2.3.4 engapheliyo
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba lukhulu kangakanani idatha yakho, mhlawumbi akanalo ulwazi olufunayo.
Ininzi yemithombo yolwazi engaphelelanga , ingqiqo yokuba abanalo ulwazi oluya kufuna lwakho uphando. Le yinto eqhelekileyo yedatha eyadalwa ngeenjongo ngaphandle kophando. Uninzi lwezenzululwazi zentlalo sele luneenkcukacha zokujongana nokungaphelelanga, njengophando olukhoyo olungazange lubuze umbuzo olufunekayo. Ngelishwa, iingxaki zokungazaliseki zivame ukugqithisa kakhulu kwiinkcukacha ezinkulu. Kwamava am, idatha enkulu ininzi ilahlekile iindidi zolwazi oluxhamlayo uphando loluntu: ulwazi oluntu malunga nabachaphazelekayo, ukuziphatha kwamanye amapulatifomu, kunye nedatha yokusebenzisa izakhiwo zokufunda.
Kwiintlobo ezintathu zokungazaliseki, ingxaki yeenkcukacha ezingaphelelanga zokusebenzisa izakhiwo zengqondo yinto enzima ukuyixazulula. Kwaye kumava am, kudla ngokungahambi kakuhle. Ngokukhawulezileyo, ukwakheka kweengcamango iingcinga ezingabonakaliyo ezenzululwazi zentlalo kunye nokuqhutyelwa kwemisebenzi yendlela yokwakha ithetha ukucebisa indlela ethile yokubamba loo nto yokwakha ngolwazi olubonakalayo. Ngelishwa, le nkqubo elula-yokuvakala ibuye ibe nzima. Ngokomzekelo, makhe sicinge ukuzama ukuvavanya ngokucacileyo ibango elilula ukuba abantu abanengqondo ngakumbi bafumana imali ethe xaxa. Ukuze uvavanye le mabango, kufuneka ulinganise "ingqiqo." Kodwa yintoni ingqondo? Gardner (2011) wathi iinjongo ezisibhozo ezihlukeneyo zengqondo. Ngaba zikhona iinkqubo ezinokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo naluphi na olu hlobo lweengcaphephe? Nangona kuninzi kakhulu komsebenzi ngabangcali beengqondo, le mibuzo ayinayo iimpendulo ezingabonakaliyo.
Ngaloo ndlela, nangona ibango elincinane-abantu abanengqondo ngakumbi bafumana imali engakumbi-kunokuba nzima ukuvavanya ngokwemigaqo kuba kunokuba nzima ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha izakhiwo. Eminye imizekelo yezinto ezakhiwayo ezibalulekileyo kodwa kunzima ukusebenza ziquka "imimiselo," "intlalo yoluntu" kunye "nentando yesininzi." Iingcali zenzululwazi zibiza umdlalo phakathi kwendawo yokwakha kunye nedatha yokwakha eyiyo (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Njengoko uludwe olufutshane lwezakhiwo lucebisa, ukwakha ukuqinisekiswa yingxaki inzululwazi zentlalo ziye zazilwela ixesha elide. Kodwa kumava am, iingxaki zokwakha ukufaneleka zininzi xa zisebenza kunye nedatha ezingadalwanga ngenjongo yophando (Lazer 2015) .
Xa uvavanya umphumo wophando, enye indlela esheshayo kunye neyobuchule yokuvavanya ukwakha ukufaneleka kukuthatha isiphumo, esivame ukubonakaliswa ngokwemiqathango yokwakha, nokuyivakalisa kwakhona ngokwemigiselo esetyenziswayo. Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela izifundo ezimbini ezibonisa ukuba abantu abanengqondo ngakumbi bafumana imali. Kwisifundo sokuqala, umphandi wafumanisa ukuba abantu abaphumelele kakuhle kwi-Raven Progressive Test Matrices-uvavanyo oluhlolisisiweyo lweengcinga zeengcaphephe (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -bafumana imali engenayo ephezulu kwiingxelo zabo zerhafu. Kwiseshoni yesibini, umphandi wafumanisa ukuba abantu kwi-Twitter abasebenzisa amagama angaphezulu basenokuthi bakhankanywe ngempahla yokunethezeka. Kuzo zombini iimeko, abaphandi bangabanga ukuba babonise ukuba abantu abanengqondo ngakumbi bafumana imali engaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwisifundo sokuqala i-buildory constructs iqhutywe kakuhle ngedatha, ngelixa yesibini ayifuni. Ukongezelela, njengoko lo mzekelo ubonisa, idatha engaphezulu ayiyikusombulula ngokuzenzekelayo iingxaki ngokuzakhela ukufaneleka. Unokungabaza iziphumo zesifundo sesibini nokuba ingaba i-tweets ezigidi, iibhilithi eziyi-billion, okanye i-tile eziyi-trillion. Kuba abaphandi abaqhelanga nembono yokwakha ukufaneleka, i-table 2.2 inikeza imizekelo yezifundo eziye zasebenzisa izakhiwo zokufunda ngokusetyenziswa kwedatha yokulandelelana kwedijithali.
| Umthombo wedatha | Ukwakhiwa kweencwadi | Iingxelo |
|---|---|---|
| I-imeyli ingosiyunivesiti (imeta-data kuphela) | Ubuhlobo boluntu | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| Izithuba zoononophelo loluntu kwi-Weibo | Ukuzibandakanya kwezentlalo | Zhang (2016) |
| I-imeyli logs kwi-firm (i-meta-data kunye nombhalo opheleleyo) | Inkcubeko ifanelekileyo kwintlangano | Srivastava et al. (2017) |
Nangona inkcazo yedatha engaphelelanga yokubamba izakhiwo zengqondo iyanzima ukuyixazulula, zikho izixazululo eziqhelekileyo kwezinye iindidi eziqhelekileyo ezingaphelelanga: ulwazi olungaphelelanga kolwazi kunye nolwazi olungaphelelanga malunga nokuziphatha kwamanye amapulatifomu. Isisombululo sokuqala kukuqokelela ngokwenene idatha oyifunayo; Ndiza kukuxelela oko kwisahluko 3 xa ndikuxelela malunga nophando. Isisombululo yesibini iphambili kukwenza oko izazinzulu data kubiza yomsebenzisi-sophawu lako kunye ntle umthiye imputation. Kulo ndlela, abaphandi basebenzisa ulwazi abanalo kwabanye abantu ukuba bafumane iimpawu zabanye abantu. Isisombululo sesithathu sisinokwenzeka ukudibanisa imithombo ekhoyo yolwazi. Le nkqubo ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ukuxhunyaniswa kwerekodi . Isimboli sam esiyithandayo kule nkqubo yabhalwa Dunn (1946) kwisiqendu sokuqala kwiphepha lokuqala elibhaliweyo kwi-link:
"Umntu ngamnye ehlabathini wenza iNcwadi yoBomi. Le Ncwadi iqala ngokuzalwa kwaye iphela ngokufa. Amaphepha alo akhiwe ngamarekhodi eziganeko eziphambili ebomini. Ukudibana kunye negama linikezelwe kwinkqubo yokuhlanganisela amaphepha ale ncwadi ibe ngumqulu. "
Xa uDunn ebhala loo nqanawa wayecinga ukuba iNcwadi yoBomi ingaquka iziganeko ezinzulu zokuzalwa, umtshato, umtshato kunye nokufa. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku ukuba ulwazi oluninzi malunga nabantu lubhalwe, iNcwadi yoBomi ingaba umfanekiso ocacileyo ngokubanzi, ukuba loo maphepha ahlukeneyo (okt, umkhondo wethu wedijithali) angaboshwa kunye. Le Ncwadi yoBomi ingaba luncedo olukhulu kubaphandi. Kodwa, kungabizwa ngokuba yindawo yolwazi lwenkunkuma (Ohm 2010) , leyo ingasetyenziselwa zonke iinjongo ezingenasiphelo, njengoko ndiza kuchaza kwisiqendu 6 (i-Ethics).
