2.4.1 izinto Ukubala

Simple ukubala bubangela umdla xa ukudibanisa umbuzo ezilungileyo data elungileyo.

Nangona idibene kwiilwimi ezinengcamango, uphando olunzulu loluntu lubala nje izinto. Kwiminyaka yedatha enkulu, abaphandi banokubala ngaphezu kwanini na, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba bafanele baqale ukubala ngokungabikho. Kunoko, abaphandi bafanele babuze: Ziziphi izinto ezifanele ukubala? Oku kungabonakala ngathi yinto ephantsi, kodwa kukho iipatheni eziqhelekileyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo abafundi bakhuthaza uvavanyo lwabo lokubala ngokuthi: Ndiya kubala into engazange ibe nayo ngaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, umfundi unokuthi abantu abaninzi baye bafunda abafuduki kwaye abantu abaninzi baye bafunda amawele, kodwa akukho mntu ufunde amawele abafudukayo. Kwamava am, eli cwangciso, endibiza ngokuba yimpumelelo ngokungabikho , alukhokelela ekuphenyweni okulungileyo. Isizathu sokungabikho sihlobo esinjengokuthi kukho imingxuma apho, kwaye ndiya kusebenza kanzima ukuyizalisa. Kodwa akusiyo yonke imingcele idinga ukuzaliswa.

Esikhundleni sokukhuthaza ngenxa yokungabikho, ndicinga ukuba isicwangciso esilungileyo kukujonga imibuzo yophando ebalulekileyo okanye inomdla (okanye zombini). Zombini ezi zinto kunzima ukuchaza, kodwa enye indlela yokucinga ngophando olubalulekileyo kukuba unempembelelo enokulinganiswa okanye isondeza kwisigqibo esibalulekileyo ngabaenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, ukulinganisa izinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi kubalulekile kuba luphawu loqoqosho oluqhuba izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ndicinga ukuba abaphandi banengqiqo ebalulekileyo yento ebalulekileyo. Ngoko, kulo lonke eli candelo, ndiza kunika imizekelo emibini apho ndicinga ukuba ukubala kunomdla. Kwimeko nganye, abaphandi babengazibali ngokungazi; kunoko, babalwa kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo ezibhengeze iingqiqo ezibalulekileyo kwiingcamango ezingaphezulu malunga nendlela iinkqubo zentlalo zisebenza ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, uninzi lwezinto ezenza ukuba oku kulandelelwaniso ukubala kungeyona idatha ngokwalo, kuvela kule ngcamango engaphezulu.

Omnye umzekelo wamandla alula wokubala uvela kuHenry Farber's (2015) ukufundiswa kokuziphatha kwabaqhubi beeteksi baseNew York. Nangona eli qela lingenakulinganiswa ngokwenene, liyiziko lophando olucwangcisekileyo lokuvavanya iimbali ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo kwezoqoqosho lwezabasebenzi. Ngenjongo yophando lwe-Farber, kukho izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo malunga nomsebenzi wendawo yabaqhubi bamatekisi: (1) umvuzo wabo wehora uguquguquka imihla ngemihla, ngokusekelwe kwimiba efana nemozulu, kwaye (2) inani leeyure Umsebenzi ungashintsha usuku ngalunye ngokusekelwe kwizigqibo zabo. Ezi zixhobo zikhokelela kumbuzo onomdla ngokuphathelele ulwalamano phakathi kwemirhumo yehora kunye neeyure ezisebenza. Iimodeli ze-Neoclassical kwizoqoqosho ziqikelela ukuba abaqhubi bamatekisi baya kusebenza ngaphezulu kwiintsuku apho banemivuzo ephezulu yehora. Ngaphandle koko, iimodeli ezivela kwi-economics yokuziphatha ziqikelela ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuba ngabaqhubi beka ithagethi ethile yengeniso-bathi i-$ 100 ngosuku-kwaye usebenze de kube oko kujoliswe kuko, abaqhubi baya kugqiba ukusebenza iiyure ezimbalwa kwiintsuku abafumana ngaphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ungumniki wokujolisa, ungagqiba ukusebenza iiyure ezine ngosuku olulungileyo (i-$ 25 ngeyure) kunye neeyure ezintlanu ngosuku olubi (i-$ 20 ngeyure). Ngoko, ngabaqhubi benza iiyure ezongezelelweyo kwiintsuku kunye nomvuzo ophezulu weeyure (njengoko kuqikelelwe ngemodeli ye-neoclassical) okanye ngaphezulu iiyure kwiintsuku kunye nomvuzo ongaphantsi kweeyure (njengoko kuqikelelwe ngemodeli yezoqoqosho).

Ukuphendula lo mbuzo u-Farber ufumane idatha kuwo wonke uhambo oluthathe iteksi oluthathwa yiNew York City cabs ukususela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2013, idatha ekhoyo ngoku. Ezi nkcukacha-eziqokelelwe ngamamitha e-elektroniki ukuba idolophu idinga iitekisi ukuyisebenzisa-zibandakanya ulwazi malunga nohambo ngalunye: ixesha lokuqala, qalisa indawo, ixesha lokugqibela, indawo yokuphela, i-fare, kunye ne-tip (ukuba isipho sasihlawulwa ngekhadi lesikweletu) . Ukusebenzisa le data yemitha yeeeteksi, uFarber wafumanisa ukuba abaninzi abaqhubi basebenza ngaphezulu kwiintsuku xa umvuzo uphezulu, uhambelana nenkolelo ye-neoclassical.

Ukongeza kwesi sifundo esinqununu, uFarber wakwazi ukusebenzisa ubukhulu beenkcukacha ukuqonda okungcono u-heterogeneity kunye ne-dynamics. Wafumanisa ukuba, ngokuhamba kwexesha, abaqhubi abatsha bafunda ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza iiyure ezingaphezulu kwiintsuku eziphezulu (umz., Bafunda ukuziphatheka njengendlela ye-neoclassical model). Kwaye abaqhubi abatsha abaziphatha ngokufana nabafumana imali ekujoliswe kuyo bayakwazi ukuyeka ukuqhuba abaqhubi bamatekisi. Ezi zombini ezi zifihlakeleyo, ezikunceda ukuchaza ukuziphatha okuphawuliweyo kwabaqhubi bamanje, bekunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yobukhulu be dataset. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukufunyanwa kwizifundo zangaphambili ezazisetyenziselwa ukuhamba kwamaphepha eepekethi ukusuka kwinani elincinci labashayeli bamatekisi ngaphezu kwexesha elifutshane (Camerer et al. 1997) .

Ucwaningo lwaseFarber lwalukufuphi kwimeko yokuphanda usebenzisa umthombo omkhulu wedatha kuba idatha eqokelelwe yeso sixeko yayisondele kakhulu kwidatha eyayifumaneka ngu-Farber (omnye umehluko kukuba iFarber yayiya kufuna idatha kwizonke umvuzo-uhamba kunye neengcebiso-kodwa idatha yedolophu ifake kuphela iingcebiso ezihlawulwa ngekhadi lesikweledu). Nangona kunjalo, idatha kuphela ayaneleyo. Incoko yophando lukaFarber yayikubuza umbuzo onomdla kumbuzo, umbuzo unempembelelo enkulu ngaphezu kwesi simiso esithile.

Umzekelo wesibini wokubala izinto uvela kuphando nguGary King, uJennifer Pan, kunye noMolly Roberts (2013) kwi-intanethi ngokucelwa ngurhulumente waseTshayina. Kule meko, ke ke, abaphandi bafanele baqokelele idatha yabo enkulu kwaye kufuneka bahlangabezane nelokuba idatha yabo ayigqibekanga.

UKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe baqhutywa yinto yokuba izithuba zoononophelo loluntu e-China zicatshulwa zixhobo ezinkulu zombuso ezicingelwa ukuba zibandakanye amashumi amawaka abantu. Abaphandi kunye nabemi, nangona kunjalo, abanengqiqo yokuba aba bantu bacinga njani ukuba umxholo ufanele ususwe. Abaphengululi baseChina benenjongo yokuphikisana ngokumalunga nokuba zeziphi iindidi zezithuba ezinokuthi zisuswe. Abanye bacinga ukuba abacwaningi bajolise kwizithuba ezibaluleke kakhulu ngurhulumente, ngelixa abanye bacinga ukuba bagxininisa kwizithuba ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha ngokubambisana, njengemibhikisho. Ukubonisa ukuba zeziphi ezilindelekileyo zichanekile kwindlela abaphandi abaqondayo ngayo iChina kunye nabanye oorhulumente abalawulayo ababandakanyekayo. Ngako oko, uKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe bafuna ukuthelekisa izithuba ezipapashwe kwaye zatshitshiswa kunye nezithuba ezipapashwe kwaye azizange zisuswe.

Ukuqokelela ezi zithuba sibandakanya zobunjineli feat emangalisayo ngenyakanyaka ngaphezulu kwama-1,000 websites-nganye eendaba yoluntu Chinese kunye nephepha ezahlukeneyo lobeko-ukufumana izithuba ezifanelekileyo, uze utyelele ezi zithuba ubone zaacinywa kamva. Ukongezelela kwiingxaki zobunjineli eqhelekileyo ezinxulumene omkhulu web-ukukhasa, le projekthi umngeni kongezwa ukuba kwakufuneka abe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngenxa yokuba izithuba ezininzi yayizihlolisisa zithathelwa phantsi ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-24. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba umgaqi olucothayo luyakuphosa amaqashiso lezithuba zazihlolisiswa. Ngaphezu koko, le abagaqi kwafuneka ukuba nenze bonke obu ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ngexesha ezibenza singabonwa hleze websites eendaba zentlalo bayivale okanye ngenye ukutshintsha imigaqo yabo ukuphendula phando.

Ngethuba lo msebenzi ogqityiweyo wobunjineli, uKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumene izigidi ezili-11 kwizikhundla kwizihloko ezi-85 ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngasinye sinqanaba lokucinga. Ngokomzekelo, isihloko sesisiseko esiphakeme nguAi Weiwei, umculi ochasayo; Isihloko sobuzwe obuphakathi kukuxabisa nokuhlaziywa kwemali yaseTshayina, kunye nesihloko sobubele obuphantsi kweNdebe yeHlabathi. Ezi zigidi ezili-11 zithuba, malunga nezigidi ezi-2 ziye zacutshungulwa. Ngenye indlela, uKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumene ukuba izikhundla kwizihloko ezibucayi kakhulu zicatshulwa nje ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunezithuba eziphathekayo eziphakathi nendawo ezinokuthi zincinci. Ngamanye amazwi, abacwanisi baseTshayina banokuthi bafumane isithuba esichaza i-Ai Weiwei njengesithuba esichaza iNdebe yeHlabathi. Ezi ziphumo azixhaseli ngcamango yokuba urhulumente ucinga zonke izithuba kwizihloko ezibucayi.

Ukubala okulula kwezinga lokunyanzeliswa ngesihloko kungakhohlisa, nangona kunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente angabonisa iiposenti ezixhasa aseAi Weiwei, kodwa ziyeke izithuba ezibalulekileyo kuye. Ukuze kuhlukaniswe phakathi kwezithuba ngokucwangcisekileyo, abaphandi bafuna ukulinganisa ukuvakalelwa kweposi nganye. Ngelishwa, nangona umsebenzi omningi, iindlela ezizenzekelayo zokuzithengisa ngokusebenzisa izichazi-magama ezisekho ngaphambili azikho kakuhle kakhulu kwiimeko ezininzi (cinga emva kweengxaki ezidala ixesha elimangeleyo likaSeptemba 11, 2001 elichazwe kwicandelo 2.3.9). Ngako oko, uKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe bafuna indlela yokubhenela zabo izithuba ezigidi ezili-11 zeendaba zoluntu malunga nokuba ngaba (1) zibaluleke kakhulu kummandla, (2) ukuxhasa inkxaso karhulumente, okanye (3) iingxelo ezingabalulekanga okanye iingqinisiso malunga neziganeko. Oku kunjengomsebenzi omkhulu, kodwa bayayisombulula ngokusebenzisa inkohlakalo enamandla kwizinto zesayensi kodwa ayifumanekanga kwisayensi yoluntu: ukufunda okuveziweyo ; bonani umfanekiso 2.5.

Okokuqala, kwisinyathelo esivame ukubizwa ngokuba yi- preprocessing , abaphandi baphendulela izithuba zoononophelo lwentlalo kwi -matrix yexesha-xwebhu , apho kwakukho umqolo omnye kumqulu ngamnye kunye nekholomu enye ebhalwe ukuba iposi liqulethe igama elithile (umzekelo, ukukhusela okanye izithuthi) . Emva koko, iqela labacebisi-uphando linikezela ngesandla isampuli yezithuba. Emva koko, basebenzisa le datha yodatshulwa ngesandla ukuze bakhe imodeli yokufunda imashini engayichaphazela isimo sengxelo esekelwe kwimpawu zayo. Ekugqibeleni, basebenzisa lo mzekelo ukuqikelela ukuvakalelwa kwazo zonke izigidi eziyi-11.

Ngaloo ndlela, kunokuba ufunde ngokubhala ngesandla kwaye ubhale i-post-million-posts which would be impossible-King and colleagues, ngokubhaliweyo, babhalwe inani elincinane lezithuba baze basebenzise ukufunda okuyi-supervised ukulinganisela ukuvakalelwa kwazo zonke izithuba. Emva kokugqiba olu hlalutyo, bakwazi ukugqiba ukuba, ngokumangalisa ukuba, ithuba lokuba isithuba esicatshulwayo sasingahambelani nokuba bekubaluleke kakhulu kumbuso okanye ukusekela urhulumente.

Umzobo 2.5: Isicwangciso esilula senkqubo esetyenziswe King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) ukuqikelela ukuvakalelwa kwezigidi ezi-11 zezentlalo zentlalo yaseShayina. Okokuqala, xa linyathelo preprocessing, abaphengululi eziguqulelwe izithuba media ibe matrix kuxwebhu elide (bona Grimmer and Stewart (2013) ukuze ufumane ezinye iinkcukacha). Okwesibini, banikezela nge-coded feelings of sample sample of posts. Okwesithathu, baqeqesha imodeli yokufunda egadiweyo ukuba bahlele uluvo lwezithuba. Okwesine, basebenzise imodeli yokufunda egadiweyo ukuqikelela ukuvakalelwa kwazo zonke izithuba. Jonga King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) , isihlomelo B ngencazelo ecacileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, uKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumanisa ukuba kuphela iintlobo ezintathu zezithuba eziye zacelwa rhoqo: iifoto zoonografi, ukugxekwa kwabacwanisi, kunye nezo zinto zinokuthi zenze inxaxheba (ngokubakho, ithuba lokukhokelela kwimibhikisho emikhulu). Ngokuqwalasela inani elikhulu lezithuba eziye zacinywa kunye nezithuba ezingazange zisuswe, uKumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe bakwazi ukufunda indlela abaqhubi be-censors basebenza ngayo ngokubukela nokubala. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukufuzisela umxholo oza kwenzeka kulo lonke le ncwadi, indlela yokufunda egadiweyo abayisebenzisa-ukubethelwa ngesandla ngezinye iziphumo kwaye ukwakha imodeli yokufunda imashishini ukubiza i-rest-turns to be common in the study of social in the age of age. . Uza kubona imifanekiso efana kakhulu neyoku-2.5 kwiziqendu 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo) kunye no-5 (Ukudala intsebenziswano yobuninzi); Le ngenye yeembono ezimbalwa ezivela kwizahluko ezininzi.

Le mizekelo-ukuziphatha kokusebenza kwabaqhubi bamatekisi eNew York kunye nokuziphatha kweendlela zokuhlaziywa kweentlalo zorhulumente waseTshayina-bonisa ukuba ukubalwa ngokulula kwemithombo yolwazi ekulu kunokuthi, kwezinye iimeko, kubangele uphando olubalulekileyo nolubalulekileyo. Kwimeko zombini, nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bekufuneka bazise imibuzo enomdla kumthombo omkhulu wedatha; Idata ngokwayo ayanele.