3.1 Intshayelelo

Abaphandi ezifunda dolphins ayikwazi ubabuze imibuzo. Ngoko ke, abaphandi ihlengesi banyanzelwa ukuba bafunde ukuziphatha. Abaphandi ezifunda abantu, kwelinye icala, kufuneka siyivuyele impela-yokuba inxaxheba yethu ukuthetha. Ngokubuza abantu imibuzo ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yophando zoluntu ixesha elide, kwaye bobabini ubudala yedijithali lwenza kwaye ufuna iinguqu ezithile kuphando phando. Nangona lithemba ukuba abanye abaphandi uphando uziva ngoku, mna silindele ukuba ubudala yedijithali uza kuba neminyaka yegolide uphando uphando.

Imbali yophando phando kube kalukhuni yahlulwe yokufama amathathu ngamanqanaba, ezahlulwe wotshintsho ezinokhuphiswano ezimbini (Groves 2011; Converse 1987) . thina kanye ngoku kwisithuba lenguqu phakathi yokufama yesibini neyesithathu, kodwa eyokuqala yokufama-njengoko lwesibini kwakunye lenguqu phakathi kwabo-ukubonelela ingqiqo elizayo uphando uphando.

Ngexesha lokuqala uphando uphando, phantse 1930 - 1960, uphuhliso kweesampula yenzululwazi kunye noyilo ikhweshine ngokuthe kubangele ukuqonda namhlanje uphando uphando. Ixesha lokuqala uphando uphando waphawulwa indawo okwenzeka zokusampula ubuso-ngobuso ndlebe.

Ngoko, uphuhliso-zethekhinoloji ukudibana kwezi yasendlini phones ezinobutyebi kumazwe-ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ixesha yesibini yophando phando. Le ixesha lesibini, kalukhuni ukusuka 1960 - 2000, waphawulwa ucofo digit oluzenzekelayo (RDD) linokuba zokusampula kunye nenombolo ndlebe. Utshintsho ukusuka kwixesha kwexesha lesibini kwabangela ukunyuka ezinkulu ukusebenza kwaye izinciphiso kweendleko. abaphandi abaninzi athatha oku ixesha lesibini njengoko thuba libalulekileyo lophando phando.

Ngoku, enye uphuhliso-zethekhinoloji yedijithali ubudala-uya ekugqibeleni nisizise ixesha sesithathu uphando uphando. Le nguqu iqhutywa ziimpembelelo ukutyhala kunye nokutsala imiba. Ngokuyinxenye, abaphandi bayanyanzeliswa ukutshintsha kuba iinkqubo ukusuka kwixesha yesibini ligqobha phantsi kweminyaka digital (Meyer, Mok, and Sullivan 2015) . Umzekelo, amakhaya ngakumbi nangakumbi abangenazo iimfonomfono and non-impendulo amazinga-abaphenduli isampula kodwa musa inxaxheba kuphando-ziye ukwandisa (Council 2013) . Ngokuhambelana kunye nale ucazululo sesibini-era iindlela isampuli iindlebe, kukho ukwanda kubukho bemithombo data enkulu (jonga iSahluko 2) esibonakala esengozini indawo kuphando. Ukongeza kule miba atyhale, kukho kwakhona ukutsala imiba: lisondela era wesithathu amathuba engakholelekiyo, njengoko ndiza kukubonisa kwesi sahluko. Nangona izinto ngokupheleleyo Sahlala ke, mna silindele ukuba ilixa wesithathu yophando saveyi ziya kubalulwa non-linokuba yeesampulu udliwano-kolawulo computer. Ngaphezu koko, nangona yokufama ngaphambili luphawulwa ngeendlela zabo ukuba isampuli iindlebe, mna silindele ukuba ilixa sesithathu uphando hlolisiso luya kubalulwa unxibelelano iisaveyi kunye imithombo yedatha enkulu (Itheyibhile 3.1).

Okhoyo phakathi yokufama wesibini nowesithathu uphando uphando akubanga gingxi ngokupheleleyo, yaye kubekho iingxoxo komsindo ngendlela abaphandi kufuneka uqhubeke. Sikhangela emva okhoyo phakathi yokufama yokuqala neyesibini, ndicinga ukuba kukho ingqiqo lwesitshixo esinye kuthi ngoku: kwasekuqaleni hayi ukuphela. Oko kukuthi, ekuqaleni ezininzi iindlela yesibini-localu iNethiwekhi yeThutyana yaye ayisebenzi kakuhle kakhulu. Kodwa, ngomsebenzi onzima, abaphandi iyicombulule le ngxaki, kwaye ekugqibeleni yesibini-era isondela ababelungile lokuqala-era iindlela. Umzekelo, abaphandi ndandimenzela ifowuni digit random ucofo iminyaka emininzi phambi Mitofsky and Waksberg iphuhlise ucofo digit iisampulu indlela oluzenzekelayo aba iipropati kwakunye nemiqathango kulungile (Waksberg 1978; Brick and Tucker 2007) . Ngoko ke, asimele ukubhidanisa imeko yangoku wesithathu-era iindlela kunye neziphumo zazo ekugqibeleni. Imbali yophando phando yenza kucace ukuba kuveliswa endle, luqhutywa ukutshintsha kwezobugcisa kunye noluntu. Akukho ndlela ukubathintela zazivelela. Kunoko, sifanele babamkelayo, lo gama kuthathelwa ukuzoba ubulumko kobhalo ngaphambili. Enyanisweni, mna ndiyakholwa ukuba ubudala lwamasuntswana kuba ubudala yeyona umdla noko ngokubuza abantu imibuzo.

Okuseleyo isahluko uqala ngokuthi ukuba imithombo yedatha enkulu iya indawo uphando kwaye ngobuninzi data ukunyuka-kungekhona unciphisa-ixabiso iisaveyi (Section 3.2). Ngenxa yokuba izizathu, ndiza zishwankathela sikhokelo imposiso uphando iyonke (Section 3.3) ukuba yaphuhliswa ngexesha yokufama zokuqala ezimbini zophando phando. Esi sikhokelo kusenza siqonde iindlela ezintsha ukumelwa-ingakumbi, iisampulu non-linokuba (Section 3.4) awukhusele iindlela ezintsha yolingano-ingakumbi, iindlela ezintsha zokucela imibuzo lwabaphenduleyo (Section 3.5). Okokugqibela, ndiza ukuchaza templates ezimbini zophando zokuqhagamshelanisa data zesaveyi imithombo yedatha enkulu (Section 3.6).