6.5 ezimbini izikhokelo zeenqobo
Iingxoxo ezininzi malunga zokuziphatha nophando ukunciphisa ngasonye phakathi consequentialism kunye deontology.
Le migaqo ezine yezikhulu Intlonipho Persons, Beneficence, Ubulungisa, Intlonelo Law and Public Inzala kwabona becala livela nobume ezimbini ngaphezulu abstract ethical: consequentialism kunye deontology. Ukuqonda ezi zikhokelo kuyakunceda kuba kuya kukukunceda uqonde kwaye uqikelele ngenye yeengxaki eziphambili kwiingcamango zophando: usebenzisa iindlela ezingenakuziphatha ezingafanelekanga ukufezekisa iiphelo zokuziphatha.
Ulungelelaniso, oluye lwasuka kumsebenzi kaJeremy Bentham kunye noJohn Stuart Mill, ligxile ekuthathweni kwezenzo ezikhokelela kumazwe angcono kwihlabathi (Sinnott-Armstrong 2014) . Umgaqo woBuhlomulo, ojolise ekujongeni umngcipheko kunye neenzuzo, uxhomekeke ngokucokisekileyo ekucingeni okulandelelanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-deontology, eyangcambuzela emsebenzini ka-Immanuel Kant, igxile kwimisebenzi yokuziphatha, ezizimeleyo kwimiphumo yazo (Alexander and Moore 2015) . Umgaqo wokuHlonipha abantu, ojolise ekuziphatheni kwabathathi-nxaxheba, uxhomekeke kakhulu kwiingcinga zobuxoki. Indlela ekhawulezayo kwaye inhlamba ukwahlula-sikhokelo ezimbini kukuba deontologists zijolise olungokuveza kunye consequentialists zijolise iphela.
Ukuze ubone indlela ezi zikhokelo zimbini zisebenza ngayo, qwa lasela imvume. Zomibini izikhokelo zingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa imvume enolwazi, kodwa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Impikiswano yokulandelelana kwemvume enolwazi kukuba inceda ekuthintela inzakalo kubathathi-nxaxheba ngokuthintela uphando olungagqibelelanga ingozi kunye nethemba elindelekileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukucinga ngokulandelelana kunokuxhasa imvume enolwazi ngenxa yokuba inceda ukukhusela iziphumo ezimbi kubathathi-nxaxheba. Nangona kunjalo, ingxabano ephikisayo yokufumana imvume enolwazi igxile kumsebenzi wophando ukuba ahloniphe ukuzimela kwabathathi-nxaxheba bakhe. Ukunikezelwa kwezi ndlela, i-pureququentialist ecocekileyo inokuthi ikulungele ukukhupha imfuno yemvume enolwazi kwisimo apho kungekho mngcipheko, kanti i-deontologist yangasese ingenako.
Bobabini ukulandelana kunye nokuxhomekeka kubonelela ngokubaluleka kokuqonda, kodwa nganye inokuthi ithatyathwe ekugqibeleni. Ukulungelelanisa, enye yeemeko ezigqithiseleyo ingabizwa ngokuba yiTransplant . Khawucinge ngugqirha onesigulane esinezigulane ezinokubulawa kwelungu kunye nesigulane esinesigulane esinezilwanyana ezingasindisa zonke ezihlanu. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, ugqirha ozayo uya kuvunyelwa-kwaye kwafuneka-ukubulala isigulane esinempilo ukufumana amalungu akhe. Ukugxininiswa okupheleleyo kwiziphelo, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela kwindlela, ilahlekile.
Ngokufanayo, i-deontology inokuthi ithatyathwe ngokugqithiseleyo, njengokwimeko enokuthiwa yixesha leBhomu . Khawucinge ngepolisa elithathile ugqirha owaziyo indawo yebhokhwe eliza kubulala izigidi zabantu. Igosa elithile lamapolisa alizange lilale ukuze kukhohlise umbhikisho ekutyhileni indawo ebhobho. Ukugxininiswa okupheleleyo kwindlela, ngaphandle kokubhekiselele ekupheleni, kukwaphulwa.
Ngokwenza oko, abaninzi abaphandi bezepolitiki bayamkela ngokucacileyo ukudibanisa kwezi ziko ezibini zokuziphatha. Ukuqaphela ukuhlanganiswa kwezikolo zokuziphatha kukunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni iimpikiswano ezininzi zokuziphatha-ezihlala ziphakathi kwalabo abacebisi ngakumbi kunye nalabo abanokwenza izinto ezinzulu kakhulu-abazenzi inkqubela phambili. Iingcebiso ngokubanzi zinikeza iingxabano malunga neziphelo-iingxabano ezingengqiqweni kwiingcali zeengcali, ezixhalabileyo ngeendlela. Ngokufanayo, iidontologists zivame ukunikela iingxabano malunga neendlela, ezingenakunqwenela ukuba zilandelelanise, ezijolise kwiziphelo. Iingxabano phakathi kwabacebisi kunye nama-deontologists zinjengeenqanawa ezimbini ezihamba ebusuku.
Isisombululo esisodwa kwezi mpikiswano siza kuba ngabaphandi bezenzo zentlalo ukuphuhlisa ukudibanisa, ukuziphatha okulula kunye nokulula ukufaka isicelo sokulandelana kunye nokuxhomekeka. Ngelishwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke; izafilosofi ziye zajamelana nale ngxaki ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa ezi zikhokelo ezimbini zokuziphatha-kunye nemigaqo emine ebonisa-ukucinga ngemingeni yokuziphatha, ukucacisa ukurhweba, kunye nokuphakamisa ukuphuculwa koyilo lophando.
