6.1 Intshayelelo

Izahluko ezidlulileyo zibonise ukuba ubudala bedijithali budala amathuba amatsha okuqokelela nokuhlalutya idatha yoluntu. Idijithali yobudala sele idale imingeni emitsha yokuziphatha. Injongo yale sahluko kukukunika izixhobo ozifunayo ukujongana nale mingeni ngokuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo.

Kukho ukungaqiniseki ngokuphathelele ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo kolunye uphando lwentlalo yobudala bezedijithali. Ukungaqiniseki kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxaki ezimbini ezinxulumene nazo, enye yazo eye yafumana ingqwalaselo engakumbi kunomnye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abaphandi baye batyholwa ngokuphula umthetho wabucala okanye ukubhalisa abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo ezingafanelekanga. Ezi ziganeko-endiza kuzichaza kule sahluko-ziye zixhomekeke kwingxoxo enkulu kunye nengxoxo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungaqiniseki komgaqo-nkqubo kuye kwaba nempembelelo, ukukhusela uphando olubalulekileyo kunye nolubalulekileyo ekungenakwenzeka, into endiyicinga ukuba ayixabanga kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokuqubuka kwe-Ebola ka-2014, amagosa ezempilo karhulumente ayefuna ulwazi malunga nokuhamba kwabantu kumazwe amaninzi anentsholongwane ukwenzela ukukunceda ukulawula ukuqhambuka. Iinkampani zeefowuni zefowuni zineenkcukacha ezicacileyo zeefowuni eziye zanikeza ezinye iinkcukacha. Nangona kunjalo ukuxhalabisa ngokwemigaqo nokusemthethweni kwenza ukuba abaphandi bazame ukuhlalutya idatha (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) . Ukuba thina, njengomphakathi, sinokuphuhlisa imimiselo nemigangatho ekwabelwana ngabaphandi kunye noluntu-kwaye ndicinga ukuba sinokukwenza-ngoko sinokukwazi ukusebenzisana nobudala bexesha ledijithali ngeendlela ezinoxanduva kuluntu .

Omnye umqobo ekudaleni le migangatho ekwabelwanayo kukuba izazinzulu zentlalo kunye nolwazi lwezentlalo zithatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha zophando. Kwizenzululwazi zentlalo, ukucinga ngemilinganiselo ilawulwa yiBhodi yeeBhodi zokuHlola (i-IRBs) kunye nemimiselo abafunekayo yokunyanzelisa. Emva koko, indlela yodwa inzululwazi zentlalo yoluntu ejongene neengxabano zengqondo yinkqubo yecandelo lolawulo lwe-IRB. Iinkcukacha zenzululwazi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinamava amancinci ngokuziphatha ngokuphandle ngenxa yokuba akuqhelekanga kuxutyushwa kwi-computer yesayensi kunye nobunjineli. Ayikho yale ndlela-indlela esekelwe kumgaqo- siseko wezentlalo zenzululwazi okanye indlela echanekileyo yolwazi lwezentlupheko-ifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo uphando loluntu kwixesha ledijithali. Kunoko, ndikholelwa ukuba thina, njengomphakathi, siya kwenza inkqubela phambili xa sithobela indlela esekelwe kwimigaqo . Okokuthi, abaphandi bafanele bahlole uphando lwabo ngemithetho ekhoyo-endiza kuyithatha njengoko ndinikezelweyo kwaye ndiyicinge ilandelwe- kunye nemigaqo-siseko yokuziphatha. Le ndlela isekelwe kwimigqaliselo inceda abaphandi benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwiziganeko apho imithetho ingakabhalwanga, kwaye isinceda abaphandi baxubushe ukubonisana kwabo kunye noluntu.

Indlela esekelwe kwimigaqo endiyithethayo ayiyinto entsha. Ikhupha kwiminyaka emininzi yokucinga kwangaphambili, ininzi yayo eyayikhiqizwe kwiingxelo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: ingxelo yeBelmont kunye neNgxelo ye-Menlo. Njengoko uza kubona, kwezinye iimeko iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo zikhokelela kwisisombululo esicacileyo, esinokusebenza. Yaye, xa ingayi kubakho kwizisombululo ezinjalo, icacisa i-trade-offs echaphazelekayo, ebalulekileyo ekubetheni ibhalansi efanelekileyo. Ukongezelela, indlela esekelwe kumgaqo-siseko isele ngokubanzi ukuba iya kuba luncedo kungakhathaliseki ukuba usebenza kuphi (umzekelo, iyunivesithi, urhulumente, i-NGO, okanye inkampani).

Esi sahluko senzelwe ukunceda umphandi ngamnye. Ufanele ucinge njani ngokuziphatha komsebenzi wakho? Yintoni ongayenza ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho ubenze ngokwengeziwe? Kwicandelo 6.2, ndiza kuchaza ezintathu iiprojekthi zophando zedijithali eziye zavelisa ingxoxo yokuziphatha. Emva koko, kwicandelo 6.3, ndiza kuvela kwimimiselo ethile ekuchazeni oko ndicinga ukuba yisona sizathu esibalulekileyo sokungaqiniseki kokuziphatha: ukunyusa ngamandla abaphandi ukuba bagcine baze bavavanye abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo okanye ukuqonda. Ezi zakhono zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunemigangatho yethu, imithetho kunye nemithetho. Ngokulandelayo, kwicandelo 6.4, ndiza kuchaza imigaqo emine ekhoyo ekhokelela ekucingeni kwakho: Ukuhlonipha abantu, ukufumana uxhamla, ubulungisa, kunye nokuhlonipha uMthetho noMdla woluntu. Emva koko, kwicandelo 6.5, ndiya kushwankathela izikhokelo ezibini zokuziphatha-ukulandelelana kunye ne-deontology-ezinokukunceda ngenye yemingeni enzima kakhulu enokujamelana nayo: nini na ukufaneleka ukuba usebenzise iindlela zokungabaza ngokuziphatha ukuze ufezekise ekupheleni kokufanelekileyo. Le migaqo kunye nezikhokelo zomgaqo-zishwankathelwe kumfanekiso 6.1-ziya kunceda ukuba uhambe ngaphaya kokugxila kwizinto ezivunyelwe yimimiselo ekhoyo kwaye ukwandise amandla akho okuxubusha ukucingisana nabanye abaphandi kunye noluntu.

Ngaloo mvelaphi, kwicandelo 6.6, ndiza kuxubusha imimandla emine enzima kakhulu kubaphenyi bezenzo zentlalo yedijithali: imvume yemvume (icandelo 6.6.1), ukuqonda nokulawula ingozi yolwazi (icandelo 6.6.2), ubumfihlo (icandelo 6.6.3 ), kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezinobulungisa ekujonganeni nokungaqiniseki (icandelo 6.6.4). Ekugqibeleni, kwicandelo 6.7, ndiya kunika iingcebiso ezintathu zokusebenza kwindawo enokuziphatha okungaxhaswanga. Isahluko sigqiba isihlomelo sesiganeko, apho ndiyifingqa ngokufutshane ukukhangela kwenkqubo yokujonga uphando kwi-United States, kuquka ukucinywa kweTuskegee Syphilis Study, iBellmont Report, i-Common Rule, kunye ne-Reporting Menlo.

Umzobo 6.1: Imithetho elawula uphando ifumaneka kwimigaqo eya kuthi ivela kwizikhokelo zokuziphatha. Ingxabano ephambili yale sahluko kukuba abaphandi bafanele bahlole uphando lwabo ngemithetho ekhoyo-endiza kuyithatha njengokuba inikezelwe kwaye ndiyicinge kufuneka ilandelwe- kunye nemigaqo-siseko yokuziphatha. Umthetho oqhelekileyo ngowona miselo wemimiselo okwangoku ilawula uphando oluninzi oluxhaswe ngemali e-United States (ngolwazi olungakumbi, jonga isihlomelo sesiganeko esi sahluko). Imigaqo emine ivela kwiiphaneli ezimbini ze-blue-ribbon ezidalwe ukunika izikhokelo zenkqubela kubaphandi: ingxelo yeBelmont kunye neNgxelo ye-Menlo (ngolwazi olungakumbi, jonga isihlomelo sesiganeko). Ekugqibeleni, ukulandelana kunye neentlobo zeentlobo zezobugcisa zikhokelo zolawulo oluye lwaphuhliswa ngabafilosofi ngamakhulu eminyaka. Indlela ekhawulezayo kunye neyobuqhetseba yokuhlukanisa izikhokelo zombini kukuba i-deontologists ijolise kwiindlela kunye nabacebisi ngokugxila kwiziphelo.