imisebenzi

  • ubunzima bobunzima: kulula kulula , ephakathi phakathi , nzima nzima , kakhulu kakhulu kakhulu kakhulu
  • idinga izibalo ( idinga izibalo ) U
  • kufuna i coding ( idinga ukuba ikhowudi ) U
  • ukuqokelela idatha ( ukuqokelela idatha ) U
  • zam intandokazi ( endiythanda kakhulu ) U

  1. [U kulula ] Ngokuphikisana novavanyo lwe-Emotional Contagion, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) wabhala:

    "Nangona kuyinyaniso ukuba uvavanyo lwe-Facebook lwangaphantsi kwaye nangona, ngokukhawuleza, iziphumo zigwetywe ukuba luncedo, kukho imigaqo ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ixhaswe apha. Ngendlela efanayo nokuba ukweba kungakhathaliseki ukuba zibandakanyeka ntoni, ngoko sonke sinelungelo lokungalingwa ngaphandle kolwazi lwethu kunye nemvume, nokuba yintoni uhlobo lophando. "

    1. Nguwuphi na izikhokelo zombini ezixutyushwa kule sahluko-ukulandelelana okanye u-deontolo-ngaba le ngxabano inxulumene ngokucacileyo?
    2. Ngoku, cinga ukuba ufuna ukuphikisana nale ndawo. Unokuphikisa njani le ngxelo kummeli weNew York Times ?
    3. Njani, ukuba kunjalo, ngaba ingxabano yakho iyahluka njani xa uxoxisana nale ngqabane?

  2. [U kulula ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) baqwalasele umbuzo ukuba ngaba abaphandi bafanele basebenzise iifayile eziye zacinywa. Funda iphepha labo ukuze bafunde ngemvelaphi.

    1. Hlaziya esi sigqibo kwindlela yokucinga.
    2. Hlaziya isisombululo esifanayo kwisiphumo sokulandelelana.
    3. Yiyiphi na into oyifumayo ngakumbi kule meko?

  3. [U phakathi ] Kwinqaku malunga nokuziphatha kwimizamo yendawo, i- Humphreys (2015) icebise oku kulandelwa oku kulandelelanisa ukukhankanya imingeni yemigaqo yongenelelo eyenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yazo zonke iimpembelelo ezichaphazelayo kwaye zilimaza abanye kwaye zinceda abanye.

    "Yitsho umphandi udibana nombutho wemibutho yoluntu efuna ukufumanisa ukuba ukubeka izibane zesitrato kwiibhuthi kuya kunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kulo uphando izifundo zezi ziphulo-mthetho: ukufuna imvume enolwazi lwabaphuli-mthetho kuya kuphazamisa uphando kwaye akunakuze kwenzeka (ukuphulwa kwentlonipho yabantu); izigebengu ziza kuthwala iindleko zophando ngaphandle kokuzuza (ukuphulwa komthetho); kwaye kuya kubakho ukungavumelani malunga neenzuzo zophando-ukuba lusebenza kakuhle, izigebengu ngokukhethekileyo aziyi kuluxabisa (ukuvelisa ubunzima bokuvavanya ububele) ... Imiba ekhethekileyo apha ayikho nje malunga nezifundo nangona kunjalo. Nanku kukho iingozi ezifumaneka kwizikolo ezingezizo, ukuba umzekelo, izigwenxa ziphindiselele kwimibutho ebeka izibane. Inhlangano ingazi kakuhle ezi ngxaki kodwa zikulungele ukuzithwala ngenxa yokuba zikholelwa ngokungazenzisiyo kwizinto ezilindelekileyo ezingabangelwa ngabaphandi kwiiyunivesithi ezizityebi ezizikhuthaza ukuba zipapashwe. "

    1. Bhala i-imeyile kwintlangano yoluntu ehambisa ukuhlolwa kwakho kobugcisa njengoklanywa? Unokubanceda benze uvavanyo njengolu cetywayo? Ziziphi izinto ezinokuchaphazela isigqibo sakho?
    2. Ngaba kukho iinguqulelo ezinokuphucula uvavanyo lwakho lolawulo lwenkqubo yokuhlola.

  4. [U kulula ] Kwama-1970 amadoda angama-60 athatha inxaxheba kwintluphelo yenkalo eyenziwa kwindawo yokulala yabesilisa kwipyunivesiti engxenyeni ephakathi kwe-United States (abaphandi ababizi igama leyunivesithi) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Abaphandi banomdla wokuba abantu baphendule njani ukuphulwa kweendawo zabo, apho i- Sommer (1969) ichazwa ngokuthi "indawo eneemida ezingabonakaliyo ezungeze umzimba womntu apho abangenayo abangenayo." Ngokukodwa, abaphandi bakhetha ukuba bafunde indlela Ukuhluthwa komntu kwaye kwachaphazeleka ukuba kubakho abanye abasondeleyo. Emva kokuqhuba uphando olusenyongweni, abaphandi baqhuba inzame. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphoqeleka ukuba basebenzise i-urinally-most urinal in the bathroom (e-urinal bathroom) (abaphandi abachazi kakuhle indlela oku kwenziwa ngayo). Emva koko, abathathi-nxaxheba babelwe kwelinye lamanqanaba amathathu omgama ophakathi. Kwamadoda athile, idibaniselwano esebenzisa umlambo ngokuthe ngqo kubo; ngamadoda athile, idibaniselwano esetyenzisiweyo kwisiza esisodwa esisodwa; kunye namadoda athile, akukho mdibaniselwano ongena kwindawo yokuhlambela. Abaphandi balinganisela iimpembelelo zeziphumo-ixesha lokulibazisa kunye nokuphikelela-ngokumisa umncedisi ophando ngaphakathi kwindlu yangasese ngasecaleni komngcipheko. Nantsi indlela abaphandi abachaze ngayo inkqubo yokulinganisa:

    "Umbonisi wayemi kwindawo yokugcina yangasese ngokukhawuleza ecaleni kwezifundo zokugonywa. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kweemvavanyo zale nkqubo, kwacaca ukuba iingcamango eziphicothiweyo azikwazi ukusetyenziswa ukubonakalisa ukuqaliswa nokuphelisa [ukucoca] Umbonisi wasebenzisa i-periscopic prism egxininiswe kwi-stack yeencwadi ezilele phantsi kwendlu yangasese. Isikhala esingama-intshi ezingama-28 (e-28 cm) phakathi komgangatho kunye nodonga lwendlu yangasese lunikezela umbono, ngokusebenzisa i-periscope, yomnxeba ongaphantsi komsebenzisi kwaye wenza imbonakalo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yomlambo. Noko ke, umgcini-mboni akazange akwazi ukubona ubuso bomfundi. Umbonisi waqalisa ezimbini iimeki xa i-subject yafika kwi-urinal, yayeka enye xa ukuqhaqha kwaqala, kwaye yima enye xa ukucima kwaphela. "

    Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba umgama ophantsi owenziwe umzimba ukhokelela ekwenzeni ukulibaziseka kokuqala nokunciphisa ukuqhubeka (umzekeliso 6.7).

    1. Ngaba ucinga ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba babenobungozi ngolu hlobo?
    2. Ngaba ucinga ukuba abaphandi bafanele baqhube lo mvavanyo?
    3. Ziziphi utshintsho, ukuba zikhona, unokucebisa ukuba uphucule ibhalansi yokuziphatha?
    Umzobo 6.7: Iziphumo ezivela kuMidlemist, Knowles, kunye neMatter (1976). Amadoda angena kwindawo yokuhlambela ayabelwa enye yeemeko ezintathu: umgama osondeleyo (umdibaniselwano wafakwa kwindawo ehambayo ngokukhawuleza), umgama olinganiselweyo (umdibaniselwano ubekwa omnye umgchamo), okanye ulawulo (akukho nxu lumene). Umbonisi ogcinwe kwindlu yangasese esetyenzisiweyo usebenzisa i-periscope eyakhelwe ngokweziko ukugcina kunye nokukhawuleza nokuphikelela ukuchama. Iiphosiso eziqhelekileyo malunga noqikelelo azifumaneki. Ichitshiyelwe kuMiddlemist, Knowles, kunye neMatter (1976), umfanekiso 1.

    Umzobo 6.7: Iziphumo ezivela Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Amadoda angena kwindawo yokuhlambela ayabelwa enye yeemeko ezintathu: umgama osondeleyo (umdibaniselwano wafakwa kwindawo ehambayo ngokukhawuleza), umgama olinganiselweyo (umdibaniselwano ubekwa omnye umgchamo), okanye ulawulo (akukho nxu lumene). Umbonisi ogcinwe kwindlu yangasese esetyenzisiweyo usebenzisa i-periscope eyakhelwe ngokweziko ukugcina kunye nokukhawuleza nokuphikelela ukuchama. Iiphosiso eziqhelekileyo malunga noqikelelo azifumaneki. Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) , umfanekiso 1.

  5. [U phakathi , U endiythanda kakhulu ] Ngo-Agasti 2006, malunga neentsuku ezili-10 phambi kokukhetho oluphambili, abantu abangama-20,000 abahlala eMichigan bafumana i-imeyile ebonisa ukuziphatha kwabo kokuvota kunye nokuziphatha kokuvota kwabamelwane (umfanekiso 6.8). (Njengoko kuthethwe kule sahluko, eUnited States, oorhulumente belizwe bagcina iirekhodi zabathi bavotela ukhetho ngalunye kwaye olu lwazi lufumaneka kuluntu.) Enye ifowuni yee-mailings ivame ukunyusa ukuvota kwabavoti malunga nepesenti enye yepesenti, kodwa le yanda ngamanqaku eepesenti angu-8.1, umphumo omkhulu kakhulu obonwe ukufikelela kwinqanaba (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Isiphumo sasinkulu kangangokuba umbutho wezopolitiko ogama linguHal Malchow wanikela uDonald Green $ 100,000 ukuba angashicileli umphumo wovavanyo (mhlawumbi ukuze uMalchow asebenzise le ngcaciso ngokwakhe) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Kodwa, u-Alan Gerber, uDonald Green, noChristopher Larimer bapapashe iphepha ngo-2008 kwi- American Political Science Review .

    Xa uhlola ngokucophelela i-mailer kwisiqendu 6.8 unokwazi ukuba amagama abaphandi ababonakali kuwo. Kunoko, idilesi yokubuyisela i-Practical Political Consulting. Ekubameni kwiphepha, ababhali bachaza ukuba: "Ukubonga ngokukhethekileyo kuya kuMark Grebner woBungcali bezoPolitiko, oye wakha waza wenza iprogram yeposi eyayifundwa apha."

    1. Hlola ukusebenzisa le nyango ngokwemiqathango emine yokuziphatha echazwe kwesi sahluko.
    2. Hlola unyango ngokwemiqathango yesigqibo sengqondo.
    3. Ziziphi utshintsho, ukuba zikhona, unokuyincoma kulo mvavanyo?
    4. Ngaba kuya kuthinta impendulo yakho kule mibuzo ingentla ukuba uMark Grebner wayesele ethumela iimeyile ezifanayo ngeli xesha? Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngaba baphandi kufuneka bacinge njani ngokuphonononga ukungenelela okukhoyo okwenziwa ngabagqirha?
    5. Khawucinge ukuba unqwenela ukuzama ukufumana imvume enolwazi kubantu abakwiqela lonyango kodwa kungekhona labo abakwiqela lolawulo. Iimpembelelo zingaphi na esi sigqibo malunga nokukwazi kwakho ukuqonda imbangela yokwahlula kwamazinga okuvota phakathi kwamayeza kunye namaqela okulawula?
    6. Bhala i-appendix ye-ethical ebonakalayo kweli phepha xa lipapashwe.
    Umzobo 6.8: Umthumeli womthumeli waseGerber, Green, noLarimer (2008). Le meyile inyuke kwizinga lokuphumla ngamanqaku eepesenti ezingama-8.1, umphumo omkhulu kunawo wonke owake waphathwa kwi-mail-piece piece. Ekhutshwe ngemvume evela eGerber, Green, neLarimer (2008), isihlomelo A.

    Umzobo 6.8: Umthumeli womthumeli Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Le meyile inyuke kwizinga lokuphumla ngamanqaku eepesenti ezingama-8.1, umphumo omkhulu kunawo wonke owake waphathwa kwi-mail-piece piece. Ekhutshwe ngemvume evela Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) , isihlomelo A.

  6. [U kulula ] Oku kwakha kumbuzo wangaphambili. Emva kokuba la ma-mail angama-20,000 athunyelwe (umzekeliso 6.8), kunye nama-60,000 amanye amathumeli angabonakaliyo, kubakho ukutshatyalaliswa kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Enyanisweni, u- Issenberg (2012) (umz. 198) ubika ukuba "uGrnerner [umlawuli weeNkonzo eziPhambili zezoPolitiko] akazange akwazi ukubala ukuba bangaphi abantu ababenenkxalabo yokukhalaza ngefowuni, kuba i-ofisi yakhe yokuphendula i-ofisi izalise ngokukhawuleza ukuba entsha Abafowunela abazange bakwazi ukushiya umyalezo. "Enyanisweni, u-Grebner waphawula ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwakhona bekube kukhulu ngakumbi xa beye baphula unyango. Wathi ku-Alan Gerber, omnye wabaphandi, "U-Alan ukuba sithe sichitha amawaka angamawaka amawaka eedola kwaye sigqityiwe lonke ilizwe wena kwaye ndiza kuhlala noSalman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, 200)

    1. Ngaba le ngcaciso iguqula iimpendulo zakho kumbuzo odlulileyo?
    2. Ziziphi izicwangciso zokusingatha izigqibo ekujonganeni nokungaqiniseki ngaba uya kucebisa izifundo ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo?

  7. [U phakathi , U endiythanda kakhulu ] Ngokwenza oko, impikiswano eninzi yokuziphatha iyenzeka malunga nezifundo apho abaphandi bengenayo imvume yenkcazelo evela kubathathi-nxaxheba (umzekelo, izifundo ezintathu ezichazwe kwesi sahluko). Nangona kunjalo, ingxabano enokuziphatha ingaphakama kwakhona kwizifundo ezinemvume enyanisekileyo yolwazi. Yenza isifundo sokucinga apho uya kuba nenxaxheba enolwazi oluvela kubathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa oko usacinga ukuba bekungekho mthethweni. (Inqaku: Ukuba unzima, ungazama ukufunda Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

  8. [U phakathi , U endiythanda kakhulu ] Abaphandi bahlala bezama ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwabo ngokuziphatha kunye noluntu jikelele. Emva kokuba kufumaniswe ukuba ukuthanda, iiNyathelo, kunye nexesha, kwakhona, uJason Kauffman, inkokeli yecandelo lophando, wenza imibono embalwa malunga noluntu kwiprojekthi. Funda Zimmer (2010) uze ubhale kwakhona izimvo zikaKauffman usebenzisa imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zokuziphatha ezichazwe kwesi sahluko.

  9. [U phakathi ] I-Banksy yenye yeengcali ezidumile kakhulu kwi-United Kingdom kwaye iyaziwa ngegraffiti yesitalato esekelwe kwezopolitiko (umfanekiso 6.9). Ubungqina bakhe obuchanekileyo, nangona kunjalo, imfihlelo. U-Banksy unobuntu bebhsayithi, ngoko ke unokukwazi ukubeka ubuni bakhe ukuba uluntu ukuba ufuna, kodwa ukhethe ukuba akayi. Ngonyaka we-2008, iphephandaba le- Daily Mail lanyathelisa i-athimba ebhengeza igama lika-Banksy. Emva koko, ngo-2016, uMichelle Hauge, uMark Stevenson, uDkt. Kim Rossmo kunye noSteven C. Le Comber (2016) bazame ukuqinisekisa ukuba le bango ibonisa indlela yokuxubusha inqubo yokudibanisa. Ngokukodwa, baqokelela indawo yeendawo zikaBray's graffiti kwi-Bristol naseLondon. Okulandelayo, ngokukhangela kumaxwebhu amaphepha epapasho kunye namaxwebhu okuvota karhulumente, bafumana iadesi ezidlulileyo zomntu ogama lingumntu, umfazi wakhe kunye nebhola lakhe (ie, ibhola lebhola). Umbhali ushicilela ukufunyanwa kwephepha labo ngale ndlela:

    "Kungabikho nenye into ebalulekileyo 'yokubhenela' ukuphanda, kunzima ukwenza iincwadana ezicacileyo malunga nobunikazi beBhange ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo olwenziwe apha, ngaphandle kokuthi iindawo eziphambili ze-geoprofiles kwiBristol kunye neLondon ziquka iilesi ezaziwa ukuba zidibene kunye [negama lilungiswe]. "

    Ukulandela Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , abaqwalasela le ngxelo ngokubanzi, ndagqiba ekubeni ndingabandakanyi igama lomntu xa ndixoxa ngalolu cwaningo.

    1. Hlola olu hlolisiso usebenzisa imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zokuziphatha kwesi sahluko.
    2. Ngaba unokwenza oku kufunda?
    3. Ababhali bacacisa oku kufundiswa kwiphepha lephepha labo ngesi sivakalisi esilandelayo: "Ngokubanzi, ezi ziphumo zixhasa inkxaso yangaphambili ukuba uhlalutyo lwezenzo ezinxulumene nobugqirha (umz., Graffiti) zingasetyenziselwa ukunceda ukufumana iziseko zobugandaganga ngaphambi kokuba iziganeko zenzeke, kwaye inikeza umzekelo omangalisayo wokusetyenziswa komzekelo kwiinkathazo eziyinkimbinkalo, ehlabathini lenene. "Ngaba oku kuguqula uluvo lwakho lwamaphepha? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
    4. Ababhali baquka inqaku elilandelayo lokuziphatha ekupheleni kwephepha labo: "Ababhali bayayazi, kwaye bahlonipha, ubumfihlo begama [igama lilungelelaniswe] kunye neentsapho zakhe kwaye sele beyisebenzisa kuphela idatha kwingingqi yoluntu. Senze ngamabomu iidilesi ezichanekileyo ngamabomu. "Ngaba oku kuguqula uluvo lwakho lwamaphepha? Ukuba kunjalo, njani? Ngaba ucinga ukuba i-publicic / private private dichotomy inengqiqo kule ngxaki?
    Umzobo 6.9: Umfanekiso we-Spy Booth ngo-Banksy e-Cheltenham, eNgilandi ngo-Kathryn Yengel, ngo-2014. Umthombo: Kathryn Yengel / Flickr.

    Umzobo 6.9: Umfanekiso we-Spy Booth ngo-Banksy e-Cheltenham, eNgilandi ngo-Kathryn Yengel, ngo-2014. Umthombo: Kathryn Yengel / Flickr .

  10. [U phakathi ] I- Metcalf (2016) yenza ingxabano yokuba "iifasethi ezifumanekayo esidlangalaleni zineenkcukacha zabucala ziphakathi kweyona nto inomdla kakhulu kubaphandi kunye neyona nto inobungozi kwizifundo."

    1. Ziziphi izimbini izibonelo ezixhasayo ezixhasa le mabango?
    2. Kule nqaku efanayo, uMetcalf uthi kwakhona kukuba unobronistic ukucinga ukuba "nayiphi na inzakalo ingozi sele yenziwe yidasetet yomntu." Mnike umzekelo omnye wokuba le nto ingaba yintoni.

  11. [U phakathi , U endiythanda kakhulu ] Kule sahluko, ndicebise umthetho wesigqabiso sokuba yonke idatha ingabonakala kwaye yonke idatha ingabonakali. Itheyibhile 6.5 inikezela uludwe lwemimiselo yedatha engabonakali kolwazi ngokucacileyo kodwa luyakwazi ukudibaniswa nabantu abathile.

    1. Khetha ezi zimbini kule mizekelo uze uchaze indlela ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwakhona kwezi ziko zombini kunesakhiwo esifanayo.
    2. Kwimimiselo emibini kwinqanaba (a), uchaza indlela idatha ingabonisa ngayo ulwazi olubukhali malunga nabantu abakwi datasethi.
    3. Ngoku khetha i-dataset yesithathu etafileni. Bhala i-imeyili kumntu ocinga ukuyikhulula. Cacisa ukuba le nkcukacha ingaba yintoni ebonakalayo kwaye inokuthi ingabonakali.
    Itheyibhile 6.5: Imizekelo yeeNtlalo zengxelo ezingabonakaliyo ngokuchanekileyo ngolwazi oluchanekileyo kodwa luyakwazi ukuxhamla nabantu abathile.
    Iinkcukacha Imbekiselo
    Iirejista zempilo yomshuwalense Sweeney (2002)
    Idatha yokuthengiselana ngekhadi Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Idatha yokulinganiswa kwefayile ye-Netflix Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Ifoni yefowuni yedatha-data Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    Idatha yelogi yophando Barbaro and Zeller (2006)
    Idatha, ulawulo, kunye noluntu malunga nolwazi malunga nabafundi Zimmer (2010)

  12. [U kulula ] Ukuzibeka kwizicathulo zabanye kubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba kunye noluntu jikelele, kungekhona nje oontanga bakho. Oku kwahlukileyo kuboniswe kwimeko ye-Jewish Chronic disease (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    UDkt. Chester M. Southam wayengumgqirha ogqwesileyo kunye nomphandi kwiStan-Kettering Institute for Research Cancer kunye noNjingalwazi oManyeneyo wezeMpilo kwiCockell University Medical College. NgoJulayi 16, 1963, uSoutham kunye noogxa babini bajova iiseli zomhlaza eziphilayo kwimibutho yezigulana ezingama-22 ezixhatshazwayo kwi-Hospital Chronic Disease Hospital eNew York. Ezi ngxube ziyinxalenye yocwaningo lukaSoutham ukuqonda isistim somzimba sokugulisa izigulane. Kuphando olwangaphambili, uSoutham wafumanisa ukuba amavolontiya anempilo akwazi ukugatya iiseli zomhlaza zesifo kwiintsuku ezine ukuya kweyesithandathu, ngelixa zathatha izigulane ezisele zine-cancer. U-Southam wazibuza ukuba ngaba ukuphendula okulibazisekile kwizigulane zomhlaza kukuba babenomhlaza okanye ngenxa yokuba bekhulile kwaye sele bekhulile. Ukujongana nale ndlela, uSoutham wagqiba ekubeni ajobe iiseli zomdlavuza eziphilayo kwiqela labantu abalupheleyo kunye nabaxhatshazwayo kodwa abangenayo umdlavuza. Xa igama lophando lisasazeka, luye lwaba yingxenye ngokuyeka emsebenzini oogqirha abathathu abacelwa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba, abanye bathelekiswa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yamaNazi Iingcamango, kodwa ezinye-ezisekelwe kwinqanaba lokuqinisekisa ngeSoutham-zifumene uphando olungenakwenzeka. Ekugqibeleni, iBhodi yeRiphabliki yeNew York yeRegents yahlaziya ityala ukwenzela ukuba isigqibo sokuba ngaba uSoutham kufuneka akwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa iyeza. U-Southam wagxeka ekuziphenduleleni ukuba wayesenza "kwisithethe esona sikhulu sogonyamelo olusisigxina." Ukuziphendulela kwakhe kwakusekelwe kumabango amaninzi, awayexhaswa yiinkwenkwezi ezahlukahlukeneyo ezazifakazela egameni lakhe: (1) uphando lwakhe ukufaneleka kwezesayensi noluntu; (2) kwakungabikho mngcipheko kubathathi-nxaxheba; ibango elisekelwe kwicandelo le-10 ye-Southam yamava angaphambili kunye nezifundo ezingaphezu kwama-600; (3) inqanaba lokubhengezwa kufuneka lihlonyelwe ngokwezinga lomngcipheko owenziwa ngumphandi; (4) uphando luhambelana nomgangatho wesenzo sezokwelapha ngelo xesha. Ekugqibeleni, ibhodi yeRegent yabona uSoutham enetyala lobuqhetseba, inkohliso, kunye nokuziphatha okungenzi nzuzo, kwaye wamisa ilayisenisi yakhe yonyango ngomnyaka owodwa. Kodwa, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uSoutham ukhethwe ngumongameli we-American Association of Cancer Research.

    1. Hlola isifundo sikaSoutham usebenzisa imigaqo emine kwesi sahluko.
    2. Kubonakala ngathi u-Southam uthatha ingcamango yabalingane bakhe kwaye wayekulindele ngokuchanekileyo ukuba bangayiphendula njani umsebenzi wakhe; Enyanisweni, abaninzi bafaka ubungqina egameni lakhe. Kodwa wayengenakukwazi okanye engafuni ukuqonda indlela uphando lwakhe lunokubangela ngayo uluntu. Yiyiphi indima ocinga ukuba uluvo loluntu-olunokuthi luhluke kwiimbono zabathathi-nxaxheba okanye oontanga-kufuneka babe neendlela zokuphanda? Yintoni emele yenzeke ukuba uluvo oluvakalayo kunye neengcamango zontanga ziyahluka?

  13. [U kulula ] Kwiphepha elinesihloko esithi "I-Crowdseeding eMpuma yeCongo: Ukusebenzisa ii-Cell Phones ukuqokelela iziganeko zengxabano kwiNkcitho yangempela", uVanes der Windt noHumphreys (2016) bachaza inkqubo yokuqokelela idatha (yabona isahluko 5) abayidala eMpuma yeCongo. Chaza indlela abaphandi abajongene ngayo nokungaqiniseki malunga neziphumo ezinobungozi kubathathi-nxaxheba.

  14. [U phakathi ] Ngo-Oktobha 2014, izazinzulu ezintathu zezopolitiko zithumele i-mail ukuya kuma-102,780 abavoti ababhalisiwe eMonta-malunga ne-15% yabavoto ababhalisiwe kwi-state (Willis 2014) -njengenxalenye yolu vavanyo ukulinganisa ukuba ngaba abavoti abanikwa ulwazi oluninzi banokuvota . I-mailers-eyayibizwa ngokuthi "Umhlahlandlela woLwazi lweNgcaciso loNyulo lukaMonta waseMonta ka-2014" -kwabekwa uMongameli weNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMontana, okhethweni olungakhethiyo lwangaphandle, olukhetho luvela kwi-liberal to conservative, olubandakanya uBarack Obama noMitt Romney ngokuthelekiswa. I-mailer yaquka kwakhona ukuveliswa kweSidyuli esikhulu se-State of Montana (umfanekiso 6.10).

    I-mailers yenze izikhalazo ezivela kwi-Montana abavoti, kwaye zenza uLinda McCulloch, uNobhala weeMontyi weMontana, ukuba afake isikhalazo esisesikweni kuMasipala wase-Montana. Iiyunivesithi eziqeshwe ngabaphandi-uDartmouth noStanford-zithumele ileta kubo bonke abafumene i-mailer, bexolisa naluphi na ukudideka kwaye bacacise ukuba umthumeli "akahambelani naliphi na iqela lezopolitiko, umviwa okanye umbutho, kwaye kwakungenjongo ukuba ithintele nawuphi na umjaho. "Ileta nayo yacacisa ukuba indawo" incike kwiinkcukacha zoluntu malunga nokuba ubani oye wanikela kulowo mkhankaso "(umzobo 6.11).

    NgoMeyi 2015, uMkhomishinala wezoPolitiko zoMbuso waseMontana, uJonathan Motl, wazimisela ukuba abaphandi baphula umthetho waseMonta: "UMkomishinala uqikelela ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokubonisa ukuba iStanford, iDartmouth kunye / okanye abaphandi bayo baphula uMoses sebenzisa imithetho efuna ukubhaliswa, ukunika ingxelo kunye nokudalulwa kweendleko ezizimeleyo "(Ukufumana i-Number 3 Motl (2015) kwi- Motl (2015) ). Umkomishinala wakhuthaza ukuba i-Attorney ye-County iphenye ukuba ukusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga kweSidankulu esikhulu saseMontana kuphule umthetho we-Montana (Motl 2015) .

    UStanford noDartmouth babengavumelani nesigwebo sikaMotl. Umkhulumeli waseStanford ogama linguLisa Lapin uthe "iStanford ... ayikholelwa nayiphi na imithetho yokhetho yonyuliweyo" kwaye ukuba i-imeyile "ayinayo nayiphi na inkxaso yokuxhasa okanye yokuchasa nayiphi na umviwa." Wachaza ukuba i-mailer ichaze ngokucacileyo ukuba " ayivumeli nawuphi na umviwa okanye iqela " (Richman 2015) .

    1. Hlola olu phofu usebenzisa imigaqo emine kunye nezikhokelo ezimbini ezichazwe kwesi sahluko.
    2. Ukucinga ukuba ii-mail zihanjiswe kwisampula esingabonakaliyo kubavoti (kodwa ngaphezulu kule nto ngomzuzwana), phantsi kweyiphi iimeko apho le meyile ingayitshintsha umphumo weeNyulo zoBulungisa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo?
    3. Enyanisweni, i-mailers ayithunyelwanga kwisampula esingabonakaliyo kubavoti. Ngokombiko kaJeremy Johnson (izazinzulu zezopolitiko ezancedisa uphando), ii-mailers "zithunyelwa kuma-64,265 abavoti abachongiweyo njengokuba banokhenketho kwi-centrist exhomekeke kwiindawo ezixhomekeke kwiDemocratic and 39,515 abavoti abachongiweyo njengabantu abanomdla kwi-centrist eRiphabliki. Abaphandi bavakalisa ukungafani phakathi kwamanani eDemocratic Republic kunye neRiphabhlikhi ngenxa yokuba babekulindele ukuba ukuphuma kubenokubaluleka kakhulu phakathi kwabavoti beDemocratic. "Ngaba oku kuguqula uvavanyo lwakho loyilo lophando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
    4. Ekuphenduleni uphando, abaphandi bathi bathabatha lo lonyulo ngenxa yokuba "akukho mcimbi wezobulungisa oye waxhathisa ngokukhawuleza kwi-primary. Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwee-2014 iziphumo zonyulo oluphambili kwimeko yokhetho lwangaphambili lwama-Montana, abaphandi banqume ukuba uphando olwenziweyo aluyi kutshintsha isiphumo se-contest " (Motl 2015) . Ngaba oku kutshintsha uvavanyo lwakho lophando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
    5. Enyanisweni, ukhetho luye lwaba luhlobo olusondeleyo (itafile 6.6). Ngaba oku kutshintsha uvavanyo lwakho lophando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
    6. Kuvela ukuba isifundo sithunyelwe kwi-Dartmouth IRB ngumnye wabaphandi, kodwa iinkcukacha zahluke kakhulu kwii-Montana. I-mailer eyayisetyenzisiwe eMontana yayingazange ifakwe kwi-IRB. Isifundo asizange sithunyelwe kwi-IRB yase-Stanford. Ngaba oku kutshintsha uvavanyo lwakho lophando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
    7. Kwaye kwacaca ukuba abaphandi bathumele izinto ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo kumavoti angama-143 000 eCalifornia kunye nama-66,000 eNew Hampshire. Njengoko ndiyazi, akukho zikhalazo ezisesikweni ezibangelwa yi-200,000 eyongezelelweyo yeposi. Ngaba oku kutshintsha uvavanyo lwakho lophando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
    8. Yintoni, ukuba nantoni na, ubungayenza ngokungafaniyo ukuba ngaba ngabaphenyi abaziintloko? Ungayilungiselela njani isifundo ukuba unomdla ekuhloliseni ukuba ulwazi olongezelelweyo lwandisa ukuvota kwabavoti kwiintlanga ezingabambisani?
    Itheyibhuli 6.6: Iziphumo ezivela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeeNkundla zoBulungisa baseMontana ka-2014 (Umthombo: Iphepha lewebhu leNobhala we-Montana ka-Montana)
    Abaviwa Iimvoti ezifunyenweyo Ipesenteji
    INkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla # 1
    W. W. Herbert 65,404 21.59%
    Jim Rice 236,963 78.22%
    INkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke 134,904 40.80%
    Mike Wheat 195,303 59.06%
    Umzobo 6.10: Umthumeli uthunyelwe ngabafundi abathathu bezopolitiko kwi-102,780 abavoti ababhalisiwe eMontana njengenxalenye yokuzama ukulinganisa ukuba ngaba abavoti abanikwa ulwazi oluninzi banokuvota. Ubungakanani besampula kulolu vavanyo lwaluba ngu-15% wabavoti abafanelekileyo kwiphondo (Willis 2014). Uzaliswe kuMotl (2015).

    Umzobo 6.10: Umthumeli uthunyelwe ngabafundi abathathu bezopolitiko kwi-102,780 abavoti ababhalisiwe eMontana njengenxalenye yokuzama ukulinganisa ukuba ngaba abavoti abanikwa ulwazi oluninzi banokuvota. Ubungakanani besampula kulolu vavanyo lwaluba ngu-15% wabavoti abafanelekileyo kwiphondo (Willis 2014) . Motl (2015) .

    Umzobo 6.11: Ileta ye-Apology eyayithunyelwe kumavoti angama-102,780 ababhalisiwe eMontona abafumana i-mailer kuboniswe kumfanekiso 6.10. Ileta yathunyelwa ngabaPresidente baseDartmouth neStford, iiyunivesithi eziqeshwe ngabaphandi abathumela i-mailer. Uzaliswe kuMotl (2015).

    Umzobo 6.11: Ileta ye-Apology eyayithunyelwe kumavoti angama-102,780 ababhalisiwe eMontona abafumana i-mailer kuboniswe kumfanekiso 6.10. Ileta yathunyelwa ngabaPresidente baseDartmouth neStford, iiyunivesithi eziqeshwe ngabaphandi abathumela i-mailer. Motl (2015) .

  15. [U phakathi ] NgoMeyi 8, ngo-2016, abaphandi ababini-uEmil Kirkegaard noJulius Bjerrekaer-bachonga ulwazi kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-OkCupid kwaye bakhululwe esidlangalaleni isetaset sabasebenzisi abangaba ngu-70,000, kuquka iinguqu ezinjengegama lomsebenzisi, ubudala, ubulili, indawo, iimbono ezinxulumene nenkolo , iimbono ezinxulumene neenkwenkwezi, iimfuno zokuthandana, inani lezithombe, njl, kunye nezimpendulo ezinikezelwe kumbuzo angama-2,600 kwisiza. Kwiphepha elibhaliweyo elihamba kunye nedata ekhutshiwe, ababhali bathi "Abanye bangayichasa imigaqo yokuqokelela nokukhulula le nkcukacha. Nangona kunjalo, yonke idatha efunyenweyo kwi-dataset ikhona okanye isele ikhona esidlangalaleni, ngoko ke ukukhulula le dataset nje ikubonisa kwifomu efanelekileyo ngakumbi. "

    Ekuphenduleni ukukhululwa kwedatha, omnye wabalobi wabuzwa kwi-Twitter: "Le dataset ibonakala kwakhona kwakhona. Iquka nabasebenzisi bamagama? Ingaba kukho nawuphi na umsebenzi okwenziweyo ukwenza ukuba uyifumene? "Impendulo yakhe" nguNombolo. Idata sele isesidlangalaleni. " (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016) .

    1. Hlola ukukhutshwa kwedatha usebenzisa imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zokuziphatha ezixoxwa ngazo kweli sahluko.
    2. Ngaba ungayisebenzisa le datha uphando lwakho?
    3. Kuthekani ukuba uzibethe?

  16. [U phakathi ] Ngo-2010, uhlalutyi lobunzima kunye ne-US Army wanika ama-250,000 amacwecwe e-diplomatic kwintlangano ye-WikiLeaks, kwaye yabuyiswa kwi-intanethi. Gill and Spirling (2015) ithi "ukudalulwa kwe-WikiLeaks kungabonakalisa i-trove yedatha enokuthi ifakwe kwiingcamango ezifihlakeleyo kwiintsebenziswano zamazwe ngamazwe" kwaye emva koko ibonisa ukuba isampuli yamaxwebhu aqingqiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, abalobi balinganisela ukuba bamele malunga ne-5% yazo zonke iintambo zezopolitiko ngeli xesha, kodwa ukuba le nxalenye iyahluka kwi-ambassy ukuya ku-embassy (jonga umfanekiso 1 wephepha labo).

    1. Funda iphepha, uze ubhale isihlomelo sokuziphatha.
    2. Ababhali abazange bahlalutye umxholo weliphi na amaxwebhu aqoshiwe. Ngaba ikhona iphrojekthi esebenzisa ezi zixhobo oza kuziqhuba? Ingaba kukho na iprojekthi esebenzisa ezi zixhobo ongeke uziphathe?

  17. [U kulula ] Ukuze ufunde indlela iinkampani eziphendula ngayo izikhalazo, umphandi uthumele iileta zokukhalaza ezikhohlisayo kwiindawo zokutyela eziphezulu ezingama-240 eNew York City. Nantsi inkcazo evela kwileta yokukhohlisa.

    Ndibhalela le ncwadi kuwe ngenxa yokuba ndicaphukile ngamava amva kwangoko ndandinayo kwivenkile yakho yokutyela. Kungekudala, mna nomkami sasigubha umkhosi wethu wokuqala. ... Kwangokuhlwa kwakusasazeka xa iimpawu zaqala ukubonakala malunga neeyure ezine emva kokutya. Ukwenyuka kwesantya, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, kunye neentlungu zomzimba zonke zikhomba into enye: ukutyhelwa kokutya. Kungenza ndibe nomsindo nje ukuba ndicinga ukuba ubusuku bethu obusondeleyo bokuthandana buyancitshiswa kumfazi wam undibukele kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kwendawo yokuhlambela phakathi kwendawo yokuhlambela. ... Nangona kungenjalo ngenjongo yokufaka nayiphi na ingxelo ngeBusiness Business Bureau okanye kwiSebe lezeMpilo, ndifuna wena, [igama le-restaurateur], ukuqonda oko ndihamba ngayo ngethemba lokuba uya kuphendula ngokufanelekileyo. "

    1. Hlaziya esi sifundo usebenzisa imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zokuziphatha ezichazwe kwesi sahluko. Ukunikezelwa kovavanyo lwakho, ngaba unokwenza isifundo?
    2. Nantsi indlela iindawo zokudlela ezifumene ileta (Kifner 2001) : "Kwakuyizinto ezinobuncwane njengabanini, abaphathi nabapheki abacatshungulwa kwiikhompyutheni zegama [ukulungiswa kwegama] okanye iirekodi zekhadi zekhredithi, amaphepha ahlaziyiweyo kwaye akhiqize ukuhanjiswa kokutya okunokuphangwa, kwaye bebuza abasebenzi basekhitshini malunga nokuphelelwa kokuphela, konke okuveliswa yiyunivesithi kunye noprofesa oye wavuma ukuba isifundo seziko leshishini esihogweni. "Ngaba le ngcaciso iguqula indlela ovavanya ngayo isifundo?
    3. Njengoko ndiyazi, olu phofu aluzange luhlolwe yi-IRB okanye nayiphi na enye inxalenye yesithathu. Ngaba oku kutshintsha indlela uvavanya isifundo? Kutheni okanye kutheni?

  18. [U phakathi ] Ukwakha kumbuzo odlulileyo, Ndingathanda ukuthelekisa olu pho nonongo oluye lwahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kulolu olunye uhlolisiso, uNeumark kunye nabalingane (1996) bathumela abafundi ababini beenkwenkwezi nabesibini ababini bekholeji abaye baqalisa ukufaka izicelo njengabalindi kunye nabasebenzi bee-65 zokudlela e-Philadelphia, ukuze baphonononge ukucalulwa ngokwesondo kwindawo yokuqeshisa. Izicelo eziyi-130 zakhokelela kwiingxoxo zengxoxo ezingama-54 kunye nemisebenzi engama-39. Olu pho nonongo lufumene ubungqina obunobungqina bokuchasana ngokwesondo nabasetyhini kwiindawo zokutya eziphezulu.

    1. Bhala isithasiselo sokuziphatha kwesi sifundo.
    2. Ngaba ucinga ukuba lo mxholo uphelele ngokwahlukileyo kumnye uchazwe kumbuzo odlulileyo. Ukuba kunjalo, njani?

  19. [U phakathi , U endiythanda kakhulu ] Ngexesha elingaphantsi kwe-2010, abafundisi be-6,548 e-United States bafumana i-imeyile efana nale.

    "UProfesa othandekayo uSalganik,

    Ndikubhalela ngenxa yokuba ndiyi-Ph.D. Umfundi onomdla omkhulu kumphando wakho. Isicwangciso sam kusebenza kwi-Ph.D. iinkqubo ezi zizayo, kwaye ndinomdla wokufunda kangangoko ndinako ngamathuba okuphanda okwangoku.

    Ndiza kuba kwi-campus namhlanje, kwaye nangona ndiyazi ukuba isaziso esifutshane, ndandicinga ukuba unokuba nemizuzu eyi-10 xa uya kukulungele ukudibana nam ukuthetha ngokufutshane ngomsebenzi wakho kunye nawaphi na amathuba okuba ndibandakanyeke lwakho uphando. Naliphi na ixesha eliya kuba lilungele ukuba uya kulungile kum, njengoko kudibana nawe kukuqala kwam kuqala ngeli thuba lokutyelela.

    Ndiyabulela kwangaphambi kokuqwalaselwa kwakho.

    Ngokuthobeka, uCarlos Lopez "

    Ezi meyile zazingendawo; bebeyingxenye yentsimi yokuhlola ukuba ngaba ngabafundisi babenakho ukuphendula kwi-imeyli ngokuxhomekeke kwi (1) ixesha-mali (namhlanje ngokuchasene neveki ezayo) kunye (2) negama lomthumeli, owahlukileyo ukubonakalisa ubuhlanga kunye nesini (uCarlos Lopez, uMeredith Roberts, Raj Singh, njl). Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba xa izicelo ziza kuhlangana ngeveki enye, amadoda aseCaucasian anikwe ilungelo lokufikelela kwamalungu e-faculty malunga nama-25% ngaphezulu kaninzi kunabesifazane nabancinci. Kodwa xa abafundi beengxoxo becela iintlanganiso ngaloo mini, le ndlela iphelile (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Hlola olu vavanyo ngokwemiqathango kunye nezikhokelo kule sahluko.
    2. Emva kokuba isifundo siphelile, abaphandi bathumela i-imeyli yokuxubusha ilandelayo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.

    "Kungekudala, ufumene i-imeyili evela kumfundi ucela imizuzu eyi-10 yexesha lakho ukuxoxa ngeF.D yakho. Inkqubo (umzimba we-imeyile ubonakala ngezantsi). Sithumela i-imeyile namhlanje ukuba sikukhathaze ngenjongo yangempela yale imeyili, njengoko yayiyinxalenye yophando lophando. Siyathembela ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukufunda kwethu akuzange kubangele nayiphi na ukuphazamiseka kwaye siyaxolisa ukuba ungekho konke ukuphazamiseka. Ithemba lethu kukuba le ncwadi iya kunika ingcaciso efanelekileyo malunga nenjongo kunye nokuyila kwesifundo sethu ukunciphisa naziphi na iinkxalabo onokuzenza malunga nokubandakanyeka kwakho. Sifuna ukukubulela ixesha lakho nokufunda ngakumbi xa unomdla wokuqonda ukuba kutheni ufumene lo myalezo. Siyathemba ukuba uza kubona ukubaluleka kolwazi esikulindele ukuvelisa kunye nale sifundo esikhulu semfundo. "

    Emva kokuchaza injongo kunye noyilo lwesifundo, baqhubeka bathi:

    "Ngokukhawuleza ukuba iziphumo zophando lwethu zifumaneke, sizithumela kwiiwebhusayithi zethu. Nceda uqiniseke ukuba akukho datha echongiweyo eya kuzaliswa kulolu cwaningo, kwaye phakathi kwethu koyilo lwesifundo kuqinisekisa ukuba siya kukwazi ukubona iipatheni zokuphendula i-imeyile ngokubanzi-kungekhona kwinqanaba ngalinye. Akukho mntu okanye i-yunivesiti eya kuchongwa kuyo nayiphi na yophando okanye idatha esiyipapashileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, nayiphina impendulo ye-imeyli yodwa ayikho into enentsingiselo kuba kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni ilungu lomntu ngamnye lingamkela okanye linciphise isicelo somhlangano. Yonke idatha isele yachongwa kwaye iimpendulo ze-imeyli ezichongiweyo sele zisusiwe kwiinkcukacha zethu kunye nomncedisi onxulumene. Ukongezelela, ngelixa ixesha apho idatha ibonakala khona, yakhuselwa ngamagama aphasiwedi aqinileyo. Kwaye njengoko kunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi xa uphando lwezemfundo lubandakanya izifundo zezifundo zabantu, iziphumo zethu zophando zivunyiwe yiiyunivesithi zeZikolo zokuHlola iziKhungo (i-Columbia University Morningside IRB kunye neYunivesithi yase-Pennsylvania IRB).

    Ukuba unemibuzo malunga namalungelo akho njengesihloko sophando, unokuqhagamshelana neBhodi yeSikolo sokuHlola i-Institutional Institutional Board yase-Columbia kwi-[echaziweyo] okanye nge-imeyile kwi-[echaziweyo] kunye / okanye kwi-Yunivesithi yasePennsylvania yeBhodi yokuHlola yasePennsylvania.

    Ndiyabulela kwakhona ixesha lakho nokuqonda komsebenzi esenzayo. "

    1. Ziziphi iingxoxo zokuxubusha kwiimeko? Ziziphi iingxoxo ezichasene nazo? Ngaba ucinga ukuba abaphandi bafanele baxoxise abachaphazelekayo kulo mzekelo?
    2. Kwizinto ezixhasayo kwi-intanethi, abaphandi banecandelo elinesihloko esithi "IziNdlu Zabantu Abakhuselo." Funda le candelo. Ngaba kukho na into oyongeza okanye uyisuse?
    3. Yayiyiphi indleko yolu vavanyo kubaphandi? Yayiyiphi indleko yolu vavanyo kubathathi-nxaxheba? U-Andrew Gelman (2010) uxele ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kulolu cwaningo banokuhlawulwa ixesha labo emva kokulinga. Ingaba uyavumelana? Zama ukwenza ingxabano yakho usebenzisa imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zokuziphatha kwesi sahluko.

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