2.3.5 ayifumaneki
Iinkcukacha ezigcinwe ziinkampani noorhulumente kunzima kubaphandi ukuba bakwazi ukufikelela.
NgoMeyi 2014, i-US National Security Agency yavula i-data centre e-Utah yasemaphandleni enegama elingenangqondo, iNkcukacha yoLuntu oluPhezulu lweNkcazo yeNkcazo yeSizwe. Nangona kunjalo, le ndawo yedatha, eyaziwayo njenge-Utah Data Centre, ibikwa ukuba inamandla okumangalisa. Ingxelo enye ibonisa ukuba inako ukugcina nokucwangcisa zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano kubandakanywa "iziqulatho ezipheleleyo zee-imeyile ezizimeleyo, iifowuni zeefowuni kunye nokukhangela kweGoogle, kunye nazo zonke iindidi zedatha zedatha-zokupaka iisitifiketi, ukuhamba ngeendlela zokuthenga, iincwadi zokuthenga iincwadi , kunye nezinye idijithali 'inkunkuma' ' (Bamford 2012) . Ukongezelela ukuphakamisa ukuxhalabisa malunga nobuchule obuninzi beenkcukacha ezifakwe kwiinkcukacha ezinkulu, eziza kuchazwa ngaphaya kwezantsi, i-Utah Data Center ngumzekelo ogqithisileyo womthombo wenkcukacha ocebile ongenakwenzeka kubaphandi. Ngokubanzi, imithombo emininzi yedatha ebalulekileyo eya kuba luncedo kwaye ilawulwa nguorhulumente (umz., Iinkcukacha zerhafu kunye nedatha yemfundo) okanye iinkampani (umzekelo, imibuzo kwiinjine zokukhangela kunye nedatha ye-meta-data call). Ngoko ke, nangona le mithombo yolwazi ikhona, ayinasisiseko ngenjongo yophando loluntu kuba ayifumaneki.
Kwamava am, abaphandi abaninzi abasusela kwiiyunivesithi baqondi kakuhle umthombo wale nto engenakufikeleleka. Ezi nkcukacha azifinyeleleki kuba abantu kwiinkampani kunye noorhulumente bayisiphukuphuku, bevila, okanye baxhasi. Kunoko, kukho imingcele ebalulekileyo yomthetho, ishishini kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezikhusela ukufikelela kwedatha. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye izivumelwano-zenkonzo zesebsite zivumela kuphela idatha ukuba isetyenziswe ngabasebenzi okanye ukuphucula inkonzo. Iintlobo ezithile zokwabelana ngolwazi zingabonakalisa iinkampani kwiimvume ezisemthethweni ezivela kubaxumi. Kukho iingozi ezinkulu zezoshishino kwiinkampani ezichaphazelekayo ukwabelana ngolwazi. Zama ukucinga ukuba uluntu luya kuthini xa i-personal search data yengozi ivela kwiGoogle njengenxalenye yiprojekthi yophando yeyunivesithi. Ukwephulwa kwedatha okunjalo, ukuba kuninzi, kungakho nokuba kube yingozi yenkampani. Ngoko i-Google-kunye neenkampani ezinkulu-zininzi zengozi-ziphazamisekile malunga nokwabelana kwedatha nabaphandi.
Enyanisweni, phantse wonke umntu osemgangathweni wokubonelela ukufikelela kwimali enkulu yedata uyazi ibali lika-Abdur Chowdhury. Ngo-2006, xa wayeyiNtloko yophando ku-AOL, wakhupha ngokuzithandela kuluntu oluphanda oko wayecinga ukuba uphendule imibuzo yokukhangela evela ku-650,000 abasebenzisi be-AOL. Ngokuba ndingazixelela, i-Chowdhury kunye nabaphandi base-AOL baneenjongo ezilungileyo, kwaye bacinga ukuba babonakalise idatha. Kodwa bekungalunganga. Kwafumanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuba idatha ayifuni nje ingachazwanga njengoko abaphandi bacinga, kwaye abaphengululi beNew York Times bakwazi ukuchonga umntu kwi dataset ngokulula (Barbaro and Zeller 2006) . Emva kokuba ezi zinto zifumene iingxaki, u-Chowdhury wasusa idatha kwiwebhusayithi ye-AOL, kodwa yayisemva kwexesha. Idatha yayiphinde ihlawulwe kwezinye iiwebhusayithi, kwaye mhlawumbi iya kufumaneka xa ufunda le ncwadi. I-Chowdhury yaxoshwa, kwaye i-AOL yintloko yezobuchwepheshe ithoxise (Hafner 2006) . Njengoko lo mzekelo ubonisa, iingenelo zabantu abathile ngaphakathi kweenkampani ukulungiselela ukufikelela kwedatha zihle kakhulu kwaye imeko enzima kakhulu yimeko.
Abaphandi, ngoko ke, ngamanye amaxesha banokufikelela kwiinkcukacha ezingenakufikeleleka kuluntu jikelele. Abanye oorhulumente banemiqathango abaphandi abangayilandelayo ukuba bafake izicelo zokufikelela, kwaye njengoko imizekelo kamva kweli sahluko ibonisa, abaphandi banokufumana ithuba lokufikelela kwiinkcukacha zenkampani. Umzekelo, Einav et al. (2015) ihlangene nomphandi e-eBay ukufundela iindwendwe ze-intanethi. Ndiza kuthetha ngakumbi ngophando oluvela kule ntsebenziswano kamva kwisahluko, kodwa ndiyithetha ngoku ngenxa yokuba inezine ezinezithako ndizibonayo kwiintsebenziswano eziyimpumelelo: umphandi nomdla, umphenyi, inxaxheba yenkampani kunye nenkampani . Ndibone ukubanxulumana kwamandla amaninzi aphumelelanga kuba ngaba umphandi okanye iqabane-libe yinkampani okanye urhulumente-engenalo lezi zithako.
Nangona unako ukuphuhlisa ubambiswano kunye ne-shishini okanye ufumane ufikelelo lweminatha ye-rhu lumente, kodwa kunjalo, kukho ezinye izinto eziphantsi. Okokuqala, mhlawumbi ngeke ukwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi lwakho nabanye abaphandi, oko kuthetha ukuba abanye abaphandi abanako ukuqinisekisa nokunyusa iziphumo zakho. Okwesibini, imibuzo onokuyibuza ingahlawulwa; iinkampani akunakwenzeka ukuvumela uphando olwenza ukuba lubukeke lubi. Ekugqibeleni, ezo ntsebenziswano zingenza ubuncinane ukubonakala kwintlukwano yoluntu, apho abantu banokucinga ukuba iziphumo zakho zithonywe kubambiswano bakho. Zonke ezi zintlupheko zingabhekiswa, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba kucace ukuba ukusebenza kunye nedatha engafumaneki kuwo wonke umntu inokuphakanyiswa kunye nokuhla.
Isishwankathelo, ezininzi iinkcukacha ezinkulu azifinyeleleki kubaphandi. Kukho imimiselo ebalulekileyo yomthetho, ishishini, kunye neendlela zokuthintela ukufikelela kwedatha, kwaye ezi zithintelo aziyi kuhamba njengoko iteknoloji iphucula ngenxa yokuba ayinayo imingcipheko yobugcisa. Abanye oorhulumente belizwe baye baqulunqa iinkqubo zokunika ulwazi lokufikelela kwiidasethi, kodwa inkqubo ihambelana ngokukodwa kumanqanaba karhulumente nakwimimandla. Kwakhona, kwezinye iimeko, abaphandi banokusebenzisana neenkampani ukufumana ukufikelela kwedatha, kodwa oku kunokudala iindidi ezahlukeneyo kubaphandi nakwiinkampani.
