3.6.2 bezibuza Babenza

Nangona oko kunokuba mdaka ukucela natyetyiswa kunokuba enamandla.

Indlela ezahlukileyo yokujongana kwezicelo data wokulanda lwedijithali ukuba tyebisa ngqo data phando, inkqubo ukuba ndiza kubiza bezibuza zizityebi. Omnye umzekelo bezibuza aphuculweyo ebalulekileyo kukufundisisa Burke and Kraut (2014) , endiya esichazwe ekuqaleni kwisahluko (Section 3.2), malunga nokuba kokunxibelelana on Facebook kwandisa amandla ubuhlobo. Kulo mzekelo, Burke kunye Kraut ezidityanisiweyo data uphando kunye data log Facebook.

Isethingi ukuba Burke and Kraut ababesebenza, ke, kwakuthetha ukuba abazange kufuneka ukujongana ziingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu ukuba abaphandi ukwenza natyetyiswa ubuso ngokubuza. Okokuqala, eneneni edibanisa kunye iiseti-i data ngenkqubo ekuthiwa yePSO irekhodi, zingqameneyo yerekhodi kwi dataset omnye irekhodi efanelekileyo enye dataset-kunokuba nzima kwaye imposiso-ezithandwa (siza kubona umzekelo le ngxaki ngezantsi ). Ingxaki yesibini ephambili bawucele aphuculweyo kukuba umgangatho imizila yedijithali rhoqo kuya kuba nzima kubaphandi ukuhlola. Umzekelo, ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo apho i qo na apho kwaye zinganako ezininzi iingxaki ezichazwe kwiSahluko 2 Ngamanye amazwi, ukucela natyetyiswa uya rhoqo kubandakanya imposiso-ezithandwa kufakelwe yeesaveyi imithombo yedatha abamnyama-ibhokisi ezingaziwayo esemgangathweni. Nangona ngenkxalabo ukuba ezi ngxaki ezimbini ukwazisa, kunokwenzeka ukuba aqhube uphando ezibalulekileyo nesi sicwangciso njengoko labonakalisa Stephen Ansolabehere and Eitan Hersh (2012) kuphando lwabo kwiipateni avotayo US. Kubalulekile ukuya phezu kwesi sifundo kwezinye iinkcukacha ngenxa ezininzi ubuchule Ansolabehere and Hersh ziya kuba luncedo kwezinye izicelo bawucele ezityetyisiweyo.

Nabavoti ibe kwisifundo sophando olunzulu kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, yaye kwixesha elidluleyo, ukuqonda abaphandi 'ngubani oyoti kutheni ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo idatha yesaveyi. Noko ke, Ukuvota kwi-US, kukho ukuziphatha awuqhelekanga kuba iirekhodi urhulumente ukuba ummi ngamnye ezivotelweyo (Kakade ke, urhulumente ingathethi ngamnye iivoti ngommi). Iminyaka emininzi, ezi rekhodi yokuvota karhulumente zazifumaneka kwi kwiifomu iphepha, saa kwiiofisi kurhulumente wengingqi eyahlukeneyo elizweni jikelele. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima, kodwa ingenakwenzeka, kuba izazinzulu ezopolitiko ukuba umfanekiso opheleleyo labavoti kwaye uthelekise izinto abantu bathi kuphando wovoto yokuziphatha yabo Eyona okuvota (Ansolabehere and Hersh 2012) .

Kodwa, ngoku ezi rekhodi uvotela sele zigcinwa, kunye nenani kwiinkampani zabucala baye ngokucwangcisiweyo eziqokelelweyo zaze zahlanganiswa ezi rekhodi yokuvota ukuvelisa iifayile inkosi yokuvota olubanzi ukuba abhale ukuziphatha yokuvota bonke baseMerika. Ansolabehere kunye Hersh yasebenzisana enye yezi iinkampani-Catalist LCC-ukuze ukusebenzisa inkosi yabo ifayile yokuvota ukunceda ukuphuhlisa umfanekiso ongcono labavoti. Ngokubhekele phaya, kuba wathembela iirekhodi digital ziqokelelwe kwaye zigcinwe yinkampani, kwakubenza inani luncedo iinzame ezidlulileyo abaphandi ukuba kwenziwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa beenkampani usebenzisa iirekhodi analog sele.

Kanye emininzi imithombo umkhondo yedijithali kwiSahluko 2, Catalist inkosi ifayile aliziquki kakhulu iinkcukacha ngendawo okuyo, attitudinal, kwaye zokuziphatha Ansolabehere kunye Hersh ezifunekayo. Ukongeza kule nkcukacha, Ansolabehere kunye Hersh babenomdla ingakumbi ngokuthelekisa ingxelo ukuziphatha yokuvota yokuziphatha yokuvota zahlolwa (oko kukuthi, ulwazi kwi-database Catalist). Ngoko ke, abaphandi eqokelele data ukuba bafuna njengenxalenye lweNtsebenziswano Congressional Study Election (CCES), uphando enkulu yoluntu. Okulandelayo, abaphandi wanika lo data Catalist, kwaye Catalist wanika abaphandi umva ifayile edityanisiweyo data eziquka kungqinisiswa ukuziphatha ukuvota (ukusuka Catalist), ukuziphatha yokuvota self-ingxelo (ukusuka CCES) kwaye iidemografi zengqondo lwabaphenduleyo (ukusuka CCES ). Ngamanye amazwi, Ansolabehere kunye Hersh natyetyiswa data okuvota idatha yesaveyi, kwaye iziphumo ifayile edityanisiweyo lwenza ukuba benze into yokuba akukho ifayile yenziwe ngabanye.

Xa batyeba ngayo Catalist inkosi ifayile yeenkcukacha kunye idatha, Ansolabehere kunye Hersh beza kwizigqibo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ngaphezu kwama-ingxelo yokuvota lwandile: phantse isiqingatha non-lwabavoti ingxelo ukuvota. Okanye, enye indlela yokukhangela kuyo kukuba ukuba umntu ingxelo lokuvota, kukho kuphela 80% ithuba ukuba okunene ezivotelweyo. Okwesibini, akukho oluzenzekelayo phezu-ingxelo; phezu-ingxelo ixhaphake kakhulu phakathi anengeniso-, ofundileyo, bavukeli abaxakeke kwimicimbi yoluntu. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abadla ukuvota nazo ekunokwenzeka ukuba axoke wovoto. Okwesithathu, kwaye uninzi ngokunzulu, ngenxa uhlobo ngendlela kwama-ingxelo, umahluko kanye phakathi lwabavoti and non-abavoti zincinane kunokuba avele nje kuphando. Ngokomzekelo, abo bachelor zimalunga 22 ekhulwini ngamanqaku banokuluxela uphatho okuvota, kodwa ipesenti 10 kuphela amanqaku kusenokwenzeka ukuba ivoti elililo. Ngaphezu koko, iingcamango ezikhoyo resource-based yokuvota zingcono kakhulu xa yokuqikelela oya ingxelo ukuvota kunokuba ngoobani iivoti, umntu uphando lokufumanisa ukuba ikhwelo iingcamango ezintsha ukuqonda aqikelele okuvota.

Kodwa, wobeka phi simele sithembele ezi ziphumo? Khumbula ezi ziphumo kuxhomekeka imposiso-ezithandwa benxulunyaniswa data abamnyama-ibhokisi kunye nezixa ezingaziwayo yesiphoso. Ngokucace kakhulu, iziphumo enze amanyathelo ezimbini eziphambili: 1) isakhono Catalist ukudibanisa imithombo yedatha enani emininzi ukuvelisa inkosi datafile echanileyo 2) isakhono Catalist ukunxulumanisa data zesaveyi enkosini datafile yayo. Ngalinye kula manyathelo kunzima kakhulu neempazamo kukweliphina inyathelo kungakhokelela abaphandi ukuba izigqibo engalunganga. Noko ke, bobabini lweenkcukacha kunye ethelekisa nezibaluleke kukuqhubekeka Catalist njengenkampani ngoko ke imali izibonelelo ekucombululeni ezi ngxaki, ngokufuthi ngenzinga akukho umphandi wezifundo ngamnye okanye iqela labaphandi enazo. Xa ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ekupheleni kwesahluko, ndiya ukuchaza ezi ngxaki iinkcukacha nendlela Ansolabehere and Hersh bazithembe iziphumo zabo. Nangona ezi nkcukacha ethile kwesi sifundo, kuya kuvela imiba efanayo aba abanye abaphandi banqwenela iqhagamshele abamnyama-ibhokisi imithombo yedatha wokulanda yesuntswana.

Zeziphi izifundo ngokubanzi abaphandi esinokuzifumana kolu phononongo? Okokuqala, kukho ixabiso gqitha ekwakusondla imizila lwedijithali yesaveyi idatha. Okwesibini, nangona ezi oluqinile, imithombo yedatha yorhwebo engamelanga ithathwe njenge "inyaniso emhlabeni", kwezinye iimeko zinokuba luncedo. Enyanisweni, kuya kuba kuhle ukuba ukuthelekisa ezi imithombo yedatha ukuba Inyaniso epheleleyo (apho baya kusoloko kuwa mfutshane). Kunoko, kungcono ukuba ezifanisa kweminye imithombo idata ekhoyo, leyo thathela iimpazamo ngokunjalo.