4.3 ababini dimensions eCebisayo: lab-intsimi analog-digital

Bekuhlolwa zinika ulawulo, amalinge endle zinika emasikizi, aze afunisele intsimi yedijithali ukudibanisa ulawulo kunye emasikizi apha isikali.

Iingcamango ziya kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, abaphandi baye bafumanisa kukunceda ukuhlela iimvavanyo ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kwezilingo zokuvavanya kunye nokuhlola kwimihlaba . Ngoku kunjalo, abaphandi kufuneka baququzelele iimvavanyo kunye nokuqhubeka kweyesibini phakathi kovavanyo lwe-analog kunye neemvavanyo zedijithali . Esi sithuba sendawo yokudibanisa sinokukunceda uqonde amandla kunye nobuthathaka beendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye ugxininise imimandla yamathuba amakhulu (umfanekiso 4.1).

Umzekeliso 4.1: Isikimu sokwakhiwa kweendawo zokwenza iimvavanyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iimvavanyo zahlukahluka kunye nomlinganiselo webhanti. Ngoku, ziyahlukahluka kwi-analog-digital dimension. Isikhundla sendawo yokudibanisa ezimbini sibonakaliswa yimvavanyo emine endiyichazayo kwesi sahluko. Ngokombono wam, indawo yelona thuba lilona lucwaningo lwentsimi yedijithali.

Umlinganiselo omnye apho uvavanyo olunokulungiswa khona bubungakanani bebhanki. Uninzi lwezilingo kwizentlalo zenzululwazi zenzelwa i- labor experiments apho abafundi be-graduate baqhuba imisebenzi engaqhelekanga kwibhar yekredithi. Olu hlobo lovavanyo lulawulwa uphando kwizengqondo ngoba lwenza abaphandi bakwazi ukudala izicwangciso ezilawulwa kakhulu ukuba zihlukanise kwaye zivavanye iingcamango ezithile malunga nokuziphatha kwentlalo. Kwiingxaki ezithile, nangona kunjalo, into enokuziva engaqondakali malunga nokuthatha izigqibo ezintle malunga nokuziphatha kwabantu kubantu abangaqhelekanga benza imisebenzi engavamile kwimeko engavamile. Ezi nkxalabo ziye zaholela ekuqhubeni ukuhlolwa kwimihlaba . Uvavanyo lwemihlaba ludibanisa uyilo oluqinileyo lovavanyo lokungalinganiswanga ngamagqabantshintshi afanelekileyo okwenziwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kwimimiselo engokwemvelo.

Nangona abanye abantu bacinga ngeendlela zobungcali kunye nezenzalo njengeendlela ezikhuphisanayo, kukulungele ukucinga ngabo njengesiqhelo, ngamandla ahlukeneyo kunye nobuthathaka. Umzekelo, u- Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) basebenzise zombini ukuvavanywa kwebhu kunye nenzame yokuzama inzame yokufumana imithombo "yesigwebo somama." E-United States, oomama bafumana imali encinane kunabantwana abangenamntwana, nangona ukuthelekisa abafazi abanezakhono ezifanayo ezisebenza kwimisebenzi efanayo. Kukho iinkcazelo ezininzi ezinokufumaneka kule pateni, enye yazo yokuba abaqeshi baxhatshazwa kumama. (Okuthakazelisayo, into ebonakalayo iyinyaniso kuboyise: bavame ukufumana okungaphezulu kunamadoda angenamntwana.) Ukuze bahlolisise ubuncwane obunokubakho oomama, uCorrell kunye noogxa baqhubela phambili ukuvavanya ezimbini: enye kwibhabhi kunye nomnye kwintsimi.

Okokuqala, kwi-lab yokuhlola baxelele abathathi-nxaxheba, ababengabafundi beekholeji ze-college, ukuba inkampani iqhuba uphando lwengqesho lomntu ukukhokela isebe layo elitsha lokuthengisa i-East Coast. Abafundi babetshelwe ukuba inkampani ifuna uncedo kwinkqubo yokuqeshisa, kwaye babuzwa ukuba baphinde bahlolisise abaviwa abanamathuba amaninzi kunye nokulinganisa abaviwa kumanani amaninzi, njengengqondo yabo, ukufudumala nokuzinikela emsebenzini. Ukuqhubela phambili, abafundi babuzwa ukuba banokucebisa ukuba baqeshe umfaki sicelo nokuba bafuna ukuthini ukuba bathathe umvuzo wokuqala. Akwazanga kubafundi, nangona kunjalo, i-resumes yayakhiwe ngokukodwa ukuba ibe yinto efanayo ngaphandle kweyodwa into: abanye babo babonisa umama (ngokubeka uluhlu kumbutho wabazali-titshala) kwaye abanye abazange bakwenze. U-Correll kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumene ukuba abafundi babengenakunconywa ukuba bancomele ukuqasha oomama kwaye bazinike umvuzo ophantsi oqalayo. Ukuqhubela phambili, ngokuhlalutya kwamanani kunye nezigqibo ezinxulumene nokuqesha, uCorrell kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumanisa ukuba ubunzima boomama babecaciswe ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba babalwa ngokunyaniseka ngokubhekiselele kobuchule nokuzinikela. Ngaloo ndlela, olu vavanyo lebhu lwavumela uCorrell kunye nabo basebenzisana nabo ukuba balinganise impembelelo ye-causal kwaye banikeze inkcazo enokwenzeka ngaloo miphumo.

Enyanisweni, umntu unokungaqiniseki ngokufikelela kwizigqibo ngokuphathelele yonke imarike yomsebenzi wase-United States esekelwe kwizigqibo zamagosa angaphantsi kwee-graduate, mhlawumbi awazange abe nomsebenzi wexesha elizeleyo, makungabikho uqeshe umqeshwa. Ngako oko, uCorrell kunye nabalingane nabo baqhuba uvavanyo olwenziwe kwintsimi. Baphendula kumakhulu emisebenzi yokupapashwa kwemisebenzi kunye neefowuni zeefake zefakeli kunye nokuqalisa kwakhona. Efana nezixhobo eziboniswe kubafundi abadlulileyo, ezinye ziphinde zibonise umama kwaye ezinye azizange zenze. U-Correll kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumanisa ukuba oomama babengenakuncitshiswa ukuba babuyiselwe kubathengululi kunabesifazane abangenabantwana abangenabantwana. Ngamanye amazwi, abaqeshi bangempela benza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwisimo sendalo baziphatha kakhulu njengezigqwesileyo. Ngaba benze izigqibo ezifanayo ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo? Ngelishwa, asazi. Abaphandi abazange bakwazi ukubuza abaqeshi ukuba bahlawule abaviwa okanye bachaze izigqibo zabo.

Le mibini yezilingo ityhila okuninzi malunga nokuhlolwa kwamatyala kunye nendawo ngokubanzi. Uvavanyo lwebhabhane linikeza abaphandi ubuncinane-ulawulo lokusingqongileyo apho abathathi-nxaxheba benza izigqibo. Ngoko, ngokomzekelo, kwi-lab yokulinga, uCorll kunye nabo basebenzisana nabo bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iincwadi ezifundwayo zafundwa kwindawo ephumlileyo; kwindlela yokuhlola kwintsimi, ezinye zezinto ezinokuqala zingenakufundwa. Ukuqhubela phambili, kuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwiziko lebhu bayazi ukuba bafundiswa, abaphandi bahlala bekwazi ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo ezingancedisa ukuba kutheni abathathi-nxaxheba benza izigqibo zabo. Ngokomzekelo, uCorrell kunye noogxa bakhe bacela inxaxheba kwi-lab yokuzama ukulinganisa abaviwa kwiimilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo lwenkcazo lwedatha lunokunceda abaphandi baqonde iindlela ezahlukileyo kwindlela abathathi-nxaxheba abaphatha ngayo ukuhlaziywa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezi zifana neendlela ezichazwe njengezinto ezintle zikhethwa ngamanye amaxesha. Abaphengululi abakhetha ukuhlolwa kwimihlaba bathi abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-laboratory test bahamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuba bayazi ukuba bafundiswa. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-lab yokulinga, abathathi-nxaxheba babeye baqikelela injongo yophando kwaye batshintshe indlela yabo yokuziphatha ukuze bangabonakali buso. Ukuqhubela phambili, abaphandi abakhetha ukuhlolwa kwimihlaba bangatsho ukuba ukungafani kancinci kwi-resumes kunokubonakala kuphela kwindawo ecocekileyo, engenabumba, kwaye ngoko uvavanyo lwebhabhi luya kuphazamisa umphumo wokuba ngumama kwizigqibo zokuqeshisa kwangempela. Ekugqibeleni, abaninzi abaxhasayo bezilingo zemihlaba bagxeka ukuvavanywa kwamatyala okuxhomekeka kubathathi-nxaxheba be-WEIRD: ikakhulu abafundi abavela kumazwe aseNtshona, (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010a) kunye namaDemokhrasi (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010a) . Uvavanyo olwenziwa nguCorrell kunye noogxa (2007) lubonisa ukugqithisa ezimbini kwi-lab-field continuum. Phakathi kwezi zimbini ezigqithisileyo kukho iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zokubumba, kuquka iinkqubo ezifana nokuzisa abantu abangenabafundi kwilebhu okanye ukuya kwintsimi kodwa besenokuba nabathathi-nxaxheba benza umsebenzi ongaqhelekanga.

Ukongeza kwimihlaba yebhanti ekhoyo kwithuba elidlulileyo, i-digital age ithetha ukuba abaphandi banomlinganiselo wesibini ophezulu apho iimvavanyo zingafani: i-analog-digital. Kanye nje ngokuba kukho ukuhlolwa okucocile kwebhu, ukuhlola okusulungekileyo kwintsimi, kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo phakathi, kukho izilingo zangaphambili ze-analog, iimvavanyo zedijithali ezicacekileyo kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo. Kunzima ukunikezela ngolu hlobo olucacileyo lwaloo mbono, kodwa inkcazelo efanelekileyo yokusebenza kukuba iimvavanyo zedijithali ngokupheleleyo zizama ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo zedijithali ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba, ukulandelelana, ukuhambisa unyango kunye nokulinganisa iziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Restivo kunye ne-van de Rijt (2012) isifundo se-barnstars kunye ne-Wikipedia yeyona ndlela yenzalo yedijithali ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokuba isebenzise iinkqubo zedijithali kuzo zonke ezine zamanyathelo. Ngokufanayo, iimvavanyo ze-analogi ngokupheleleyo azisebenzisi iziseko zedijithali kuzo nawaphi na amanyathelo amane. Uninzi lwama-classical experiments in Psychology lunokulinganisa ngokupheleleyo i-analog. Phakathi kwezi zimbini ezigqithiseleyo, kukho iindlela ezincinci zedijithali ezisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iinkqubo ze-analog nezedijithali.

Xa abanye abantu bacinga ngezilingo zedijithali, bacinga ngokukhawuleza ukuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi. Oku kuyilusizi kuba amathuba okusebenzisa iimvavanyo zedijithali azikho nje kwi-inthanethi. Abaphandi bangakwazi ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zedijithali ngokuzisebenzisa izixhobo zedijithali kwihlabathi elingokoqobo ukwenzela ukuhambisa unyango okanye ukulinganisa iziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa iifowuni ukuhambisa unyango okanye iziveli kwimeko esakhelwe ukulinganisa iziphumo. Enyanisweni, njengoko siza kubona kamva kwesi sahluko, abaphandi sele basebenzise amamitha ombane basekhaya ukulinganisa iziphumo kwiimvavanyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandla eziquka imizi eyizigidi eziyi-8.5 (Allcott 2015) . Njengoko izixhobo zedijithali ziya kuhlanganiswa ngokubanzi ebomini babantu kunye neenjini zidibaniswa kwiimeko ezakhiweyo, la mathuba okusebenzisa iimvavanyo zedijithali kwilizwe elizakhelayo ziya kwandisa ngokukhawuleza. Ngamanye amazwi, iimvavanyo zedijithali azikho nje iimvavanyo ze-intanethi.

Iinkqubo zeDivimenti zenza amathuba amasha okuzama ukufumana indawo yonke kwi-lab-field continuum. Kuvavanyo olusulungekileyo, umzekelo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa iinkqubo zedijithali ukulinganisa okugqibeleleyo kokuziphatha kwabafundi; Omnye umzekelo wale ndlela yokuphuculwa komlinganiselo isistim sokulandelela kwamehlo enika amanyathelo achanekileyo kunye aqhubekayo okujonga indawo. Ubudala bedijithali bubangela ukuba kubekho ukuhlola okufana ne-lab. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi baye bamkela ngokukhawuleza i-Amazon Mechanical Turk (i-MTurk) ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo ze-intanethi (umfanekiso 4.2). I-MTurk idibanisa "abaqeshi" abanemisebenzi efuna ukuzaliswa "nabasebenzi" abafisa ukugqiba loo misebenzi ngemali. Ngokungafani neemakethi zomsebenzi zendabuko, nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi echaphazelekayo idinga kuphela imizuzu embalwa ukugqiba, kwaye ukusebenzisana konke phakathi komqashi nomsebenzi ku-intanethi. Ngenxa yokuba i-MTurk ixubusha imiba yolu vavanyo lwabhali bendabuko-abantu abahlawulayo ukugqiba imisebenzi abangazange bayenze mahhala-ngokuqhelekileyo kufanelekile kwiindidi ezithile zokuvavanya. Okubalulekileyo, i-MTurk iye yakha iziseko zokulawula i-pool yabathathi-nxaxheba-ukufumana nokuhlawula abantu-kwaye abaphandi baye baxhamla kwezo zixhobo ukuze bathabathe kwi-pool yabathathi-nxaxheba.

Umzobo 4.2: Amaphephancwadi apapashwe esebenzisa i-Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). I-MTurk kunye nezinye iimarike zabasebenzi kwi-intanethi zinika abaphandi ithuba elifanelekileyo lokufumana abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo. Ukutshintshwa Bohannon (2016) .

Iinkqubo zeDavidi zenza amanye amathuba okuhlola okufana nentsimi. Ingakumbi, kwenza abaphandi badibanise ulawulo oluqinileyo kunye nokucwangcisa idatha edibene nokuhlolwa kwamathala kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo kunye nezicwangciso zendalo ezingaphezulu ezihambelana novavanyo lwebhu. Ukongezelela, ukuhlolwa kweteksi yedijithali inikezela ngamathuba amathathu ayenzima kunzima kwiimvavanyo ze-analog.

Okokuqala, ngelixa amaninzi enkqubo ye-analog kunye nokuhlola kwimihlaba enamakhulu abathathi-nxaxheba, iimvavanyo zenkalo ye-digital zingaba nezigidi zabathathi-nxaxheba. Olu tshintsho kwisikali kukuba ezinye iiljimenti zesejithali zingavelisa idatha kwiindleko eziguquguqukayo. Oko kukuthi, xa uphando ludale iziseko zophando, ukwandisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba alinakwandisa indleko. Ukwandisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba ngumbandela we-100 okanye ngaphezulu akukhona nje utshintsho oluthile ; kukuguqulwa kwekhwalithi , kuba kwenza abaphandi bafunde izinto ezahlukeneyo kwiimvavanyo (umz., i-heterogeneity yeempembelelo zonyango) kunye nokusebenzisa iimpawu zovavanyo ezahlukeneyo (umz., ukuhlolwa kweqela elikhulu). Le ngongoma ibaluleke kakhulu, ndiya kubuyela kuyo ekupheleni kwesahluko xa ndinika iingcebiso malunga nokudala izilingo zedijithali.

Okwesibini, ngelixa uninzi lwama-analog kunye nolwazi lwentsimi luthatha abathathi-nxaxheba njengamawijethi angachazwangayo, iimvavanyo zenkalo yedijithali zisoloko zisebenzisa ulwazi lwangasemgangathweni malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba kwinqanaba loyilo kunye nohlalutyo lophando. Ulwazi oluyimvelaphi, olubizwa ngokuba nolwazi lwephambi kwezokwelapha , luhlala lufumaneka kwiimvavanyo zedijithali kuba ziqhutywe phezulu kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa rhoqo (jonga isahluko 2). Ngokomzekelo, umphandi kwi-Facebook unolwazi olongezelelekileyo lwezonyango malunga nabantu abakwenzayo kwi-digital field experiment ngaphezu komphandi weyunivesithi onabantu malunga nokuhlolwa kwendawo yasalogeni. Olu hlobo lwangaphambili lonyango lubangela ukucwangciswa (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) -njengokuvinjelwa (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) kunye nokuqashwa kwabafundi abathathi-nxaxheba (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) kunye nokuhlalutya okungakumbi-njengokulinganisela (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) (Athey and Imbens 2016a) kunye nokulungelelanisa ukulungelelaniswa kokuchaneka (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Okwesithathu, ngelixa ezininzi ze-analog zezobugcisa kunye nokuhlola kwimihlaba zinika unyango kwaye zilinganisa iziphumo kwisixa esicinezelekileyo sexesha, ezinye iinzame ze-digital zenzeke kwixesha elide. Ngokomzekelo, i-Restivo kunye novavanyo lukaVan de Rijt babenomphumo olinganiselwe imihla ngemihla kwiintsuku ezingama-90, kunye nenye yezilingo ndiza kukuxelela ngokuzayo kwisahluko (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) iziphumo ezilandelwayo ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu ngokungekho indleko. Ezi zintathu-ubungakanani bamathuba, ulwazi lwephambi kwezokwelapha, kunye neyeza zonyango kunye nemiphumo yesiphumo-zivela ngokuqhelekileyo xa uvavanyo luqhutyelwa phezulu kwiinkqubo zokulinganisela rhoqo (jonga isahluko 2 ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa rhoqo).

Nangona uvavanyo lwentsimi yedijithali lunika amathuba amaninzi, banokwabelana nabanye ubuthathaka kunye novavanyo lwe-analog kunye nolwazi lwe-analog field. Ngokomzekelo, iimvavanyo azinakusetyenziswa ukutadisha ixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye banokuqikelela kuphela iimiphumo zonyango ezinokusetyenziswa. Kwakhona, nangona uvavanyo olungenakulungele ukukhokela umgaqo-nkqubo, isikhokelo esicwangcisiweyo esiya kunika sincipha ngenxa yeengxaki ezifana nokuxhomekeka kwendalo, iingxaki zokuthobela, kunye nemiphumo yokulingana (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Uvavanyo lwentsimi yedijithali luye lwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka kokuziphatha okudalwe yimizamo yokusiya-isihloko esiya kuphendula emva kwesi sahluko nakwesahluko 6.