1.4 Izihloko yale ncwadi
Iingqungquthela ezibini kule ncwadi zi-1) ukudibanisa ama-almad amade kunye nee-custommades kunye ne-2) yokuziphatha.
Iingqungquthela ezimbini zigijima kulo lonke le ncwadi, kwaye ndifuna ukuzigqamisa ngoku ngoku ukuba uzibonise njengoko zivela ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Iyokuqala ingaboniswa ngumfanekiso olinganisa ama-greats amabini: uMarcel Duchamp no-Michelangelo. I-Duchamp iyaziwa ngokuba ngama-readymades, afana nomthombo , apho athatha khona izinto eziqhelekileyo waza wabuyisela njengezobugcisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMichelangelo akazange abuyele. Xa wayefuna ukudala umfanekiso kaDavid, akazange afune isiqwenga semarble ekhangeleka njengoDavid: wachitha iminyaka emithathu esebenza ukudala ubugcisa bakhe. UDavid akayilungele; yinqununu (umfanekiso 1.2).
Umzobo 1.2: Umthombo waseMarcel Duchamp noDavid nguMichaelangelo. Umthombo ungumzekelo we-readymade, apho umculi ubona into ekhoyo ehlabathini kwaye ngokukhawuleza ibuyisela kwakhona ubugcisa. UDavide ungumzekelo wobugcisa obwenziwe ngamabomu; ngumgcini ogciniweyo. Uphando lwezeNtlalo kwixesha ledijithali luya kubandakanya zombini ama-preparedmades kunye nama-custommades. Ifoto yomthombo kaAlfred Stiglitz, 1917 (Umthombo: I-Blind Man , no-2 / Wikimedia Commons ). Umfanekiso kaDavid nguJörg Bittner Unna, 2008 (Umthombo: _Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence / Wikimedia Commons ).
Ezi zindlela ezimbini zokulungelelanisa iifowuni kunye neenkompo-mango-imephu ngokubanzi malunga nezindlela ezingasetyenziselwa uphando lwezentlalo kwixesha ledijithali. Njengoko uza kubona, eminye yemizekelo kule ncwadi ibandakanya ukuhlaziywa ngobuchule kwemithombo yolwazi ebalulekileyo eyadalwa yinkampani kunye noorhulumente. Kwimizekelo, nangona kunjalo, umphandi waqala ngombuzo othize waza wasebenzisa izixhobo zonyaka we-digital ukwenza idatha efunekayo ukuphendula loo mbuzo. Xa kwenziwe kakuhle, zombini le mizobo ingaba namandla kakhulu. Ngako-ke, uphando lwentlalo kwixesha ledijithali luya kubandakanya zombini i-readymades kunye neentloko; kuya kubandakanya iiDuchamps kunye no-Michelangelos.
Ukuba ngokubanzi usebenzisa idatha yokwenza i-readymade, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi iya kukubonisa ixabiso leedatha zokulondoloza. Kwaye ngokunjalo, ukuba usebenzisa ngokubanzi idatha yedatha, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi iya kukubonisa ixabiso le data ekulungele. Ekugqibeleni, kwaye ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi izokukubonisa ukubaluleka kokudibanisa ezi zimbini. Ngokomzekelo, uJoshua Blumenstock kunye noogxa bebeyingxenye yeDuchamp kunye nenxalenye kaMachelangelo; baphinda bahlawula iirekhodi zeefowuni (i-readymade) kwaye badala idatha yabo yokuhlola (i-custommade). Oku kudibanisa kwama-readymades kunye neenkompo zesikhokelo ngumzekelo oyakubona kulo lonke le ncwadi; ludinga ukufuna iingcamango kwisayensi yoluntu kunye nesayensi yeenkcukacha, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kukhokelela ekuphandeni oluphandle ngakumbi.
Umxholo wesibini oqhuba le ncwadi yimiqathango. Ndiza kukubonisa indlela abaphandi abangasebenzisa ngayo ubuchule beminyaka yobudijithali yokuqhuba uphando olubalulekileyo nolubalulekileyo. Kwaye ndiya kukubonisa indlela abaphandi abasebenzisa ngayo amathuba aba baya kuthatha izigqibo ezinzima zokuziphatha. Isahluko 6 siya kuzinikezela ngokupheleleyo kwiimfundiso, kodwa ndidibanisa imilinganiselo kwizinye izahluko kunye nokuba, kwixesha ledijithali, ukuziphatha kuya kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoyilo lophando.
Umsebenzi we-Blumenstock kunye noogxa nawo uphinde uchaze. Ukuba nokufikelela kwiirekhodi zefowuni ezivela kwizigidi ezi-1.5 zabantu kubangela amathuba amnandi ophando, kodwa kwakha amathuba okulimaza. Ngokomzekelo, uJonathan Mayer kunye noogxa (2016) baye babonisa ukuba iirekhodi zokubiza iifowuni (oko kukuthi, idatha ngaphandle kwamagama kunye neeadesi) inokudibaniswa nolwazi olufunyenweyo esidlangalaleni ukuze kuchongwe abantu abathile kwidatha kunye nokunyusa ulwazi olubukhali malunga kubo, njengolwazi oluthile lwezempilo. Ukucaca, i-Blumenstock kunye noogxa abazange bazame ukuphazamisa ulwazi olubukhali malunga nantoni na, kodwa oko kwakungenokuba kukho nzima ukuba bafumane idatha yeefowuni kwaye babaphoqa ukuba bathathe ukhuseleko olubanzi ngelixa beqhuba uphando lwabo.
Ngaphandle kweenkcukacha zeefowuni zeefowuni, kukho ukungqinelana okubalulekileyo okuqhutyelwa ngophando olunzulu loluntu kwixesha ledijithali. Abaphandi-ngokudla ngokusebenzisana neenkampani kunye noorhulumente-banamandla okwandisa ubomi babathathi-nxaxheba. Ngamandla, ndithetha amandla okwenza izinto kubantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo okanye ukuqonda. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi banokubona ukuziphatha kwezigidi zabantu, kwaye njengoko ndiza kuchaza kamva, abaphandi banokubhalisa izigidi zabantu kwiimvavanyo ezinkulu. Ngaphezulu, konke oku kwenzekayo ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukuqonda ngabantu abandakanyekayo. Njengoko amandla ophandi ayenyuka, akuzange kubekho ukwanda okulinganayo ngokucacileyo malunga nokuba loo magunya kufuneka asetyenziswe njani. Enyanisweni, abaphandi kufuneka banqume indlela yokusebenzisa amandla abo ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo engahambelaniyo kunye nemigaqo, kunye nemigangatho. Le nhlanganisela yamandla anamandla kunye nezikhokelo ezingacacileyo zingabanyanzelisa nokuba ngabaphandi abanentsingiselo efanelekileyo bajongane nezigqibo ezinzima.
Ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ugxininisa indlela uphando lwentlalo ye-digital-age ageze amathuba amatsha, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi iya kukubonisa ukuba la mathuba adala nemingcipheko emitsha. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ugxila kule mngcipheko, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi izokukunceda ubone amathuba-amathuba angadinga ingozi ethile. Ekugqibeleni, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi iza kunceda wonke umntu ukuba alinganise ngokukhawuleza ingozi namathuba adalwe ngu-digital age age research. Ngokunyuka kwamandla, kukho kwakhona ukunyuka koxanduva.
