6.6.3 Ukuba bucala
Yabucaala banelungelo ukuhamba olufanelekileyo kolwazi.
Ummandla wesithathu apho abaphandi banokujamelana nabo bodwa . Njengoko i- Lowrance (2012) ibeka ngokucacileyo: "Ubumfihlo bufanele buhlonishwe kuba abantu bafanele bahlonishwe." Noko ke, imfihlo yinto engcolileyo (Nissenbaum 2010, chap. 4) , kwaye, ngoko, kunzima ukusebenzisa xa uzama ukwenza izigqibo ezithile malunga nophando.
Indlela eqhelekileyo yokucinga malunga nobumfihlo iyindawo yokuzimela yoluntu / yangasese. Ngale ndlela yokucinga, ukuba ulwazi lufikeleleke ngokubanzi, ngoko lunokusetyenziswa ngabaphandi abangenazo iinkxalabo malunga nokuphulwa kobucala babantu. Kodwa le ndlela ingaba neengxaki. Ngokomzekelo, ngoNovemba 2007, i-Costas Panagopoulos ithumele iileta malunga nokhetho oluzayo kubo bonke abantu kwiidolophu ezintathu. Kwiidolophu ezimbini-i-Monticello, iIowa kunye ne-Holland, iMichigan-Panagopoulos wathembisa / esongela ukupapasha uluhlu lwabantu abavotele kwiphephandaba. Kwesinye idolophu-uEly, Iowa-Panagopoulos wathembisa / wayesongela ukupapasha uluhlu lwabantu abangazange bavote kwiphephandaba. Ezi zonyango zenzelwe ukukhukhumeza kunye nehlazo (Panagopoulos 2010) ngenxa yokuba le mvakalelo ifunyenwe ukuba ithinte ukuguquka kwizifundo zangaphambili (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ulwazi malunga nabavoti kunye nabani na uluntu e-United States; nabani na ongayifumana. Ngoko, umntu unokuthetha ukuba ngenxa yokuba le nkcazelo yokuvota sele isesidlangalaleni, akukho nkinga kumphandi opapashayo kwiphephandaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, into ethile malunga nale mpikiswano iziva iphosakele kwabanye abantu.
Njengoko lo mzekelo ubonisa, i-dichotomy yoluntu / yangasese iyicala kakhulu (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . Indlela engcono ukuba bacinge malunga wedwa-nye ingakumbi enzelwe ukusingatha imiba ephakanyiswe lwedijithali kobudala na ingcamango ingqibelelo phantsi kwazo, (Nissenbaum 2010) . Esikhundleni sokuqwalasela ulwazi njengoluntu okanye oluzimeleyo, ingqibelelo yeemeko igxininise ukuhamba kweenkcukacha. Ngokutsho Nissenbaum (2010) , "ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese Nissenbaum (2010) lokufihla okanye ilungelo lokulawula kodwa ilungelo lokuhamba kakuhle kolwazi lomntu."
Ingcamango engundoqo ingxaki ingqibelelo OMFUTSHANE na imiqathango zolwazi umongo-ozalanayo (Nissenbaum 2010) . Le yimiqathango elawula ukuhamba kweenkcukacha kwisetyenzisi esithile, kwaye zizimisele ngamaparitha amathathu:
- abadlali (subject, ulwelo, abamkeli)
- iimpawu (iintlobo ulwazi)
- Imigaqo ukudluliselwa (nezithintelo phantsi apho ulwazi aqukuqela)
Ngaloo ndlela, xa umphandi unquma ukuba usebenzisa i-data ngaphandle kwemvume kuyakunceda ukubuza, "Ngaba le nto isebenzayo iphulaphule imimiselo yenkcazelo ehambelana nomxholo?" Ukubuyela kwimeko yePanagopoulos (2010) , kulo mzekelo, ukuba ngaphandle Umphandi opapasha uluhlu lwabavoti okanye abavumiyo kwiphephandaba kubonakala ngathi baphula imithetho yeenkcukacha. Oku mhlawumbi akunjalo ukuba abantu balindela ulwazi ukuhamba. Enyanisweni, uPanagopoulos akazange alandele ngesithembiso sakhe / isongelo kuba amagosa okhetho lonyulo awalandelele iileta aze amkhombise ukuba ayilona ngcamango enhle (Issenberg 2012, 307) .
Iingcamango zesimo esichaphazelekayo malunga nolwazi lunokukunceda ukuhlolisisa imeko endiyithethayo ekuqaleni kwesahluko ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni iifowuni zeefowuni zomnxeba ukulandelelana ukuhamba ngexesha loqhaqho lwe-Ebola eNtshona Afrika ngo-2014 (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Kule ndlela, umntu unokucinga ngeemeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo:
- Imeko 1: ngokuthumela epheleleyo data umnxeba log [wempawu]; ukuba oorhulumente ulwamkeleko engaphelelanga [abadlali]; ngokuba naluphi ucaphulo oluzayo ukusebenzisa [siseko zokuhambisa]
- Imeko 2: ukuthumela iingxelo ngokuyinxenye zingachazwa ukuba zezikabani [wempawu]; kubaphandi eyunivesithi ohloniphekileyo [abadlali]; ukuze zisetyenziswe ukuphendula Ebola ukuqhambuka kunye ngokuxhomekeke umveleli eyunivesithi iibhodi yokuziphatha [siseko zokuhambisa]
Nangona kwiimeko zombini zibiza umnxeba ziphuma kwiinkampani, imiqathango yolwazi malunga nale miba mibili ayifani efanayo ngenxa yokungafani phakathi kwabadlali, iimpawu kunye nemigaqo yokudlulisela. Ukugxininisa kwi-parameters kuphela kunokukhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe izigqibo ngokulula. Enyanisweni, i- Nissenbaum (2015) igxininisa ukuba akukho nanye yale parameters inokuncitshiswa kwabanye, kwaye akukho namnye kubo ongachaza imigaqo yolwazi. Ubume obuthathu bemiqathango yolwazi ichaza ukuba kutheni imizamo edlulileyo-ejolise kuyo nayiphi na impawu okanye imigaqo-mpahla-ayizange iphumelele ekuthatheni iingcinga eziqhelekileyo zobumfihlo.
Enye umngeni ngokusebenzisa umxholo wemimiselo enxulumene nesimo esichaphazelekayo ukukhokela izigqibo kukuba abaphandi abanako ukuzazi ngaphambi kwexesha kwaye banzima ukulinganisa (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Ngaphezu koko, nokuba uphando luya kuphula iinkcukacha ezihambelana nolwazi olunxulumene neemeko ezingathethi ngokuthe ngileyo ukuba uphando alufanele lwenzeke. Enyanisweni, isahluko 8 se- Nissenbaum (2010) siphelele ngokuphathelele "Ukuphulwa kwemithetho emihle." Naphezu kwezi ngxaki, Nissenbaum (2010) ndlela efanelekileyo yokuqiqa ngemibandela enxulumene nobumfihlo.
Ekugqibeleni, imfihlo yindawo apho ndibone ukungaqondani phakathi kwabaphandi ababeka phambili ukuhlonipha abantu kunye nalabo ababeka phambili ukuzuza. Cinga ngolu hlobo lomphandi woluntu lwempilo, ekuzameni ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, ngokubukela ngasese abantu abathabatha imvula. Abaphandi abajolise kwiNzuzo baya kugxininisa kwiingenelo kuluntu kuloluphando kwaye banokuthi bangabikho nzakalo kubathathi-nxaxheba ukuba umphandi wenza ukuhlola kwakhe ngaphandle kokufumanisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaphandi ababeka phambili ukuhlonipha abantu baya kugxininisa ekubeni umphandi akazange aphathe abantu ngenhlonipho kwaye unokuthi inkohlakalo yenziwe ngokuphula umthetho wabucala-nxaxheba, nokuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba bebengakwazi ukuhlola. Ngamanye amagama, kwabanye, ukuphulwa kweminye yemfihlo yabantu kuyingozi nakwayo.
Ekugqibeleni, xa ucinga malunga nobumfihlo, kunceda ukuhamba ngaphaya kwe-dichotomy ephakamileyo yoluntu / yangasese kunye nokucinga ngezikhundla zengcaciso ezihambelana nomxholo, ezenziwe ngamalungu amathathu: abadlali (umxholo, umthumeli, ummkeli), iimpawu (iindidi zolwazi), kunye nemigaqo yokudlulisela (imiqobo apho ulwazi luhamba khona) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Abanye abaphandi bavavanya ubumfihlo ngenxa yengozi engabangela ukuphulwa kwayo, kanti abanye abaphandi bajonga ukuphulwa kobucala njengento eyingozi nakwayo. Ngenxa yokuba iingcamango zobumfihlo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zedijithali zitshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, zihluka kumntu ukuya kumntu, kwaye ziyahlukahluka kwiimeko kwiimeko (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , ubuncwane bubunokuba ngumthombo wemigomo enzima yokucinga kubaphandi abathile ixesha elizayo.
