imisebenzi

• ubunzima bobunzima: kulula , ephakathi , nzima , kakhulu kakhulu
• idinga izibalo ( ) U
• kufuna i coding ( ) U
• ukuqokelela idatha ( ) U
• zam intandokazi ( ) U

1. [U , U ] UBerinsky kunye noogxa (2012) bavandlakanise iMaturk ngokuyingxenye ngokuphinda bahlalutye ngeemvavanyo ezintathu zakudala. Phinda uphendule izifo zakudala zaseAsia zenza uvavanyo Tversky and Kahneman (1981) . Ngaba iziphumo zakho zifana nomdlalo weTversky noKahneman? Ngaba iziphumo zakho zifanisa abo baBerinsky kunye nabo? Yintoni-ukuba nantoni na-oku kusifundisa ngokusebenzisa iMATURK kwiimvavanyo zophando?

2. [U , U ] Kwiphepha elithile elithetha ulwimi elithi "Sifanele Siphule," isazi senzululwazi uRobert Cialdini, omnye wabalobi Schultz et al. (2007) , wabhala ukuba wayesetyulile emsebenzini wakhe njengotitshala, ngenxalenye ngenxa yemingeni awayejamelana nayo ekwenzeni inzululwazi yokuziphatha (kwengqondo) eqhuba ngokubanzi uvavanyo (Cialdini 2009) . Funda iphephandaba likaCalaldini, kwaye ubhalele i-imeyli echukumisa ukuba aphinde acinge ngekhefu lakhe ngokukhawulelana namathuba okuhlolwa kwamashishini. Sebenzisa imizekelo ethile yophando ejongene neengxaki zakhe.

3. [U ] Ukuze unqume ukuba impumelelo encinci yokuqala ingena okanye iphela, i-van de Rijt kunye nabalingane (2014) bangena kwiinkqubo ezine ezahlukeneyo ezinika impumelelo kubachaphazelekayo abakhethiweyo, kwaye bavavanya impembelelo yexesha elide le mpu melelo. Ngaba unokucinga ngezinye iinkqubo apho ungaqhuba iimvavanyo ezifanayo? Ukuphonononga ezi nkqubo ngokwemiba yexabiso lenzululwazi, i-algorithmic confounding (bona isahluko 2), kunye nokuziphatha.

4. [U , U ] Iziphumo zovavanyo zixhomekeke kubathathi-nxaxheba. Yenza uvavanyo uze ugijime kwi-MTurk usebenzisa izicwangciso ezimbini zokuqashwa ezahlukeneyo. Zama ukukhetha iindlela zokuzama nokuqeshisa ukuze iziphumo zibe zihluke ngokusemandleni. Ngokomzekelo, izicwangciso zakho zokuqesha zingaba ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba kusasa nangokuhlwa okanye ukuhlawulela abo bathathi-nxaxheba abanomvuzo ophezulu kunye nabaphantsi. Ezi ntlobo zohlukwano kwiqhinga lokuqesha lingakhokelela kumaziko ahlukeneyo abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola. Iziphumo zakho zahluke njani? Yintoni ebonisa ukuba usebenzisa iimvavanyo kwi-MTurk?

5. [U , U , U ] Khawucinge ukuba uceba uvavanyo lwe-Emotional Contagion (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Sebenzisa iziphumo ezivela kwinqanaba lokufunda ngokugqithisileyo Kramer (2012) ukugqiba inani labathathi-nxaxheba kwimeko nganye. Ezi zifundo zibini azihambelani ngokugqibeleleyo, qiniseka ukuba uludwe ngokucacileyo zonke iingcinga ozenzayo:

   1. Qalisa ukulinganisa okuya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba bangaphi abathathi-nxaxheba abaya kufuna ukuba bafumane impembelelo enkulu njengefuthe kwi- Kramer (2012) nge \(\alpha = 0.05\) kunye \(1 - \beta = 0.8\) .
   2. Yenza okufanayo ukubala ngokuhlaziya.
   3. Ukunikezelwa kweziphumo ezivela kwi- Kramer (2012) yayiyi-Contagion ye-Emotional (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) ).
   4. Kule ngqiqo oyenzile, enefuthe elikhulu ekubaleni kwakho?

6. [U , U , U ] Phendula umbuzo odlulileyo kwakhona, kodwa ngeli xesha kunokuba usebenzise isifundo Kramer (2012) , sebenzisa iziphumo ezivela kwindlela yangaphambili yokuhlolwa kwemvelo Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) .

7. [U ] Bobabini Margetts et al. (2011) kunye neVan de Rijt et al. (2014) wenza iimvavanyo zokufunda inkqubo yabantu abasayina isikhalazo. Thelekisa uqhathanise ukuyila kunye nokufunyaniswa kwezi zifundo.

8. [U ] Dwyer, Maki, and Rothman (2015) baqhuba uphando lweentsimi ezimbini kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwemimiselo yoluntu kunye nokuziphatha kwendalo. Nantsi i-abstract yephepha labo:

   "Ingaba inzululwazi yengqondo ingasetyenziselwa njani ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha kweproenvironmental? Kwizifundo ezimbini, ukungenelela okujoliswe ekukhuthazeni ukunyuswa kwamandla kwiindawo zokuhlamba zikarhulumente kuhlola iimpembelelo zemigaqo echazayo kunye noxanduva lwazo. KwiSifundo se-1, isimo sokukhanya (okt, ukucima okanye ukucima) sasiqhutywe ngaphambi kokuba umntu angene kwindawo yokugezela yomntu engabandakanyiyo, ebonisa umgangatho ochazayo kweso simiso. Abathathi-nxaxheba babekho amathuba okuvula izibane ukuba bebekho xa bengena. Kwisesifundo sesi-2, imeko eyongezelelweyo ibandakanywe apho umgangatho wokucima ukukhanya wawuboniswa ngumdibaniselwano, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba babengabangela uxanduva lokuguqula. Uxanduva lomntu luthintela impembelelo yemimiselo yoluntu ekuphatheni; xa abathathi-nxaxheba bengenabo uxanduva lokuguqula ukukhanya, impembelelo yesiqhelo yancipha. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa indlela iinkqubo ezichazayo kunye noxanduva lomntu onokulawula i-proenvironmental intervention. "

   Funda iphepha kunye nokuyila ukuphindaphinda kokufunda 1.

9. [U , U ] Ukwakha kumbuzo odlulileyo, ngoku wenze isakhiwo sakho.

   1. Iziphumo zifanisa njani?
   2. Yintoni enokuchaza le ntlukwano?

10. [U ] Kuye kwabakho ingxoxo enkulu malunga nokulinga ngokusebenzisa abathathi-nxaxheba abaqeshwe kwi-MTurk. Ngokufanayo, kuye kwaba neengxoxo ezinkulu malunga nokulinga ngokusebenzisa abathathi-nxaxheba abaqeshwe kwizikolo zabafundi be-undergraduate. Bhala i-memo yamaphepha amabini ethelekisa kunye nokuchasene noTurkers kunye nabafundi abagqwesileyo njengabathathi-nxaxheba. Uthelekiso lwakho kufuneka lubandakanye ingxoxo yimiba yesayensi kunye nemiba.

11. [U ] Incwadi kaJim Manzi engalawulekiyo (2012) isingeniso esimangalisayo kumandla ovavanyo kwishishini. Kule ncwadi wabhala ibali elilandelayo:

    "Ndaye ndadibana nentlanganiso ye-benius ye-beniy ye-beniyone, i-billioneire eyenziwe yenziwe yinto enzulu, enembileyo eyenziwa ngamandla ovavanyo. Iqela lakhe lisebenzise izixhobo ezibonakalayo ezizama ukudala iifowuni ezinkulu zeefestile eziza kubetha abathengi kunye nokwandisa ukuthengisa, njengobulumko obuqhelekileyo besithi kufanele. Iingcali zivavanywe ngokucwangcisekileyo emva koyilo, kwaye kwiiseshoni zokuphonononga ngamnye kwixesha elidlulileyo liqhubeka libonisa ukuba akukho mpawu ebalulekileyo ekuvelweni kwintengiso entsha. Abaphathi abakhulu kunye nabathengisi bentengiso babonisana ne-CEO ukuphonononga iziphumo zovavanyo lwembali kwi-toto. Emva kokubonisa yonke idatha yokulinga, baqukumbele ukuba ubulumko obuqhelekileyo bebubi-loo festile ibonisa ukuqhubezela ukuthengisa. Isenzo sabo esinconywayo kukunciphisa iindleko kunye nomgudu kule ndawo. Oku kukhombise ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuzama ukutshintsha ubulumko obuqhelekileyo. Impendulo ye-CEO yayilula: 'Ukugqiba kwam kukuba abaqulunqi bakho abakulungile.' Isisombululo sakhe kukunyusa umgudu kwi-design design, kunye nokufumana abantu abatsha ukuba benze oko. " (Manzi 2012, 158–9)

    Yiyiphi uhlobo lokubaluleka kweyona nkxalabo ye-CEO?

12. [U ] Ukwakha kumbuzo odlulileyo, cinga ukuba ubekho kwiintlanganiso apho kuthethwa khona iziphumo zovavanyo. Ziziphi iimbuzo ezine onokuzibuza-enye yoluhlobo olulodwa lomsebenzi (izibalo, ukwakha, zangaphakathi, nangaphandle)?

13. [U ] Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) wafunda umphumo weminyaka esixhenxe wongenelelo lwamanzi oluchazwe Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) (jonga umhlathi 4.11). Kulo phepha, uBernedo kunye nabalingane nabo bafuna ukuqonda indlela esekelwe ngayo umphumo ngokuthelekisa ukuziphatha kwemindeni enayo kwaye ingatshintsanga emva kokuba unyango lunikezelwe. Okokuthi, ngokukhawuleza, bazama ukubona ukuba unyango luchaphazelekile ikhaya okanye umninikhaya.

    1. Funda iphepha, uchaze uyilo lwabo, kwaye shwa nkathele iziphumo zabo.
    2. Ngaba iziphumo zabo zichaphazela indlela ofanele uvavanye ngayo indleko-ukuphumelela kwamanyathelo afanayo? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni? Ukuba akunjalo, kutheni?

14. [U ] Kulandelwa ku- Schultz et al. (2007) , i-Schultz kunye noogxa baqhuba uchungechunge lweemvavanyo ezintathu (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) kwakhona) kwiimeko ezimbini (ihotele kunye ne-timeshare condominium) (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) .

    1. Ukufomatha ukuyila kunye nokufunyaniswa kwezi ziphumo ezintathu.
    2. Njani, ukuba kunjalo, ukuba batshintshe ukuchazwa kwakho Schultz et al. (2007) ?

15. [U ] Ephendula Schultz et al. (2007) , Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) yaqalisa uluhlu lweemvavanyo ezinjengalebhu ukufundela ukuyila kweebhilidi zombane. Nantsi indlela abayichaza ngayo kwi-abstract:

    Uvavanyo olusisiseko-sabelo-mali, ngamnye umntu othabatha inxaxheba wabona ibhayiseji yombane ngokuxhomekeka kwintsapho, eneendlela eziphezulu zokusebenzisa umbane, efihla ulwazi malunga (a) nokusetyenziswa kwembali, (b) ukuthelekisa kubamelwane, kunye (c) nokusetyenziswa kwembali kunye nokuchithwa kwempahla. Abathathi-nxaxheba babone zonke iintlobo zeenkcukacha kwisinye sezifomathi ezintathu ezibandakanya (a) amatafula, (b) iigrafu zebar, kunye (c) neegrafu zeefayile. Sichaza ezintathu kwiziphumo eziphambili. Okokuqala, abathengi baqonda uhlobo oluthile lolwazi lokusebenzisa umbane xa lubekwe kwitheyibhile, mhlawumbi kuba iitafile ziququzelela ukufunda okulula. Okwesibini, ukhetho kunye neenjongo zokugcina umbane ziqine kakhulu ngolwazi lwezembali, oluzimeleyo kwifomathi. Okwesithathu, abantu abanomgangatho ophantsi wokufunda nokubhala baqonda yonke into engaphantsi. "

    Ngokungafani nezinye izifundo zokulandelelana, umphumo oyintloko wenzala e- Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) ixelwa ukuziphatha, kungekhona ukuziphatha kwangempela. Ziziphi amandla kunye nobuthathaka belolu hlobo lwesifundo kwiprogram yophando ngokubanzi ekukhuthazeni ukonga kwamandla?

16. [U , U ] Smith and Pell (2003) banikeze i-meta-analysis analysis ebonisa ukuphumelela kweparachutes. Baphetha ngokuthi:

    "Njengokuba kungenelelo oluninzi olujoliswe ekuthintela impilo yokugula, ukuphumelela kweparachutes akuzange kuhlolwe ngokugqithiseleyo ngokusebenzisa izilingo ezilawulwa ngandlela-thile. Abameli bobugqirha basisiseko bagxeka ukuthotyelwa kwamanyathelo angenelelo ngokusebenzisa kuphela idatha yolwazi. Sicinga ukuba wonk 'ubani unokufumana inzuzo xa umntu obalaseleyo kunobungqina obusekelwe kumachiza adibeneyo kwaye uthatha inxaxheba kwimpumpo emibini, engabonakaliyo, i-placebo elawulwayo, i-crossover trial of parachute. "

    Bhala i-ed-ed efanelekileyo kwiphephandaba le-general-readership, njenge- New York Times , ephikisana nokutshintshwa kobufakazi bokuhlola. Ukubonelela ngezibonelo ezizodwa. Inqaku: Jonga kwakhona Deaton (2010) kunye no- Bothwell et al. (2016) .

17. [U , U , U ] Uqikelelo-hlukene-hlukeneyo lwefuthe lonyango lunokuba luchanekile kunokuba uqikelelo oluthile-ngentsingiselo. Bhala i-memo kwi-injini ejongene novavanyo lwe-A / B kwi-start-up inkampani yeendaba zentlalo echaza ukubaluleka kwendlela eyahlukileyo-eyahlukileyo yokusebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-intanethi. Imemo kufuneka ifake inkcazo yengxaki, enye intuition ngeemeko phantsi apho umqikeleli ohluke-hlukeneyo oza kuphazamisa ukulinganisela okuchasene nentsingiselo, kunye nokufunda okulula.

18. [U , U ] UGary Loveman wayengunjingalwazi kwiSikolo soShishino seHarvard ngaphambi kokuba abe yi-CEO yeHarrah, enye yeenkampani ezinkulu ze-casino ehlabathini. Xa wayefudukela eHarrah, u-Loveman waguqulela inkampani ngeprogram-ethembekileyo yokunyaniseka kwenkqubo eqokelele ixabiso elikhulu leenkcukacha malunga nokuziphatha kwabaxhasi. Ngaphezulu kwesi siqhelo kwinkqubo yokulinganisa, inkampani yaqala ukuqhuba iimvavanyo. Ngokomzekelo, bangase baqhube umvavanyo ukuvavanya umphumo wekhuphoni kwihotele yamahhala ehotele kubathengi abanomzekelo othile wokugembula. Nantsi indlela u-Loveman echaze ngayo ukubaluleka kokulinga kwiiHarrah zezenzo zoshishino zansuku zonke:

    "Kunjengokuba ungahlukumezi abasetyhini, awubi, kwaye kufuneka ube neqela lolawulo. Le ngenye yezinto onokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wakho kwiHarrah-ungasebenzisi iqela lolawulo. " (Manzi 2012, 146)

    Bhala i-imeyili kumqeshwa omtsha uchaza isizathu sokuba u-Loveman acinge ukuba kubalulekile ukuba neqela lolawulo. Kufuneka uzame ukufaka umzekelo-nokuba yinyani okanye eyenziwe-ukubonisa indlela yakho.

19. [U , U ] Uvavanyo olutsha lujolise ekuqikeleleni umphumo wokufumana izikhumbuzi zomyalezo wesicatshulwa ngokugonywa. Iiklinikhi eziyikhulu kunye namashumi amahlanu, ngasinye sinamavili afanelekileyo angama-600, zikulungele ukuthatha inxaxheba. Kukho indleko ehleliweyo ye-$ 100 kwikliniki nganye ofuna ukuyisebenzisana nayo, kwaye ibiza i-$ 1 nganye yomyalezo oyifunayo. Ukongezelela, naziphi na iiklinikhi osebenza ngazo ziya kulinganisa isiphumo (nokuba umntu ufumene ukugonywa) mahhala. Kucinga ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwama-$ 1,000.

    1. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zingaba ngcono ukuba ugxininise izibonelelo zakho kwinani elincinci leekliniki kwaye phantsi kweyiphi imeko kunokuba ngcono ukuba sasaze ngokubanzi?
    2. Ziziphi izinto eziza kugqiba ubungakanani obuncinci besiphumo oza kukwazi ukuzithembela ngokuqinisekileyo ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali?
    3. Bhala imemo ecacisa ezi zorhwebo-mali kumntu obengumxhasi.

20. [U , U ] Ingxaki enkulu kwiikhosi ze-intanethi yi-attrition: abafundi abaninzi abaqala izifundo baya kugqitywa. Cinga ukuba usebenza kwiplani yokufunda kwi-intanethi, kwaye umyili weqonga kwiplani yenze ibra yenkqubela phambili ecinga ukuba iya kunceda ukukhusela abafundi ukuba bangaphumi kwikhosi. Ufuna ukuvavanya umphumo webha yenkqubela phambili kubafundi kwikhosi enkulu yesayensi yezentlalo. Emva kokuqwalasela nayiphi na imimiselo yokuziphatha engase ivele kuvavanyo, wena kunye noogxa bakho banenkxalabo yokuba inkambo ingenayo abafundi abanelungelo lokujonga ngokuthe ngileyo imiphumo yenkqubela yebar. Kwizibalo ezilandelayo, unokucinga ukuba isiqingatha sabafundi siya kufumana ibha yenkqubela kunye nesiqingatha. Ngaphezu koko, unokucinga ukuba akukho phazanyiso. Ngamanye amagama, unokucinga ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bachaphazeleka kuphela ngaba bafumene unyango okanye ulawulo; ayenziwanga ngokuba ngaba abanye abantu bafumana unyango okanye ukulawula (ukwenzela inkcazo engaphezulu, jonga isahluko 8 se- Gerber and Green (2012) ). Gcina umgca waluphi na ucalulo olongezelelweyo olwenzayo.

    1. Cinga ukuba ibha yenkqubela phambili kulindeleke ukuba yandise inani labafundi abagqibe iklasi nge-1 pesenti; yintoni isayizi yesampula efunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba yintoni umphumo?
    2. Cinga ukuba ibha yenkqubela phambili kulindeleke ukuba yandise inani labafundi abagqibe eklasini ngamaphesenti ayi-10; yintoni isayizi yesampula efunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba yintoni umphumo?
    3. Khawucinge nje ukuba ugijime uvavanyo, kwaye abafundi abagqibile zonke izinto zokufunda baye bathabatha uvavanyo lokugqibela. Xa uthelekisa amanqaku okugqibela okuhlola abafundi abafumene ibha yenkqubela kunye namanqaku abo abangenayo, uyifumana into enokumangalisa ngayo ukuba abafundi abazange bamkele ibha yenkqubela phambili bafumana phezulu. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ibhondi yenkqubela phambili yabangela abafundi ukuba bafunde ngaphantsi? Yintoni ongayifunda kule nkcukacha yesiphumo? (Isicatshulwa: Jonga isahluko 7 Gerber and Green (2012) )

21. [U , U , U ] Khawucinge ukuba usebenza njengososayensi yedatha kwinkampani yobuchwepheshe. Omnye ovela kwisebe lokuthengisa ucela uncedo lwakho ekuphononongeni uvavanyo abalucwangcisayo ukwenzela ukulinganisa ukubuya kotyalo-mali (ROI) kumkhankaso wolutsha olutsha. I-ROI ichazwa njengenzuzo enenzuzo ukusuka kulo phulo lidibene neendleko zephulo. Ngokomzekelo, umkhankaso ongenamiphumo ekuthengiseni uza kuba ne-ROI ye--100%; iphulo apho iingeniso eziveliswe zilingana neendleko ziza kuba ne-ROI ye-0; kunye nephulo apho iingeniso eziveliswe ziphindwe kabini iindleko ziya kuba ne-ROI ye-200%.

    Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise uvavanyo, isebe lokuthengisa linikeza ngolwazi olulandelayo ngokusekelwe kuphando lwawo lwangaphambili (eqinisweni, ezi zixabiso zifana neenkqubo zangempela zesikhangiso se-intanethi ezichazwe kuLee noRao (2015) ):

    • Intetho yokuthengisa nganye kumthengi ulandela ukusabalalisa kwelogi-oluqhelekileyo nge-mean $ 7 kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwe-$ 75.
    • Eli phulo kulindeleke ukuba likhulise ukuthengisa nge $ 0.35 ngomthengi ngamnye, ohambelana nokunyuka kwenzuzo ye $ 0.175 ngomthengi.
    • Ubungakanani obucwangcisiweyo bovavanyo banabantu abangama-200,000: isiqingatha kwinqanaba leyeza kunye nesiqingatha kwiqela lolawulo.
    • Iindleko zephulo li-$ 0.14 ngamnye.
    • I-ROI ekulindelekileyo kule phulo ngu-25% [ \((0.175 - 0.14)/0.14\) ]. Ngamanye amagama, isebe lokuthengisa likholelwa ukuba nganye i-dollar eyi-100 idluliselwe ekuthengiseni, inkampani iya kufumana i-$ 25 eyongezelelweyo kwinzuzo.

    Bhala imemo ukuvavanya lo mzamo ophakanyisiweyo. Imemo yakho kufuneka isetyenziswe ubungqina obuvela kwisimangalo oya kudala, kwaye kufuneka idibanise imiba emibini ebalulekileyo: (1) Ngaba unokucebisa ukuba uqalise lo mzamo njengoko uhleliwe? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni? Ukuba akunjalo, kutheni? Qiniseka ukuba ucacile malunga nenqobo oyisebenzisayo ukwenza isigqibo. (2) Nguwuphi ubungakanani besampula oya kuncoma kulo mvavanyo? Nceda nceda uqiniseke ukuba ucacile malunga nendlela osebenzisa ngayo ukwenza isigqibo.

    I-memo efanelekileyo iya kujongana nale meko ethile; i-memo engcono iya kuvela kulo mzekelo ngenye indlela (umzekelo, bonisa indlela isigqibo esitshintsha ngayo njengomsebenzi wobungakanani befuthe lephulo); kwaye imemo enkulu iya kubonisa umphumo opheleleyo. Imemo yakho kufuneka isebenzise iigrafu ukunceda ukubonisa iziphumo zakho.

    Nazi izipho ezimbini. Okokuqala, isebe lokuthengisa lingakunikela ngolwazi olungenasidingo, kwaye kungenzeka ukuba alukwazanga ukukunika ngolwazi oluyimfuneko. Okwesibini, ukuba usebenzisa i-R, qaphela ukuba umsebenzi ophezulu () awusebenzi ngendlela abantu abaninzi abayilindele ngayo.

    Lo msebenzi uza kukunika uhlalutyo lwamandla, ukudala ukulinganisa, nokuthetha iziphumo zakho ngamagama kunye negrafu. Kufuneka kukuncede uhlalutye amandla olwaphi na uhlobo lovavanyo, kungekhona nje ukulinga okucwangciselwe ukuqikelela i-ROI. Lo msebenzi uthatha ukuba unamava athile kunye nokuhlalutya kwamanani kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamandla. Ukuba awukwazi ukuhlalutya kwamandla, ndincoma ukuba ufunde "I-Primer Power" Cohen (1992) .

    Lo msebenzi waphefumulelwa ngamaphepha amnandi RA Lewis and Rao (2015) , okucacisa ngokucacileyo umlinganiselo wokubaluleka kwamanani kunye novavanyo oluninzi. Iphepha labo-okokuqala kwakukho isihloko esichukumisayo esithi "Kwi-Near-Impossibility of Measuring the Returns to Advertising" -sitsho ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukulinganisa ukubuyiswa kotyalo-ntengiso kwiintengiso ze-intanethi, kunye nokuvavanya kwedijithali okubandakanya izigidi zabaxumi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, RA Lewis and Rao (2015) babonisa into ebalulekileyo yesabare ebaluleke kakhulu kwiimvavanyo zonyaka-mvavanyo: kunzima ukuqikelela iziphumo ezincinci zonyango phakathi kwedatha yesiphumo somsindo.

22. [U , U ] Yenza okufanayo nombuzo odlulileyo, kodwa, kunokuba ulingane, kufuneka usebenzise iziphumo zokuhlalutya.

23. [U , U , U ] Yenza okufanayo nombuzo wangaphambili, kodwa sebenzisa zombini ukulinganisa kunye neziphumo zokuhlalutya.

24. [U , U , U ] Khawucinge ukuba ubhale imemo echazwe ngasentla, kwaye umntu ovela kwisebe lokuthengisa unikela ngolunye ulwazi olutsha: balindele ukulungiswa kwe-0.4 phakathi kokuthengisa ngaphambi nangemva kokulinga. Oku kutshintsha njani iingcebiso kwiimemo yakho? (Isicatshulwa: jonga icandelo 4.6.2 ngokubanzi malunga nomlinganiselo wokuqikelelanisa-we-intetho kunye nomlinganisi ohlukileyo-ohlukileyo.

25. [U , U ] Ukuze uhlolisise ukusebenza kwe-program-based program-support assistance program, iyunivesithi yenza uvavanyo lokulawulwa ngokungaqhelekanga phakathi kwabafundi abayi-10 000 abangena kulo nyaka wokugqibela wesikolo. Ukubhaliselwa kwamahhala kunye nolwazi olulodwa lwangena kwi-imeyli kwithunyelwa kumememo eyimfuneko ye-imeyile ukuya kuma-5,000 abafundi abakhethiweyo ngokukhethiweyo, ngelixa abanye abafundi abayi-5,000 babekho kwiqela lokulawula kwaye babengenayo ibhaliso. Iinyanga ezililishumi elinesibini emva koko, uphando olulandelayo (ngaphandle kokungabi nantoni) lubonise ukuba kwimiba emibini yonyango kunye neyokulawula, abafundi abangama-70% bafumene umsebenzi wengqesho epheleleyo kwintsimi yabo ekhethiweyo (itafile 4.6). Ngaloo ndlela, kwakubonakala ngathi inkonzo yewebhu ayizange ifumaneke.

    Nangona kunjalo, inzululwazi yolwazi kwi-yunivesithi yabheka idatha ngokubanzi kwaye ifumene ukuba kuphela i-20% yabafundi eklasini yonyango bangena kwi-akhawunti emva kokufumana i-imeyile. Ngaphezulu, kwaye ngokumangalisa, phakathi kwabangena kwiwebhsayithi, kuphela ama-60% abafumana umsebenzi wengqesho epheleleyo kwintsimi yabo ekhethiweyo, eyayingaphantsi komyinge wabantu abangazange bangenise kwaye bangaphantsi kwezinga labantu kwimeko yokulawula (itafile 4.7).

    1. Nika ingcaciso malunga nokuba kwenzeke ntoni.
    2. Ziziphi iindlela ezimbini ezahlukileyo zokubala umphumo wonyango kule mvavanyo?
    3. Ukunikezelwa kwesi siphumo, ngaba kufuneka unike le nkonzo kubo bonke abafundi? Ukuze nje kucace, oku akuyona umbuzo ngeempendulo elula.
    4. Yintoni enokuyenza emva koko?

    Inqaku: Lo mbuzo uhamba ngaphezu kwezinto ezifakwe kwisahluko, kodwa idibanisa imiba eqhelekileyo kwiimvavanyo. Olunye uhlobo loyilo lwezilingo ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa ngokuba yi- design yokhuthazo kuba abathathi-nxaxheba bayakhuthazwa ukuba bajoyine unyango. Le ngxaki ngumzekelo wento ebizwa ngokuba yi -side-side non-compliance (bona isahluko sesi-5 Gerber and Green (2012) ).

26. [U ] Emva koviwo olongezelelweyo, kwavela ukuba ukuhlolwa okuchazwe kumbuzo wangaphambili kwakunzima nakakhulu. Kwavela ukuba i-10% yabantu kwiqela elilawulayo lihlawulwe ukufikelela kwinkonzo, kwaye zagqitywa ngezinga lokuqeshwa lika-65% (itafile 4.8).

    1. Bhala i-imeyli ngokufingqa oko ucinga ukuba kwenzeke kwaye uphakamise inkqubo yesenzo.

    Inqaku: Lo mbuzo uhamba ngaphezu kwezinto ezifakwe kwisahluko, kodwa idibanisa imiba eqhelekileyo kwiimvavanyo. Le ngxaki ngumzekelo wento ebizwa ngokuba yinto engamanyanzelanga (jonga isahluko 6 se- Gerber and Green (2012) ).