kakhulu ukumxhasa ngakumbi 'uncedo kumahlwempu "kunokuba" ntle " (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Ngexa abaphandi uphando ingqalelo ezi ziphumo amagama ukuba mgaqweni, ababa aqwalasele kubo ngeziphumo zophando. Oko kukuthi, siye sifunde okuthile uluvo loluntu kule japan.

Isazobe 3.3: Iziphumo ukusuka Huber and Paris (2013) . Abaphendule kakhulu ukumxhasa ngakumbi 'uncedo kumahlwempu "kunokuba" ntle. "Lo ngumzekelo nempembelelo umbuzo amagama apho iimpendulo ukuba abaphandi kufumana kuxhomekeka ukuba zeziphi amagama ukusebenzisa imibuzo yabo.

Njengokuba le mizekelo malunga umbuzo iziphumo ifomu kunye neziphumo amagama abonisa, iimpendulo ukuba abaphandi kufumana enokuba nempembelelo ngeendlela ezingaqondakaliyo ngokusekelwe kwindlela ukubuza imibuzo yabo. Oku akuthethi ukuba zonke iisaveyi akunakusetyenziswa; rhoqo akukho ukhetho. Kunoko, imizekelo ebonisa ukuba sifanele ukwakha imibuzo yethu ngenyameko asimele samkele iimpendulo uncritically.

Uninzi abazibonayo, oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba wena nokuhlalutya idata yesaveyi eqokelelwe ngomnye umntu, qinisekisa ukuba ufunde lemibuzo elililo. Ke, ukuba idala ikhweshine wakho, ndiya kuba macebiso ezintathu. Okokuqala, ndikucebise ufunda banzi kuyilo lemibuzo (umzekelo, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); kukho okungakumbi kuyo Ndiye kuye kunokuba nako ukuchaza apha. Okwesibini, Mna ndicebisa ukuba ukhuphela-igama elithi-imibuzo evela kuphando ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Nangona oku kuvakala ngathi ezibhalwe, imibuzo ekopa kuyakhuthazwa kuphando uphando (ukuba nje Ndibala kwisaveyi original). Ukuba ukhuphela imibuzo evela kuphando ezikumgangatho ophezulu, unokuqiniseka ukuba uvavanyiwe kwaye uthelekise iimpendulo ukuba isaveyi yakho iimpendulo ezisuka olunye uphando. Okokugqibela, ndikucebise wena phambi-ukuvavanya imibuzo yakho nabantu abanye abemi yakho isakhelo (Presser et al. 2004) ; amava yam kukuba pre-uvavanyo usoloko ityhila imiba akumangalisi.