1.2 Wamkelekile ubudala yedijithali
Iminyaka yobude bedijithali iyindawo yonke, iyanda, kwaye iyatshintsha into eyenzeka ngabaphandi.
Umgaqo-siseko wale ncwadi kukuba i-digital age yenza amathuba amatsha yophando loluntu. Abaphandi banokubona ukuziphatha, babuze imibuzo, baqhube iimvavanyo, basebenzisane ngezindlela ezazingenakwenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngokumalunga nala mathuba amatsha kuza kubakho ubungozi obutsha: abaphandi bangakwazi ukulimaza abantu ngeendlela ezingenakwenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo. Umthombo wale mathuba kunye nobungozi ngulo tshintsho ukusuka kwi-analog ukuya kwi-digital age. Olu tshintsho aluzange lwenzeke ngokukhawuleza-njengomshicileli okhanyayo-kwaye, eneneni, awusagqibekanga. Nangona kunjalo, siye sabona ngokwaneleyo ngoku ukuba siyazi ukuba kukho into enkulu eqhubekayo.
Enye indlela yokubona olu tshintsho kukujonga utshintsho ebomini bakho bemihla ngemihla. Izinto ezininzi ebomini bakho ezazisetyenziswa njenge-analog ngoku idijithali. Mhlawumbi uye wasebenzisa ikhamera ngefilimu, kodwa ngoku usebenzisa ikhamera yedijithali (mhlawumbi inxalenye yefowuni yakho ye-smart phone). Mhlawumbi ufundela iphephandaba langokwenyama, kodwa ngoku ufunda iphephandaba le-intanethi. Mhlawumbi wawuqhele ukuhlawula izinto nge cash, kodwa ngoku uhlawula ngekhadi lesikweletu. Kwimeko nganye, utshintsho oluvela kwi-analog ukuya kwidijithali lithetha ukuba enye idatha malunga nawe iyakuthathwa kwaye igcinwe ngamanani.
Enyanisweni, xa lijongwa ngokubanzi, imiphumo yenguquko iyamangalisa. Isixa solwazi ehlabathini sisanda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye enye yolwazi igcinwa ngokukodwa, eququzelela uhlalutyo, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokudibanisa (umfanekiso 1.1). Yonke le nkcazelo yedijithali ibizwa ngokuba "idatha enkulu." Ukongezelela kule ntshukumo yedatha yedijithali, kukho ukukhula okufanayo ukufikelela kumbane wekhompyutha (umfanekiso 1.1). Ezi zinyuka-ninzi zedatha yedijithali nokwandisa ukufumaneka kwekhompyutha-ziyakuthi ziqhubeke ngekamva elibonakalayo.
Umzobo 1.1: Amandla okugcinwa kolwazi kunye namandla okusebenzisa iikhompyutha ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukongezelela, ukugcinwa kolwazi ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo kudijithali kuphela. Ezi zinguqu zenza amathuba angabonakali kubaphandi bezentlalo. Ukutshintshwa kwi- Hilbert and López (2011) , amanani 2 no-5.
Ngeenjongo zophando lwezeNtlalo, ndicinga ukuba into ebaluleke kakhulu yobudala bedijithali kukho iikhompyutheni kuyo yonke indawo . Ukuqala ngoomatshini obukhulu bamagumbi abafumanekayo kuphela kubarhulumente nakwiinkampani ezinkulu, iikhomputha ziye zinciphisa ngobukhulu kwaye zanda ukwanda. Iminyaka elishumi ngalinye ukususela kuma-1980 kuye kwabona uhlobo olutsha lweekhompyutha: iikhompyutheni zobuqu, ii-laptops, ii-fowuni ze-smart, kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi ezikhoyo "kwi-intanethi yezinto" (okt, iikhomputha ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwezixhobo ezifana neemoto, iilindi, kunye ne-thermostats) (Waldrop 2016) . Ukwandisa, ezi khompyutha zifumaneke ngaphezu kokubala; Bayaqonda, bagcina, kwaye badlulisela ulwazi.
Kubaphandi, iimpembelelo zobungqina bekhompyutheni yonke indawo zilula ukubona kwi-intanethi, indawo enokulinganiswa kwaye ilungiselelwe ukuzama. Ngokomzekelo, ivenkile ye-intanethi ingakwazi ukuqokelela ngokulula idatha echanekileyo malunga neepatheni zokuthenga zezigidi zabaxumi. Ukongezelela, iyakwenza lula ukwenza amaqela abathengi ukuba bafumane amava eentengiso ezahlukeneyo. Oku kukwazi ukwenza ngokulandelelanayo kwindlela yokulandelela kuthetha ukuba izitolo ze-intanethi zihlala ziqhuba ukuhlolwa okungalawulwa ngandlela-thile. Enyanisweni, ukuba uthe wathenga nantoni kwivenkile ye-intanethi, ukuziphatha kwakho kuye kwalandelwa kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ube nxaxheba kumsebenzi, nokuba uyazi okanye cha.
Oku kulandelelaniswa ngokupheleleyo, ihlabathi elingenakulinganiswa ngokuthethileyo alikwenzeka nje kwi-intanethi; kuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kuyo yonke indawo. Izitolo zenyama ziqokelele iinkcukacha zokuthenga ngokubanzi, kwaye ziphuhlisa iziseko zokubeka iliso ukuziphatha kwabathengi kunye nokuxubusha ukuvavanya kwisenzo somsebenzi. "I-intanethi yezinto" kuthetha ukuba ukuziphatha kwihlabathi lomzimba kuya kwandiswa ngokubanjwa ngamajoni edijithali. Ngamanye amagama, xa ucinga ngophando loluntu kwixesha ledijithali akufanele ucinge nje kwi-intanethi , kufuneka ucinge yonke indawo .
Ukongezelela ekunikeni ukulinganisa ukuziphatha nokusabalalisa unyango, i-digital age iye yadala iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha nabantu. Ezi ndlela ezintsha zonxibelelwano zivumela abaphandi ukuba baqhube uphando olutsha kunye nokwenza intsebenziswano ngobuninzi kunye noogxa babo kunye noluntu jikelele.
Iingcamango ezibonisa ukuba akukho nanye kwezi zixhobo ezintsha. Oko kukuthi, kwithuba elidlulileyo, kukho enye intuthuko enkulu ebantwini bokwazi ukuthetha (umzekelo, i-telegraph (Gleick 2011) ), kwaye iikhomputha ziye zanda ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba elifanayo ukususela kuma-1960s (Waldrop 2016) . Kodwa yintoni le nto ekhohlakeleyo ukuba akukho nto kukuba kwindawo ethile into efanayo iya kuba yinto eyahlukileyo. Nasi umzekelo endiyithandayo (Halevy, Norvig, and Pereira 2009; Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013) . Ukuba unokwambamba umfanekiso wehashe, ngoko unayo ifoto. Kwaye, ukuba unokwambamba iifoto ezingama-24 zehashe ngomzuzwana, unayo i-movie. Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-movie yinto nje yeqela lezithombe, kodwa kuphela ukugxeka kakhulu ukucinga ukuba iifoto kunye nama-movie zifana.
Abaphandi basebenzela ukwenza utshintsho olufana nokutshintshwa kweefoto ukuya kwi-movie. Olu tshintsho, kodwa, aluthethi ukuba yonke into esiyifundileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo kufuneka inganyanzelwanga. Kanye njengoko imigaqo yokufotowa ikwazisa abo bezobugcisa, imigaqo yophando loluntu eye yaphuhliswa kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo iza kuzisa uphando loluntu lwenziwe kwiminyaka eyi-100 ezayo. Kodwa, utshintsho lithetha ukuba akufanele siqhubeke senza into efanayo. Kunoko, simele sidibanise iindlela zokudlulela kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye namakhono okwangoku kunye nekamva. Ngokomzekelo, uphando lukaJoshua Blumenstock kunye noogxa lwaba ngumxube wophando lophando lwendabuko kunye nento abanye abangayibonisa isayensi yolwazi. Zomibini zezi zithako ziyimfuneko: akukho impendulo yempheno okanye iirekhodi zeefowuni ngokwabo ezaneleyo ukwenzela ukuvelisa iindleko zokusombulula ubuhlwempu. Ngokubanzi, abaphandi benzululwazi baya kufuna ukudibanisa iingcamango ezivela kwisayensi yoluntu kunye nesayensi yeenkcukacha ukwenzela ukuba bafumane amathuba mathuba edijithali; ukuba angasondeli wedwa uya kukwanela.
