Yintoni oza kufunda ngokulandelayo

• Intshayelelo (icandelo 6.1)

Ukuziphatha koPhando ngokuqhelekileyo kwaquka izihloko ezifana nobuqhetseba besayensi kunye nokwabiwa kwetyala. Ezi zixutyushwa ngokucacileyo kwi- On Being Scientist yi- Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (2009) .

Esi sahluko sithinteke kakhulu kwimeko e-United States. Ukufumana ezinye iinkqubo zokuhlaziywa komthetho kwamanye amazwe, funda isahluko 6-9 Desposato (2016b) . Ngenxa yengxabano yokuba imigaqo-nkqubo ye-biomedical ethi ichukumise isi sahluko i-American ngokweqile, yabona Holm (1995) . Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwimbali yeBhodi yokuHlola yeziNtu e-United States, khangela Stark (2012) . Iphepha lePP: Izepolitiki yeSayensi nezoPolitiko zenze i symposium yobugcisa malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwezesayensi zezopolitiko kunye nee-IRB; ubone Martinez-Ebers (2016) ngesishwankathelo.

Ingxelo yeBelmont kunye nemimiselo elandelayo e-United States ithambekele ekuhlukaniseni phakathi kophando kunye nokusebenza. Andizange ndenze ukwahlula okunjalo kwesi sahluko kuba ndicinga ukuba imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nezikhokelo zisebenza kuzo zombini izicwangciso. Ngolunye ulwahlulo kule nkcazo kunye neengxaki ezisetyenziselwayo, khangela Beauchamp and Saghai (2012) , MN Meyer (2015) , boyd (2016) , kunye Metcalf and Crawford (2016) .

Ukufumana okungakumbi malunga nophando lophando kwi-Facebook, khangela Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Ngengcamango malunga nokujonga uphando kwiinkampani kunye ne-NGOs, bona Calo (2013) , i- Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni idatha yefowuni yeselula ukukunceda ukukhawulelana nokuphazamiseka kwe-Ebola e-West Africa (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) , ngokubanzi malunga nemingcipheko yangasese yeenkcukacha zefowuni, khangela Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Ukufumana imizekelo yocwaningo olwenziwe kwangaphambili lweengxaki usebenzisa idatha yefowuni, khangela Bengtsson et al. (2011) kunye Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) , kunye nokuziphatha okungakumbi malunga novavanyo oluhambelana nobunzima, jonga ( ??? ) .

• Imizekelo emithathu (icandelo 6.2)

Abantu abaninzi baye babhala malunga neengxaki zengqondo. Iphephabhuku loPhando lwe-Ethics lizinikezele umcimbi walo lonke ngoJanuwari 2016 ukuxoxa ngolu vavanyo; ubona Hunter and Evans (2016) ukujonga ngokubanzi. Iinkqubo zeSizwe zezeNzululwazi zenzululwazi zashicilele iziqendu ezimbini malunga nokuzama: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) kunye Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Ezinye iziqwenga malunga novavanyo zibandakanya: i- Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , MN Meyer (2015) , ( ??? ) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , kunye ( ??? ) .

• Idijithali iyahluke (icandelo 6.3)

Ngokwe-massage surveillance, ukujonga ngokubanzi kubonelelwe Mayer-Schönberger (2009) kunye Marx (2016) . Ngokomzekelo ochanekileyo weendleko zokuguqulwa, Bankston and Soltani (2013) baqikelela ukuba ukulandelela ummangali olwaphulo-mthetho usebenzisa iifowuni eziphathekayo malunga namaxesha angaphantsi kwama-50 kunokuba asebenzise ukuhlola. Jonga kwakhona i- Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz (2016) kwingxoxo yokujonga umsebenzi. Bell and Gemmell (2009) inikezela ngombono ophezulu wokuzijonga.

Ukongeza kokukwazi ukulandelela ukuziphatha okubonakalayo kuluntu okanye kuluntu ngokukodwa (umz., Ukuthanda, iiNyathelo, kunye nexesha), abaphandi bangaphinda baxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi abathathi-nxaxheba abazijonga ukuba zibucala. Ngokomzekelo, uMikhal Kosinski kunye noogxa (2013) babonise ukuba banokungenisa ulwazi olunzulu malunga nabantu, ezifana nokuqhelana ngesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kwizinto ezibonakalayo eziqhelekileyo ze-digital data (Facebook Likes). Oku kungakholisa imilingo, kodwa indlela yeKosinski kunye nabalingane abasetyenzisiweyo-edibanisa ukulandelelana kwedijithali, uphando kunye nokufundwa kwe-supervised-inene into endikuxelele yona ngaphambili. Khumbula ukuba kwisahluko 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo). Ndakuxelela indlela uJoshua Blumenstock kunye nabalingane (2015) badibanisa idatha yesaziso kunye nedatha yefowuni yeselula ukuqikelela ubuhlwempu eRwanda. Le ndlela efana nayo, engasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kakuhle intlupheko kwilizwe elikhulayo, ingasetyenziselwa ukuzithengela kwangasese-ukuphulwa kweenkcazo.

Ukufumana okungakumbi malunga nokusetyenziswa okungekho kulindelekileyo kolwazi lwezempilo, jonga u- O'Doherty et al. (2016) . Ukongezelela ekunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ukusetyenzwa kwezinto ezingasetyenziswanga, ukudala kwanokwenza i-database engaphelelanga ingabangela impembelelo ebomini nakubomi bezopolitiko ukuba abantu abazange bafune ukufunda izinto ezithile okanye baxoxe ngezihloko ezithile; sibone Schauer (1978) kunye Penney (2016) .

Kwiimeko kunye nemithetho edlulayo, umphandi ngezinye izikhathi ujoyina "i-shopping (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) " (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Ingakumbi, abanye abaphandi abanqwenela ukuphepha ukujongana ne-IRB bangenza intsebenziswano nabaphandi abangabandakanywa yi-IRB (umzekelo, abantu kwiinkampani okanye kwi-NGOs), kwaye abo bahamba nabo baqokelela kwaye bachonge idatha. Emva koko, umphandi ophethwe yi-IRB unokuhlalutya le nkcukacha echongiweyo ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kwe-IRB ngenxa yokuba uphando alusayi kuqwalaselwa "uphando olwenziwa ngabantu," ubuncinane ngokutsho kwezinye iinguqulelo zemithetho yangoku. Olu hlobo lokukhutshwa kwe-IRB mhlawumbi aluhambisani nemigaqo-siseko esekelwe kwimigaqo yokucwaninga.

Ngo-2011, umzamo waqalisa ukuhlaziya iMithetho eQhelileyo, kwaye le nkqubo yagqitywa ngo-2017 ( ??? ) . Ngolunye ulwazi kule mizamo yokuhlaziya iMithetho eQhelileyo, bona Evans (2013) , National Research Council (2014) , u- Hudson and Collins (2015) , kunye Metcalf (2016) .

• Imigaqo emine (icandelo 6.4)

Indlela yokusekelwe kumgaqo-classic kwi-biomedical ethics yile Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Ziyacetyisa ukuba imigaqo emine ephakamileyo kufuneka ikhombise imigaqo yokuziphatha ngokwemvelo: Inhlonipho yokuzimela, ukungahambi kakuhle, ukuxhamla, kunye nobulungisa. Umgaqo wokungahambi kakubi unxusa umntu ukuba angabangela ingozi kwabanye abantu. Le ngcamango ixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwingcamango ye-Hippocratic ethi "Musa ukulimaza." Kwimiqathango yokuphanda, lo mgaqo uvame ukudibaniswa nomgaqo woNcedo, kodwa bona isahluko sesi-5 se-beauchamp_principles_2012 ngokubanzi ngokucacileyo phakathi kwababini. Ngenxa yokugxeka ukuba le migaqo i-American kakhulu, bona Holm (1995) . Ukufumana okungakumbi xa ulungelelanisa xa imigaqo-mpikiswano, yabona Gillon (2015) .

Imigaqo emine kwesi sahluko iye yacetyiswa ukuba ikhokele (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) yophando eyenziwa kwiinkampani kunye ne-NGOs (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) ngamagumbi abizwa ngokuthi "iiBhodi zokuHlola iziPhumo zabaThengi" (i-CSRB) (Calo 2013) .

• Ukuhlonipha abantu (icandelo 6.4.1)

Ukongezelela ukuhlonipha ukuzimela, iBelmont Report nayo iyavuma ukuba akuwona wonke umntu onokukwazi ukuzimela ngokwenene. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana, abantu abaphethwe zizifo, okanye abantu abahlala kwiimeko zokukhulula ngokukhululekile abanakho ukukwazi ukwenza njengabantu abazimeleyo ngokuzimela, kwaye ke abantu baxhomekeke ekukhuselweni okongeziweyo.

Ukusebenzisa umgaqo wokuhlonipha abantu kwi-digital age kungaba nzima. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-digital-age-research uphando, kunokuba nzima ukubonelela ngokukhusela abanye abantu abanokuphuculwa kwamandla okuzimisela kuba abaphandi bahlala besazi kakhulu malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba. Ukongezelela, imvume enolwazi kwi-digital-Age yobudala yophando yintlalo ngumngeni omkhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, imvume enolwazi inokuthi ihlupheke kwi- transparency paradox (Nissenbaum 2011) , apho ulwazi kunye nokuqonda kuxabana. Ngokukhawuleza, ukuba abaphandi banikeza ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga nohlobo lokuqokelela idatha, uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha, kunye neendlela zokukhusela idatha, kuya kuba nzima kubafundi abaninzi ukuba baqonde. Kodwa ukuba abaphandi banikela ngolwazi oluqondakalayo, kunokungabikho nkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zobuchwepheshe. Uphando lwezobugqirha kwi-analog yobudala-indawo elawulwayo yiNgxelo yeBelmont-umntu unokucinga ukuba ugqirha uthetha ngabanye abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bancede ukuxazulula ukungafihli. Kwiinkcukacha ze-intanethi ezibandakanya amawaka okanye izigidi zabantu, indlela enjalo ubuso nobuso ayinakwenzeka. Ingxaki yesibini ngemvume kwixesha ledijithali kukuba kwezinye izifundo, ezifana nokuhlalutya kweempahla zokugcina idatha, bekungeke kwenzeke ukufumana imvume enolwazi kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Ndiza kuxubusha le mibuzo kunye neminye imibuzo malunga nemvume enolwazi ngokubanzi kwinqununu 6.6.1. Naphezu kwezi ngxaki, kunjalo, simele sikhumbule ukuba imvume enolwazi ayimfuneko okanye ayanele ngokwaneleyo ukuhlonipha abantu.

Ngolunye ulwazi malunga nophando lwezokwelapha ngaphambi kokuba uvume imvume, khangela Miller (2014) . Ukufumana unyango lwexesha elide lemvume enolwazi, bona Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Bona kwakhona ukufundwa okuphakanyisiweyo malunga nemvume enolwazi ngezantsi.

• Inzuzo (icandelo 6.4.2)

Iingxowa eziya kumxholo zibuhlungu ukuba uphando lunokubangela ukuba kungabikho abantu abathile kodwa kwisetyenziselwano sentlalo. Le ngcamango iyinto engacacanga, kodwa ndiza kubonisa umzekelo weklasi: I-Wichita Jury Study (Vaughan 1967; Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 2) -kuthi ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yi-Chicago Jury Project (Cornwell 2010) . Kule sifundo, abaphandi baseYunivesithi yaseChicago, njengenxalenye yophando olukhulu lwezinto zentlalo yenkqubo yezomthetho, babhalwa ngasese intetho yesigqibo se-jury ku-Wichita, Kansas. Abagwebi kunye namagqwetha kwiimeko babevumile ukurekhodwa, kwaye kwakukho ulawulo oluqinileyo lwenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, i-jurors ayengazi ukuba ukurekhoda kwenzeka. Emva kokufundwa kweso sifundo, kukho ukucaphuka komphakathi. ISebe lezoBulungisa laqalisa uphando lophando, kwaye abaphandi babizwa ukuba bangqina phambi kweCongress. Ekugqibeleni, iCongress yadlulisela umthetho omtsha owenza ukuba kubekho mthethweni ukurekhoda ngasese intetho ye-jury.

Ukuxhalaba kwabagxeki beCandelo leJaji likaWitita kwakungekho mngcipheko kwingozi kubathathi-nxaxheba; kunoko, kwakuyingozi yobungozi kumxholo weengxoxo zejaji. Okokuthi, abantu babecinga ukuba ukuba amalungu ejaji awazange akholelwe ukuba babe neengxoxo kwindawo ekhuselekileyo nekhuselekile, bekuya kuba nzima kwiingxoxo zejaji ukuqhubeka kwikamva. Ukongezelela kwiingxoxo zenkundla, kukho ezinye iindawo ezentlalo zentlalo olunikezela ngokukhuselwa okungakumbi, njengobambiswano-maklayenti kunye nokunakekelwa kwengqondo (MacCarthy 2015) .

Umngcipheko weempembelelo kumxholo kunye nokuphazanyiswa kweenkqubo zentlalo zivela nakwezinye izilingo zenzululwazi yezopolitiko (Desposato 2016b) . Ngokomzekelo wendlela yokubala indleko-inzuzo yokubaluleka kwintsimi yokuhlola kwisayensi yezopolitiko, bona Zimmerman (2016) .

• Ubulungisa (icandelo 6.4.3)

Uhlawulelo lwabathathi-nxaxheba luye lwaxutyushwa kwiinkalo ezininzi ezenzelwe uphando lwe-digital-age. Lanier (2014) ucebisa ukuhlawula abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimpawu zedijithali ezizenzayo. Bederson and Quinn (2011) baxoxa ngeentlawulo kwiimarike zabasebenzi kwi-intanethi. Ekugqibeleni, i- Desposato (2016a) iphakamisa ukuhlawula abathathi-nxaxheba kwimizamo yokufunda. Uyabonisa ukuba nangona abathathi-nxaxheba bengenakho ukuhlawulwa ngokuthe ngqo, umnikelo unokwenziwa kwiqela elisebenzela egameni lawo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Encore, abaphandi banokwenza umnikelo kwiqela elisebenza ukuxhasa ukufikelela kwi-intanethi.

• Ukuhlonipha uMthetho kunye noLuntu (icandelo 6.4.4)

Izivumelwano zeenkonzo-mgangatho kufuneka zibe nobunzima obuncinane kunezivumelwano ezixoxisana phakathi kwamaqela alinganayo kunye nemithetho eyenziwe ngabarhulumente abasemthethweni. Imiba apho abaphandi baphula khona izivumelwano zemvumelwano-nkonzo kwixesha elidluleyo ngokubanzi baye bathatha inxaxheba ekusebenziseni imibuzo ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphicotha indlela yokuziphatha kweenkampani (ezinjengezilingo zendlela yokulinganisa ukucalulwa). Ngeengxoxo ezongezelelweyo, bona i- Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , kunye Bruckman (2016b) . Ngokomzekelo wophando oluthile Soeller et al. (2016) yesevisi, bona Soeller et al. (2016) . Ukufumana okungakumbi kwiingxaki zomthetho abaphandi abhekana nazo xa bephula imigangatho yenkonzo, bona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Izikhokelo ezimbini zokuziphatha (icandelo 6.5)

Ngokucacileyo, inani elikhulu liye labhalwa malunga nokulandelana kunye neentando. Ngokomzekelo wendlela izikhokelo zokuziphatha, kunye nabanye, zingasetyenziselwa ukuqiqa malunga nophando lwe-digital-age, bona Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Ngokomzekelo wendlela anokusetyenziswa ngayo kwiimvavanyo zentsimi kwizoqoqosho zophuhliso, bona Baele (2013) .

• Imvume ekwazisiweyo (icandelo 6.6.1)

Ngolunye ulwazi kwizifundo Pager (2007) kocalulo, jonga Pager (2007) kunye Riach and Rich (2004) . Akunjalo kuphela ezi zifundo ezingenayo imvume enolwazi, ziquka ukukhohlisa ngaphandle kokuxubusha.

Bobabini i- Desposato (2016a) kunye no- Humphreys (2015) banikeza iingcebiso malunga nokuhlolwa kwimihlaba ngaphandle kwemvume.

Sommers and Miller (2013) bahlalutya iingxabano ezininzi ukwenzela ukungabandakanyi ukuxubusha abathathi-nxaxheba emva kokukhohlisa, kwaye bathi abaphandi mabayeke

"Phantsi kweemeko ezimancinci zeemeko, oko kukuthi, ekuphandleni kwenzalo apho ukuxubusha kubangelwa imingcipheko ebonakalayo enobungozi kodwa abaphandi abanakuba nekhwalithi malunga nokuxilongwa xa bekwazi. Abaphandi akufanele bavumeleke ukuba bayeke ukuxubusha ukuze bakwazi ukulondoloza i-pool inxaxheba, bengakhuseli komsindo, okanye ba khusele inxaxheba kwingozi. "

Abanye bathi kwezinye iimeko xa ukuxubusha kukubangela ingozi ngaphezu kokulungileyo, kufuneka kugwenywe (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) . Ukuxilongwa kwimeko apho abanye abaphandi babeka phambili ukuhlonipha abantu ngaphandle koBuhlomulo, kanti abanye abaphandi benza okuchaseneyo. Esinye isisombululo esinokusifumana sisenokufumana iindlela zokwenza uxoxwa ngamava olwazi kubafundi. Oko kukuthi, kunokuba ucinge ukuxubusha njengento engabangela ingozi, mhlawumbi ukuxubusha kungaba yinto enceda abathathi-nxaxheba. Ngomzekelo wolu hlobo Jagatic et al. (2007) yokufundisa, Jagatic et al. (2007) . Iingcali zengqondo ziye zaqulunqa iindlela zokuxubusha (DS Holmes 1976a, 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) , kwaye ezinye zezi zinto zingasetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kwiphando lobudala be-digital. Humphreys (2015) inikeza iingcamango ezinomdla malunga nemvume echasiweyo , ehambelana ngokusondeleyo neqhinga lokuxilongwa endichazayo.

Ingcamango yokucela isampula yabathathi-mvume kwimvume yabo ihambelana noko u- Humphreys (2015) abiza imvume engavumelekanga .

Enye ingcamango enxulumene nemvume enolwazi eceliwe ukuba yenze ipaneli yabantu abavuma ukuvavanywa kwi-Intanethi (Crawford 2014) . Abanye baye baphikisana ukuba le paneli yayiza kuba isampula ye-nonrandom yabantu. Kodwa isahluko sesi-3 (Ukubuza imibuzo) kubonisa ukuba ezi ngxaki ziyakwazi ukulungiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-post-stratification. Kwakhona, imvume yokuba kwiphaneli inokubheka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokulinga. Ngamanye amagama, abathathi-nxaxheba bangasadingeki ukuba bavume ukuhlolwa ngalunye ngokwabo, umxholo obizwa ngokuba yimvume ebanzi (Sheehan 2011) . Ukufumana okungakumbi umahluko phakathi kwemvume yexesha elilodwa kunye nemvume kwisifundo ngasinye, kunye ne-hybrid engenzekayo, khangela Hutton and Henderson (2015) .

• Ukuqonda nokulawula ingozi yolwazi (icandelo 6.6.2)

Ngaphandle kokuyingqayizivele, umvuzo we-Netflix ubonisa ipropati ebalulekileyo yezobuchwephesha eziqulethe ulwazi oluthe ngqo malunga nabantu, kwaye ngoko ke inikeza izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokuthi "ukuchaneka" kweedathasti zentlalo zanamhlanje. Iifayile ezininzi zeengcaciso malunga nomntu ngamnye ziyakwazi ukuba zincinci , ngendlela echazwe ngokusemthethweni Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Oko kukuthi, kwiirekhodi nganye, akukho iirekhodi ezifanayo, kwaye eneneni akukho zirekhodi ezifana kakhulu: umntu ngamnye ude kude nommelwane osondeleyo kwidasethi. Omnye unokucinga ukuba idatha ye-Netflix inokuba yinto encinci kuba ngama-movie angama-20,000 kwinqanaba leenkwenkwezi ezintlanu, kukho i- \(6^{20,000}\) amaxabiso anokwenzeka ukuba umntu ngamnye anakho (6 kuba, ngaphezu kwe-1 ukuya Iinkwenkwezi ezi-5, omnye umntu wayengazange ahlawule ifilimu nonke). Le nani inkulu kakhulu, kunzima ukuyiqonda.

I-Sparsity ineempembelelo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, kuthetha ukuba ukuzama "ukubonisa i-dataset" ngokubhekiselele kwi-perturbation engahleliyo kuya kunokwenzeka. Oko kukuthi, nangona i-Netflix yayiza kulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ezinye zezilinganiso (ezenzayo), oku akunako ngokwaneleyo ngenxa yokuba irekhodi eliphazamisayo lisona irekhodi elisondeleyo kunolwazi oluhlaselwa ngumhlaseli. Okwesibini, i-sparsity ithetha ukuba ukuchongwa kwakhona kuya kwenzeka nokuba umhlaseli unalo ulwazi olungaphelele okanye olungakhethi. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Netflix idatha, makhe sicinge ukuba umhlaseli uyazi izilinganiso zakho kwiimvumi ezimbini kunye nemini oyenzile ezo zilinganiso \(\pm\) iintsuku ezi-3; Ngolwazi olulodwa lwanele ukuchonga ngokulinganayo i-68% yabantu kwi-Netflix idatha. Ukuba umhlaseli uyazi iifilimu ezisibhozo ozilinganisile \(\pm\) ezili-14 iintsuku, ngoko nokuba ngaba ezimbini zalezi zilinganiso zichanekile ngokupheleleyo, iirekhodi ezingama-99% zichongiwe ngokukodwa kwi dataset. Ngamanye amazwi, i-sparsity yinkinga ebalulekileyo kwimigudu yokubamba "idatha" idatha, enyantoni ngenxa yokuba ezininzi iinkcukacha zedatha zentlalo zincinci. Ukufumana okungakumbi "kwi-intanethi" yedatha encinane, khangela Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) .

Idatha ye-meta-data nayo ibonakala ngathi "ayichazwanga" kwaye ingabonakali, kodwa akunjalo. I-meta-data yefoni ifumaneka kwaye iyabonakala (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Kwimifanekiso ye-6.6, ndabonakalisa ukurhweba phakathi kwengozi kubathathi-nxaxheba kunye neenzuzo kuluntu ukusuka ekukhululweni kwedatha. Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kweendlela zokufikelela ezinqamlekileyo (umz., Umyezo odibeneyo) kunye neendlela ezithintekayo zedatha (umz., Uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo "yokubonisa") bona Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Kwinkqubo ehlongozwayo yokuhlaliswa kwamanani emngcipheko, khangela i- Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Ukufumana ingxoxo engaphezulu yokwabelana kwedatha, bona Yakowitz (2011) .

Ukuhlalutya ngokubanzi kwintengiso phakathi kwengozi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwedatha, bona Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Reiter (2012) , Wu (2013) , kunye Goroff (2015) . Ukubona lo msebenzi-ntengiso usetyenziswe kwi-data yangempela kwiikhosi ezivulekileyo ze-intanethi (ii-MOOCs), khangela Daries et al. (2014) kunye ne- Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Ubumfihlo bodwa bubonelela ngenye indlela edibanisa umngcipheko ophantsi kubathathi-nxaxheba kunye nenzuzo enkulu kuluntu; ubone Dwork and Roth (2014) Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Ngolunye ulwazi ngombono wolwazi oluchongiweyo (PII), oluphambili kwimithetho emininzi malunga nokuziphatha kophando, bona Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Ngolunye ulwazi kwiinkcukacha zonke ezinokuthi zivelele, jonga i- Ohm (2015) .

Kule candelo, ndibonise ukuhlanganiswa kweedatha zeetekethi ezahlukeneyo njengento engakhokelela kwingozi yolwazi. Nangona kunjalo, inokudala amathuba amatsha yophando, njengoko kuthethwe Currie (2013) .

Ukufumana okungaphezulu kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo ezintlanu, khangela u- Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Ngokomzekelo wendlela iziphumo ezingabonakalisa ngayo, jonga Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , ebonisa indlela iimephu zentsholongwane yezifo ezichonga ngayo. Dwork et al. (2017) ikwaqwalasela nokuhlaselwa kolwazi olubanzi, njengenani-manani malunga nokuba baninzi abantu abanesifo esithile.

Imibuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwedatha nokukhululwa kwedatha kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nobunikazi beenkcukacha. Ngaphezulu, kubunikazi beenkcukacha, bona Evans (2011) kunye Pentland (2012) .

• Ubumfihlo (icandelo 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) yinqaku esemthethweni yomgaqo-nkqubo malunga nobumfihlo kwaye inxulumene kakhulu nembono yokuba ubumfihlo bulilungelo lokushiywa yodwa. Ubungakanani bonyango Nissenbaum (2010) ukuba bubandakanye Solove (2010) kunye Nissenbaum (2010) .

Ukuphononongwa ngophando lwezobugcisa malunga nendlela abantu bacinga ngayo malunga nobumfihlo, bona i- Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Phelan, Lampe, and Resnick (2016) iphakamisa i-theory-system -ory that some times in particular thoughts and concerns and sometimes in focus on the thoughts-to explain how people can make statements contradictory about privacy. Ukufumana okungakumbi malunga nembono yobumfihlo kwisetyenziswe kwi-intanethi njenge-Twitter, khangela i- Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) .

Iphephabhorari leSayensi lanyathelisa icandelo elikhethekileyo elibizwa ngokuthi "Ukuphela Kwangasese," ejongene nemicimbi yobumfihlo kunye nengozi yolwazi evela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo; isishwankathelo, funda i- Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) inikezela isakhelo sokucinga malunga neempatho ezibangelwa ukuphulwa kwangasese. Umzekelo wokuqala wokukhathazeka malunga nokuzimela ngasese ekuqaleni kwexesha ledijithali Packard (1964) .

• Ukwenza izigqibo ngaphantsi kokungaqiniseki (icandelo 6.6.4)

Enye umngeni xa uzama ukufaka umgangatho ophantsi wokubeka ingozi kukuba akucaci ukuba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla buya kusetyenziselwa ukutshekisha (National Research Council 2014) . Ngokomzekelo, abantu abangenamakhaya banamazinga aphezulu okungahambi kakuhle kwimpilo yabo yemihla ngemihla. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba kuvumelekile ukuba kuvezwe abantu abangenamakhaya kwindawo yophando oluphezulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kubonakala ngathi kukho ukukhula okuvumelanayo ukuba umngcipheko omncinci kufuneka ulinganiswe ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho -jikelele wabemi , kungekhona umgangatho othile-wabantu . Ngoxa ndivumile ngokuvisisana nombono womgangatho-jikelele wabantu, ndicinga ukuba kwiiplani ezinkulu ze-intanethi ezifana ne-Facebook, umgangatho othile-wabantu unengqiqo. Ngaloo ndlela, xa sicinga ngongxamiseko lwengqondo, ndicinga ukuba kunengqiqo ukuchasana nomngcipheko we-Daily on Facebook. Umgangatho othile-wabantu kulo mzekelo kulula ukuvavanya kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ungqubuzana nomgaqo woBulungisa, ofuna ukuthintela imithwalo yemisebenzi yophando eyenzeka ngokungafanelekanga kumaqela ahluphekileyo (umzekelo, amabanjwa kunye nezintandane).

• Iingcebiso ezisebenzayo (icandelo 6.7)

Abanye abaphengululi baye bacela amaphepha amaninzi ukuba afake izihlomelo zokuziphatha (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015; Partridge and Allman 2016) . King and Sands (2015) unika iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo. U-Zook kunye noogxa (2017) banikezela "imithetho eyishumi elula yokucwaninga kwedatha enkulu."