6.6.4 Izigqibo Making ebusweni ukungaqiniseki

Ukungaqiniseki akufuneki kunokukhokelela kukunyotha.

Ummandla wesine kunye wokugqibela apho ndifuna ukuba abaphandi babalekele benza izigqibo ngokungaqiniseki. Okokuthi, emva kobufilosofi kunye nokulinganisa, ukuziphatha komsebenzi kukubandakanya ukwenza izigqibo malunga noko ukwenzayo noko ungenzi nto. Ngelishwa, ezi zigqibo kufuneka zenziwe ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso engaphelelanga. Ngokomzekelo, xa ukwakhiwa kwe-Encore, abaphandi babenokuba banqwenela ukwazi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu angatyelelwa ngamapolisa. Okanye, xa kutyunjwe i-Contagion Emotional, abaphandi banokuba banqwenela ukwazi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba bangabangela ukuxinezeleka kwabanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Ezi zizathu mhlawumbi ziphantsi kakhulu, kodwa zazingaziwa phambi kokuba uphando luqhube. Kwaye, ngenxa yokuba akukho projekthi ilandelelwa ngoluntu malunga neziganeko ezimbi, ezi zinto zisaziwa.

Ukungaqiniseki akukodwa kwiphando loluntu kwixesha ledijithali. Xa iBellmont Report ichaza uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lweengozi kunye neenzuzo, kwacaca ngokucacileyo ukuba oku kunzima ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo. Noko ke, okungaqinisekiyo kunzima kakhulu kwixesha ledijithali, inxalenye yokuba sinamava amaninzi kulolu hlobo lophando kunye nxalenye ngenxa yeempawu zophando ngokwayo.

Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki, abanye abantu babonakala bekhuthaza into "ekhuselekileyo kunokuba ixolise," yinto engumgaqo-nkqubo wokuCwangcisa . Nangona le ndlela ibonakala ingqiqo-mhlawumbi ihlakaniphile-inokubangela ingozi; kukhangela uphando; kwaye kubangela ukuba abantu bathathe imbonakalo emancinci yeemeko (Sunstein 2005) . Ukuze siqonde iingxaki ngeNqununu yokuCwangcisa, makhe sicinge ngongxamiseko lwengqondo. Uvavanyo lwalulungele ukubandakanya abantu abangaba ngu-700,000, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kwakukho ithuba lokuba abantu ekuhlolweni babeza kubandezeleka. Kodwa kwakukho nethuba lokuba uvavanyo lunikeze ulwazi olunokuba luncedo kubasebenzisi be-Facebook kunye noluntu. Ngaloo ndlela, ngelixa ukuvumela ukulinga kwakunobungozi (njengoko kuxoxwa ngokubanzi), ukuthintela ukuhlolwa kwakuya kuba mngcipheko, kuba kunokuvelisa ulwazi oluxabisekileyo. Kakade, ukhetho alukho phakathi kokwenza uvavanyo njengoko kwenzeka kwaye ungenzi uvavanyo; kwakukho ukulungiswa okuninzi kwindlela yokuyila eyayibe yenze ukuba ibhalansi yokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, ngandlela-thile, abaphandi baya kuba nokukhetha phakathi kokwenza isifundo kwaye bengenzi, kwaye kukho iingozi kuzo zombini izenzo kunye nokungasebenzi. Akufanelekanga ukugxila kuphela kwimingcipheko yesenzo. Kulula nje, akukho ndlela engenazo ingozi.

Ukuhamba ngaphaya komgaqo-nkqubo wokuCwangcisa, enye indlela ebalulekileyo yokucinga malunga nokwenza izigqibo ezinikwe ukungaqiniseki yindlela ephantsi yobungozi . Lo mgangatho uzama ukubeka umngcipheko wecwaningo oluthile malunga neengozi abathathi-nxaxheba abazenzayo ebomini babo bemihla ngemihla, njengokudlala imidlalo kunye nokuhamba ngemoto (Wendler et al. 2005) . Le ndlela ixabisekileyo kuba ukuhlola ukuba kukho into ehambelana nomgangatho omncinci wengozi kunzima kunokuba uvavanye umgangatho wengozi. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Contagion Emotional, ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe isifundo, abaphandi banokufanisa umxholo wemvakalelo weendaba zeeNdaba zoLwazi ekuhlolweni kwezinye i-News Feeds kwi-Facebook. Ukuba bekunjalo, ngaba abaphandi banokugqiba ukuba uvavanyo luhlangabezane nezinga eliphantsi lokubeka ingozi (MN Meyer 2015) . Kwaye banokwenza isigqibo nangona bebengayazi inqanaba elipheleleyo lomngcipheko . Indlela efanayo yayingasetyenziswa kwi-Encore. Ekuqaleni, i-Encore yayibangela izicelo zewebhu eziyaziwayo ukuba zinobubele, njengalezo ziqela zezopolitiko ezivinjelwe kumazwe anoburhulumente obunxinzelelo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakungekho mngcipheko omkhulu kubathathi-nxaxheba kumazwe athile. Nangona kunjalo, inguqulo ehlaziyiweyo ye-Encore-eyona kuphela eyenza ukucela i-Twitter, i-Facebook kunye ne-YouTube-yayingumngcipheko omncinci kuba izicelo zezo ziza zikhutshwa ngexesha lokukhangela kwiwebhu (Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) .

Ingcamango yesibini ebalulekileyo xa ukwenza izigqibo malunga nezifundo ezinobungozi obungaziwayo kukuhlalutya kwamandla , okuvumela abaphandi ukubala ubungakanani besampuli abaya kuyifuna ukuba bafumane ngokuqinisekileyo umphumo wesayizi esinikeziwe (Cohen 1988) . Ukuba isifundo sakho singabonisa ukuba inxaxheba-mngcipheko-nokuba ngumngcipheko omncinci-ke umgaqo woBuhlomulo ubonisa ukuba kufuneka ubeke umlinganiselo omncinci wengozi efunekayo ukuphumeza iinjongo zakho zophando. (Cinga kwakhona kuMgaqo wokunciphisa kwisahluko 4.) Nangona abanye abaphandi banomdla wokuba benze izifundo zabo zikhulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuziphatha kocwaningo kubonisa ukuba abaphandi kufuneka benze izifundo zabo ezincinci kunokwenzeka. Uhlalutyo lwamandla alukho olutsha, okwenyani, kodwa kukho umehluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwendlela esetyenziswe ngayo kwixesha lesi-analog kunye nendlela ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngayo namhlanje. Ngomlinganiso we-analog, ngokubanzi abaphandi bahlalutya amandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufunda kwabo kwakungelula kakhulu (oko kukuthi, ngaphantsi kwamandla). Ngoku, ke, abaphandi kufuneka benze uhlalutyo lwamandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufunda kwabo akukhulu kakhulu (oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kwamandla).

Umgangatho osisigxina wobungozi kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamandla kukunceda uqikelele ngezifundo kunye nokuyila, kodwa abakunikezeli naluphi na ulwazi olutsha malunga nendlela abathathi-nxaxheba abanokuvakalelwa ngayo ngokufunda kwakho kunye nokuba yiziphi iingozi abaza kuba nazo ekubeni bathathe inxaxheba kulo. Enye indlela yokujongana nokungaqiniseki kukuqokelela ulwazi olongezelelweyo, olukhokelela ekuhloliseni iimpendulo zokuziphatha kunye nezilingo.

Kuphando yokuziphatha-impendulo, abaphandi Nosondeza inkcazelo emfutshane iprojekthi yophando ecetywayo aze emva koko abuze imibuzo emibini:

• (Q1) "Ukuba umntu uthe uyikhathalele baba nxaxheba ngumgqatswa le yolingelo, ufuna ukuba umntu mazibandakanywe nxaxheba?": [Ewe], [andinamntu iinketho], [Akukho]
• (Umbuzo 2) "Ngaba uyakholelwa ukuba abaphandi kufuneka kuvunyelwa ukuba uqhubeke nale ukucikideka?": [Ewe], [Ewe, kodwa ngononophelo], [andiqinisekanga], [Akukho]

Ukulandela umbuzo ngamnye, abaphenduli banikwa isikhala apho bangazichazela iimpendulo zabo. Ekugqibeleni, abaphenduli-abanokuthi babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba okanye abantu abaqeshwe kwiimarike zomsebenzi ezincinci (umzekelo, i-Amazon Mechanical Turk) -yayiphendula imibuzo ethile ye-demographic (Schechter and Bravo-Lillo 2014) .

Uphando lwe-Ethics-response luneempawu ezintathu endizifumanayo ezithandekayo. Okokuqala, kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe isifundo, kwaye ngoko banokuthintela iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba uphando luqalise (ngokuchaseneyo neendlela ezijongene nokuphendula okungalunganga). Okwesibini, abaphenduliweyo ngokuphonononga ngokuziphatha ngokuqhelekileyo abaphengululi, kwaye oko kukunceda abaphandi bafunde ukufundiswa kwabo kuluntu. Ekugqibeleni, uphando olwenziwa ngokuziphatha lwenza abaphandi bakwazi ukufaka iinguqu ezininzi zeprojekthi yophando ukwenzela ukuvavanya ukulinganisela kokuziphatha kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo kwiprojekthi efanayo. Enye imingcipheko, nangona kunjalo, ukuphononongwa kwendlela yokuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo kukuba akucaci indlela yokwenza isigqibo phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zophando ezinikezelwe ngeziphumo zophando. Kodwa, naphezu kwezi mida, ukuhlolwa kwemigaqo-mpendulo kubonakala kuyincedo; Enyanisweni, i- Schechter and Bravo-Lillo (2014) ingxelo yashiya isifundo esicwangcisiweyo ngokuphendula iingxaki eziphakanyiswe ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-survey-response response.

Nangona uphando lweempendulo zokuziphatha lunokuba luncedo ekuhloleni impendulo kwiphando ecetywayo, abakwazi ukulinganisa ubunokwenzeka okanye ubunzima bezityalo ezimbi. Enye indlela abaphandi bezobugqirha abajongene ngayo nokungaqiniseki kwiimeko zokubeka ingozi kakhulu kukuqhuba izilingo zesiganeko -yindlela eya kuba luncedo kuluntu uphando oluntu. Xa uvavanya ukuphumelela kwesilwanyana esitsha, abaphandi abazange batyewule ngokukhawuleza kwisilingo esikhulu seklinikhi. Kunoko, baqhuba ezimbini iintlobo zezifundo kuqala. Ekuqaleni, kwisigaba sovavanyo, abaphandi bajolise ngakumbi ekufumaneni umthamo okhuselekileyo, kwaye ezi zifundo zibandakanya inani elincinci labantu. Emva kokuba i-dose ekhuselekileyo ichongiwe, izilinganiso zesigaba II zivavanya ukuphumelela kwesilwanyana; oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukusebenza kwimeko efanelekileyo kakhulu (Singal, Higgins, and Waljee 2014) . Kuphela emva kokuphunyezwa kwesigaba I no-II sele kugqityiwe isiza esitsha esivunyelwe ukuba sihlolwe kwisilingo esikhulu esilawulwayo. Nangona uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwezilingo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kwamachiza amatsha akunakulungele ukuphanda uphuhliso lweentlalo, xa bejamelene nokungaqiniseki, abaphandi bangakwazi ukuqhuba izifundo ezincinci zijolise ngokucacileyo kukhuseleko nokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, nge-Encore, unokucinga ukuba abaphandi baqala ngokuthatha inxaxheba kumazwe anomthetho oqinileyo.

Ngokubambisana, ezi ndlela ezine-umgangatho omncinci wobungozi, uhlalutyo lwamandla, uphando lweempendulo, ukuhlolwa kweendlela zokuziphatha, kunye nezilingo ezinokusetyenziswa-kunokukunceda ukuba uqhubeke ngendlela engacacanga, nangona ungaqinisekanga. Ukungaqiniseki mfuneko akukhokelela ekusebenziseni.