3.5.1 Iimvavanyo Ikholoji kokomzuzwana
Abaphandi ndiyinqumle up iisaveyi ezinkulu afefe nabo ubomi babantu.
Assessments eziphilayo kokomzuzwana (ema) kuquka ukuthatha uphando zemveli, abagawula kubo ube ngamaqhekeza, kwaye olufefa kungena ubomi nxaxheba. Ngoko ke, imibuzo uphando inokubuzwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nendawo, kunokuba kwi elide ndlebe kwiiveki emva iziganeko eziye zenzeka.
Ema iphawulwa iinkalo ezine: (1) ukuqokelelwa kwedatha kwiindawo bokwenene-ihlabathi; (2) kwiimvavanyo ezigqale ngabantu 'States zangoku okanye yakutshanje kakhulu okanye zokuziphatha; (3) emayenziwe ukuze abe isiganeko-based, ixesha-olusekelwe, okanye axelelwe ngokungacwangciswanga (kuxhomekeke lemibuzo yophando); kunye (4) ukugqitywa iimvavanyo ezininzi ekuhambeni kwexesha (Stone and Shiffman 1994) . Ema yindlela bebuza ukuba yaququzelela kakhulu phones smart ukuba abantu banxibelelane rhoqo yonke imihla. Ngokubhekele phaya, ngenxa yokuba smart Iiselfowuni ziqulethe boluvo-ezifana GPS kunye accelerometers-Kuye kusiba kunokwenzeka zivuse imilinganiselo esekelwe umsebenzi. Umzekelo, ifowuni smart nto inokwenziwa zivuse umbuzo uphando ukuba ummangalelwa uya kungena kwindawo ethile.
Isithembiso ema fomatwe kuboniswa idizeteyishini zophando uNahomi Sugie. Ekubeni 1970 eUnited States iye yenyuka kakhulu inani labantu ukuba kuvalelwa. Ngo-2005, malunga 500 wonke 100,000 baseMerika ezibe entolongweni, ireyithi yokuvalelwa ngaphezu naphi na kwihlabathi (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Nokulatyuza kwinani labantu abangena bentolongo livelise lokunyuka kwenani labantu eshiya entolongweni; malunga 700.000 Abantu bayishiya entolongweni kunyaka ngamnye (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Ezi ex-abaphuli bajongene neengxaki eziqatha xa eshiya entolongweni, yaye ngelishwa baninzi baphetha umva entolongweni. Ukuze siqonde nokunciphisa ukona, ntle kunye nabenzi nkqubo kufuneka baqonde amava ex-abaphuli-ukungena kwakhona njengoko noluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi data kunzima esiziqokelelayo kwiindlela uphando kuba ex-abaphuli bakholisa ukuba kunzima ukufunda kunye nobomi babo mbi kakhulu. Iindlela Measurement atyale iimvavanyo qho kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kuphoswa luxandu- malunga nemiba ebomini babo (Sugie 2016) .
Ukuze bafunde inkqubo kwakhona yokungena ye-ex-mthetho athi enkulu kakhulu, Sugie wathabatha isampulu umgangatho yabantu 131 ukusuka kuluhlu olupheleleyo abantu eshiya entolongweni e Newark, New Jersey. Wamnika nxaxheba ngamnye kunye yefowuni smart ukuba waba iqonga isityebi nokuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha. Sugie wasebenzisa phones ukuba alawule iintlobo ezimbini zophando. Okokuqala, yena wathumela "uphando ngamava isampuli" ngexesha nakanjanina ekhethiweyo phakathi 9am 6 malanga ngokubuza nxaxheba malunga nemisebenzi yabo yangoku neemvakalelo. Okwesibini, 7 ngokuhlwa, yena wathumela "uphando ngemihla" wayebuza yonke imisebenzi loo mini. Zombini ezi iisaveyi ezimbini ukubonelela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha, data nobude malunga nobomi ezi ex-mthetho.
Ukongeza kwezi nophando, phones ebhalwe indawo okuyo rhoqo yaye iingxelo asongiweyo ye umnxeba nokubhaliweyo meta-data. Konke oku ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, ingakumbi ukuqokelelwa kwedatha zezenzi, kuphakamisa imibuzo yeenqobo ezisesikweni, kodwa uyilo Sugie ngayo ziphatha kakuhle. Sugie wafumana imvume esekelwe elwazini enentsingiselo ukusuka nxaxheba ngamnye kulo ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, kusetyenziswa ukhuselo nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, kwaye kwenziwe nxaxheba ukucima umkhondo okuyo. Ngokubhekele phaya, ukuze kuncitshiswe ingozi yokuveza ngenkani data (umzekelo, isamani ukususela emapoliseni), Sugie wafumana Isiqinisekiso Imfihlo ukusuka kurhulumente Federal phambi kokuba nayiphi na idatha eqokelelwe (Beskow, Dame, and Costello 2008; Wolf et al. 2012) . iinkqubo Sugie zaye zahlolwa ngumntu wesithathu-iqela (Institutional Review Board eyunivesithi yalo), kwaye baya kude ngaphaya koko kufunwa nemigaqo ekhoyo. Ngenxa yoko, ndicinga umsebenzi wakhe inika imodeli exabisekileyo abanye abaphandi ejongene nale mingeni efanayo; bona Sugie (2014) kunye Sugie (2016) ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe.
Ukukwazi ukufumana ubambe umsebenzi ozinzileyo kubalulekile ukuba inkqubo reentry yimpumelelo. Nangona kunjalo, Sugie wafumanisa ukuba amava emsebenzini nxaxheba bakhe baba sesikweni, okwethutyana, kwaye manqaphanqapha. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphakathi nxaxheba ichibi wakhe, kwakukho iipateni ezine ezicacileyo: "uphumo kusasa" (abo aqalise ukufuna umsebenzi kodwa bayeke kwimarike yemisebenzi ke), "uphendlo gqolo" (abo uchitha ixesha elininzi ixesha kufuna umsebenzi) , "umsebenzi ephindaphindekayo" (abo uchitha ixesha elininzi ixesha lokusebenza), kwaye "impendulo eliphantsi" (abo akaziphenduli iisaveyi rhoqo). Ngaphezu koko, Sugie babefuna ukwazi okungakumbi abantu abazikhathazi ngokufuna imisebenzi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi abenza bakruquke ukhathazekile yaye ekugqibeleni bayeke ngaphandle kwimalike yabasebenzi. Sugie Ekwazi oku kungenzeka, kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo zakhe ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nemeko ngokweemvakalelo-nxaxheba, kwaye wafumanisa ukuba "uphumo kusasa" iqela akazange ingxelo amanqanaba aphezulu uxinezeleko okanye ukungonwabi. Kunoko, malungana kwakunjalo: abo baqhubeka kufuna umsebenzi ingxelo iimvakalelo ngaphezulu zeleka ngokweemvakalelo. Konke oku ocoliweyo-ezincinane, ngokweenkcukacha engena malunga nokuziphatha kunye nobume nangokweemvakalelo ex-aboni ibalulekile ekuqondeni nezithintelo abajongene kunye nokususa lenguqu babo babuyela eluntwini. Ngaphezu koko, konke oku iinkcukacha-tofo babeya ophosakeleyo kuphando umgangatho.
Kukho izifundo ezintathu jikelele emsebenzini Sugie ngayo. Okokuqala, iindlela ezintsha ngokubuza ukuba isebenzisane ngokupheleleyo kunye neendlela zamandulo zokusampula; ukukhumbula, ukuba Sugie wathabatha isampuli amathuba yomgangatho abemi isakhelo echazwe kakuhle. Okwesibini, high-kwamaza, imilinganiselo nobude kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi ukufunda ngamava zoluntu rhoqo kwaye inamandla. Okwesithathu, xa ukuqokelelwa kwedatha yesaveyi kudityaniswe imizila digital, imiba eyongezelelweyo ezisesikweni ezinokuvela. Ndiza ukunyanga zokuphatha uphando nzulu kwiSahluko 6, kodwa umsebenzi Sugie ibonisa ukuba le miba iyaziseka abaphandi yezazela olucingisiswe.
