4.5.2 Yakha uvavanyo lwakho
Ukwakha ilinge lakho ukuze eninzi, kodwa oko kuya kwenza ukuba ukwenza uphando olifunayo.
Ukongezelela ekugqibeleni ukuvavanya phezulu kweendawo ezikhoyo, unokwakha ngokwakho uvavanyo. Inzuzo ephambili yale ndlela ilawulo; ukuba uyakha isilingo, unokwenza imozulu kunye nonyango olufunayo. Ezi ndawo zizama ukuzama ukuhlola iimvavanyo ezingenakukwazi ukuvavanya kwimihlaba engokwemvelo. Iingxaki eziphambili zokwakha uvavanyo lwakho kukuba zinokubiza kwaye indalo okwazi ukuyilungisa ingenakho ukuzaliseka kwenkqubo. Abaphandi abazakhele iinjongo zabo kufuneka babe nesicwangciso sokuqesha abachaphazelekayo. Xa besebenza kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo, abaphandi ngokuqinisekileyo bazisa iinzame kubathathi-nxaxheba. Kodwa, xa abaphandi bezakhele umzamo wabo, kufuneka bazise abathathi-nxaxheba kuyo. Ngethamsanqa, iinkonzo ezifana ne-Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) zinokunika abaphandi ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuzisa abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo zabo.
Omnye umzekelo obonisa ubuhle beendawo zokuzama ukuvavanya iingcamango ezingabonakali kukuhlolwa kwebhu yedijithali nguGregory Huber, uSeth Hill kunye noGabriel Lenz (2012) . Olu vavanyo luhlola umlinganiselo wokusebenza olawulo lwentando yesininzi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili olungazange luhlolwe ngokhetho olululo lukhuthaze ukuba abavoti abakwazi ukuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo ukusebenza kwezopolitiko ezizimeleyo. Ngokukodwa, abavoti babonakala bexhatshazwa kwiintlobo ezi-3: (1) zijolise ekusebenzeni kutshanje kunokuba ziqhube ukusebenza; (2) ziyakwazi ukulawulwa ngumbhalo, ukucwangcisa kunye nokuthengisa; kwaye (3) banokuchaphazelwa ziziganeko ezingahambelani nokusebenza okusemthethweni, njengempumelelo yamacandelo ezemidlalo zendawo kunye nemozulu. Kule zifundo zangaphambili, kunjalo, kwakunzima ukuhlukanisa nayiphi na le miba kuzo zonke ezinye izinto ezenzeka ngokwenene, ukhetho oluphazamisayo. Ngoko ke, uHuber kunye nabalingane bakhe benza indawo elula kakhulu yokuvota ukwenzela ukuba zihlukanise, kwaye emva koko zihlolisise ngokuzenzekelayo, nganye yezinto ezintathu ezinokwenzeka.
Njengoko ndichaza ukusekwa kokulinga ngaphantsi, kuya kukhwaza kakhulu, kodwa khumbula ukuba ukuqinisekiswa akuyiyo injongo kwimizamo yokubhala ibhali. Kunoko, injongo kukuzihlukanisa ngokucacileyo inkqubo ozama ukuyifunda, kwaye ukuxhomekeka okunzima ngamanye amaxesha akunakwenzeka kwizifundo kunye nokuqiniswa okungakumbi (Falk and Heckman 2009) . Ukongezelela, kweli phepha, abaphandi bathi ukuba abavoti abakwazi ukuvavanya ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenza kwesi simiso esilula, ngoko abayi kukwazi ukwenza ngokubhekiselele kwisimo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Huber kunye noogxa basebenzise uMTurk ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba. Emva kokuthatha inxaxheba ngokubonelela ngemvume enolwazi kwaye waphumelela uvavanyo olufutshane, waxelelwa ukuba uthatha inxaxheba kumdlalo ojikelezayo we-32 ukufumana amathokheni anokuguqulwa ibe yimali yangempela. Ekuqaleni komdlalo, ngamnye umthathi-nxaxheba watshelwa ukuba ubelwe "umniki-mali" onokumnika amathokheni akhululekile ngeenxa zonke kwaye abanye ababelabi babenomdla kunabanye. Ukuqhubela phambili, ngamnye umntu othathe inxaxheba naye wachazwa ukuba uya kuba nelithuba lokugcina umnini-mali wakhe okanye abelwe entsha emva kweembali ezili-16 zomdlalo. Ukubone oko ukwaziyo ngeHarer kunye neenjongo zogqirha osebenza nabo, unokubona ukuba ulwabiwo umele urhulumente, kwaye olu khetho lubonisa ukhetho, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba abazange bazi ngeenjongo eziqhelekileyo zophando. Ingqikithi, uHober kunye noogxa baqeshwe malunga nabangama-4,000 abathathi-nxaxheba abaye bahlawulwa malunga ne-1.25 yezigidi ngomsebenzi owawathabatha malunga nemizuzu engama-8.
Khumbula ukuba enye yezinto ezifunyenwe ngophando lwangaphambili kukuba abavoti bavuza kwaye bahlwaya iziphumo ezicacileyo ezingaphaya kolawulo lwabo, njengempumelelo yeqela lezemidlalo zendawo kunye nemozulu. Ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba iinqununu zesigqibo sokuvota zingathonyelwa ziziganeko ezizenzekelayo kwiimeko zabo, i-Huber kunye noogxa badibanisa i-lottery kwinkqubo yabo yokuhlola. Kwinqanaba le-8 okanye i-16 yeenxa zonke (okokuthi, ilungelo phambi kokuba ithuba lokubuyisela indawo yabashibi) abathathi-nxaxheba bebekwe kwi-lottery apho bafumana amanqaku ama-5 000, abanye bazuze amanqaku angama-0, kwaye ezinye zalahlekelwa ngamaphupha ama-5 000. Le nqtri yayijoliswe ukulinganisa iindaba ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi ezizimeleyo kwindlela osebenza ngayo kwezopolitiko. Nangona abathathi-nxaxheba bexelelwe ngokucacileyo ukuba i-lottery ayinxulumene nokusebenza kwababibi, isiphumo seLotter sathintela izigqibo zathathi-nxaxheba. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaye bazuza kwiLotter babenokukwazi ukugcina ababi babo, kwaye le mphulo yayomelele xa i-lottery yenzeka kwi-16-ngasekuqaleni kwesigqibo sokutshintsha-kunokuba kwenzeka ntoni kwi-round 8 (umfanekiso 4.15). Ezi ziphumo, kunye nezo zamanye amavanyo apha kwiphepha, zenze uHuber kunye noogxa baqukumbela ukuba nangona kwimeko elula, abavoti banzima ukwenza izigqibo ezizilumkileyo, umphumo ochaphazela uphando ngexesha elizayo malunga nesinqumo sokhetho (Healy and Malhotra 2013) . Ukuzama kukaHuber kunye noogqirha kubonisa ukuba i-MTurk ingasetyenziselwa ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo zetayibhile ukwenzela ukuba bavavanye ngokuchanekileyo iingcamango ezithile. Kwakhona kubonisa ukubaluleka kokwakha indawo yakho yokuhlola: kunzima ukucinga indlela ezi nkqubo ezifanayo zazingabandakanywa ngayo ngokufanelekileyo nakwezinye iimeko.
Umzekeliso 4.15: Iziphumo ezivela Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) . Abathathi-nxaxheba abaye bazuza kwiLottery babenokukwazi ukugcina i-shareholder yabo, kwaye le mphulo yayomelele xa i-lottery yenzeka kwi-16-ngasekunene ngaphambi kwesigqibo sokutshintshwa-kunokuba kwenzeka ntoni ngeenxa zonke 8. Ichithwe Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) , isiqendu 5.
Ukongezelela ekwakheni iil lab-like-experiments, abaphandi banokwakha izinto ezinje. Ngokomzekelo, i- Centola (2010) yakha uvavanyo Centola (2010) yedijithali ukufunda isiphumo sesakhiwo senethiwekhi yentlalo ekusasazeni kokuziphatha. Umbuzo wakhe wophando wawudinga ukuba agcine ukuziphatha okufanayo ekusasazeni kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zentlalo yoluntu kodwa kungenjalo. Indlela yodwa yokwenza oku bekuyi-bespoke, uvavanyo olwenziwe ngokwesiko. Kule meko, uCentola wakha uluntu olusekelwe kwiwebhu.
I-Centola yabhalela aba-1,500 abathathi-nxaxheba ngeentengiso kwiwebhusayithi yezempilo. Xa abathathi-nxaxheba befika kwindawo yoku-intanethi-eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Healthy Lifestyle Network-banikezela imvume enolwazi kwaye ke yabelwa "abahlobo bezempilo." Ngenxa yindlela indlela iCentola eyabanika ngayo abahlobo bezempilo, wakwazi ukudibanisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo yoluntu maqela ahlukeneyo. Amanye amaqela awakhiwe ukuba anxibelelwano lwamaxesha amaninzi (apho wonke umntu wayenako ukuxhunyelelwa ngokufanayo), ngelixa amanye amaqela akhiwe ukuba anxibelelwano lwamaqela amaninzi (apho uqhagamshelwano luhlala lukhulu khona). Emva koko, u-Centola wazisa ukuziphatha okutsha kwinethiwekhi nganye: ithuba lokubhalisa kwiwebhusayithi entsha ngolwazi olongezelelweyo lwempilo. Naliphi nabani na ababhalisele kule website entsha, bonke abahlobo babo bezempilo bafumana i-imeyile evakalisa le mpawu. I-Centola yafumanisa ukuba lo msebenzi-ukubhalisela i-website entsha-isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza kwintanethi ehlanganisiweyo kunokuba kunxibelelwano olungenangqungquthela, ukufunyanwa okuphambene neengcamango ezikhoyo.
Ngokubanzi, ukwakha kwakho ukuzama kukunika ukulawula okungakumbi; kukunika ithuba lokwakha indawo engcono kakhulu yokuzihlukanisa oko ufuna ukufunda. Kunzima ukucinga indlela le mizingo emibini endiyichaze ngayo ingenziwa kwiimeko ezikhoyo. Ukongeza, ukwakha yakho inkqubo kukunciphisa ukuxhalabisa ngokwemigaqo malunga nokuzama kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Xa uzakhela uvavanyo lwakho, ke ke, ugijima kwiinkalo ezininzi ezidibeneyo kwiibu zokulinga: ukuqesha abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nexhala malunga nokuqinisekiswa. Umgca wokugqibela kukuba ukuzakhela ukuzama kwakho kungabiza kunye nokuchitha ixesha, nangona, njengoko le mizekelo ibonisa, uvavanyo lunokuvela kwiindawo ezilula (njengokufunda ngokuvota Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) ) kwiindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi (ezifana nokufunda amanethiwekhi kunye Centola (2010) ).
