6.6.1 imvume esekelwe elwazini

Abaphandi kufuneka, unako, kwaye ulandele ulawulo: uhlobo imvume zophando ezininzi.

Imvume ekwazisiweyo ingcamango-siseko-abanye banokuthi kusondele ukuphosa (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) I-version elula kakhulu yokuziphatha ngophando ithi: "imvume evumelekileyo kuyo yonke into." Lo myalelo olula, nangona kunjalo, awuhambisani nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo, imigaqo yokuziphatha, okanye umenzi wophando. Kunoko, abaphandi bafanele, banako, kwaye balandele umgaqo obunzima kakhulu: "uhlobo oluthile lwemvume yeyona nkalo yophando."

Okokuqala, ukuze uhambise ngaphaya kweengcamango ezingapheliyo malunga nemvume enolwazi, ndifuna ukukuxelela ngokubanzi malunga nokuhlola kwimihlaba ukuhlola ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kule zifundo, abafake izicelo ezifakekileyo abaneempawu ezahlukileyo-bathi amanye amadoda kunye nabasetyhini-bafake izicelo zemisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Ukuba olunye uhlobo lomfaki sicelo luqeshwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, abaphandi banokugqiba ekubeni kukho ukucalulwa kwenkqubo yokuqesha. Ngeenjongo zesi sahluko, into ebaluleke kakhulu malunga nale mizamo kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kule mizamo-abaqeshi-abazange banikeze imvume. Enyanisweni, abathathi-nxaxheba bayakhohliswa ngokunyanisekileyo. Sekunjalo, ukuhlolwa kwenzalo ekuhloliseni ukucalulwa kukwenziwe ubuncinane kwiingxelo ezili-117 kumazwe angama-17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Abaphandi abasebenzisa iimvavanyo zentsimi ekufundeni ukucalulwa baye bafumanisa iinkalo ezine zezifundo, ezibambisene, zenze ukuba zivumeleke ngokusemthethweni: (1) ukulimala okungqalileyo kubaqeshi; (2) inzuzo enkulu yentlalontle yokuba nenqanaba elithembekileyo lokucalulwa; (3) ubuthathaka kwezinye iindlela zokulinganisa ulwaphulo-mthetho; kwaye (4) inyaniso yokuba inkohliso ayiphuli ngokucacileyo imimiselo yaloo miselo (Riach and Rich 2004) . Ngayiphi na le miqathango ibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ukuba ngaba kukho nawuphi na ongeke anelisekile, ityala lokuziphatha liya kuba nzima. Ezi zintathu zeempawu zifumaneka kwimigaqo yokuziphatha kwiBellmont Report: ingozi eyinqinci (Ukuhlonipha abantu kunye nokuzuza) kunye nenzuzo enkulu kunye nobuthathaka kwezinye iindlela (Ubungqina noBulungisa). Isigqibo sokugqibela, ukungafihli kwemigaqo yeemeko, sinokuvela kwi-Menlo Report Yokuhlonipha uMthetho noMdla woluntu. Ngamanye amazwi, izicelo zengqesho ziyimimiselo apho sele sele ilindele ukukhohlisa. Ngaloo ndlela, le mvavanyo ayiyikungcolisa indawo esebenzayo.

Ukongezelela kule ngxabano esekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo, ezininzi ze-IRB ziye zagqiba ukuba ukungabikho kwemvume kulezi zifundo kuhambelana nemithetho ekhoyo, ngokukodwa Umthetho oqhelekileyo §46.116, inxenye (d). Ekugqibeleni, iinkundla zase-US ziye zaxhasa ukungabikho kwemvume kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuqhetseba kwiimvavanyo zentsimi ukulinganisa ubandlululo (No. 81-3029. INkundla yeziBheno zaseMerika, iSekethe yesiSekethe). Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa kwimizamo yesimo ngaphandle kwemvume kuyahambelana nemigaqo ekhoyo ekhoyo kunye nemithetho ekhoyo (ubuncinane imithetho eMelika). Le ngcamango ixhaswe luluntu olubanzi loluntu uphando, iindidi ze-IRB, kunye neNkundla yeziBheno zase-US. Ngaloo ndlela, simele silahle umgaqo olula "imvume enolwazi kuyo yonke into." Lo akuwona umgaqo abaphandi abawulandelayo, kwaye akuyena omele bawulandele.

Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwe "imvume enolwazi kuyo yonke into" kushiya abaphandi ngombuzo onzima: Yiyiphi imfuno yemvume efunekayo kwiziphi iintlobo zophando? Ngokwemvelo, kukho impikiswano enkulu malunga nalo mbuzo, nangona uninzi lwawo lukwimeko yophando lwezokwelapha kwi-analog yobudala. Ukuqulunqa le ngxoxo, uNir Eyal (2012) ubhala:

"Le zomngcipheko ngoncedo, kokukhona ke a-nempembelelo aphezulu okanye olungqalileyo 'ukhetho ezibalulekileyo', kokukhona ke ixabiso-nisindwayo ahlawule, abucala kokukhona indawo emzimbeni ungenelelo nesikuchaphazela ngqo, ngakumbi eyayichasene babajongileyo weprakthishina, okukhona imfuneko imvume robust elwazini. Kwelinye izihlandlo, imfuneko elilungileyo kwaziswa imvume, kwaye ngenene, ngokuba kwemvume naluphi na uhlobo, into encinane. Kwezo zihlandlo, iindleko aphezulu ngokulula azizukunaka imfuneko. "[Ngaphandle ezicatshuliweyo zangaphakathi]

Ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kule mpikiswano kukuba imvume enolwazi ayikho konke okanye akukho nto: kukho iindlela ezinamandla kunye nobuthathaka. Kwezinye iimeko, imvume enolwazi olunzulu ibonakala iyimfuneko, kodwa kwabanye, iifom ezinqongqo zemvume zifanelekile. Emva koko, ndiza kuchaza izizathu ezintathu ezenza ukuba abaphandi bafumane nzima ukufumana imvume enolwazi, kwaye ndiza kuchaza iindlela ezimbalwa kwiimeko.

Okokuqala, ngamanye amaxesha ukucela abachaphazelekayo ukuba banikezele imvume enolwazi kunokunyusa ingozi abajongene nayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Encore, ukucela abantu abahlala phantsi koorhulumente abanxunguphayo ukuba banike imvume yokuba iikhomputha zabo zisetyenziswe ukulinganisa i-intanethi zingabangela ukuba abo bavumelanayo bengozi. Xa imvume ibangela umngcipheko ophezulu, abaphandi banokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi malunga nento abakwenzayo kuluntu kwaye ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baphume. Kwakhona, banokufuna imvume evela kumaqela achaza abathathi-nxaxheba (umzekelo, ii-NGOs).

Okwesibini, ngamanye amaxesha ukufumana imvume ngaphambi kokuba isifundo siqalise ukuphazamisa ixabiso lenzululwazi yesifundo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Contagion Emotional, ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba beyazi ukuba abaphandi bazama ukuvavanya imizwa, oku kunokutshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Ulwazi lokubamba inxaxheba kubathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye ukuwakhohlisa, aluqhelekanga uphando loluntu, ingakumbi kwiiyure zokuvavanya kwizengqondo. Ukuba imvume engaziwayo ingenakwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe isifundo, abaphandi banokuthi (kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo benze) abathathi-nxaxheba abachazayo emva kokufunda. Ukuxubusha ngokubanzi kubandakanya ukuchaza oko kwenzeka ngokwenene, ukulungiswa naluphi na ukuphazamiseka, nokufumana imvume emva kweqiniso. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ingxoxo malunga nokuba ukuxubusha kwiimvavanyo zentsimi kulungile, ukuba ukuxubusha kungabalimaza inxaxheba (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Okwesithathu, ngamanye amaxesha akunakwenzeka ukuba ufumane imvume enolwazi kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo ngokufunda kwakho. Ngokomzekelo, cinga umphandi othanda ukufunda i-Bitcoin blockchain (i-Bitcoin yi-crypto-currency kunye ne-blockchain yirekhodi kawonkewonke yazo zonke izinto ze-Bitcoin (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Ngelishwa, akunakwenzeka ukufumana imvume kubo bonke abasebenzisa iBitcoin kuba abaninzi bala bantu bengaziwa. Kule meko, umphandi angazama ukuqhagamshelana nesampuli yabasebenzisi beBitcoin aze abuze imvume yabo.

Ezi zizathu ezintathu ezenza ukuba abaphandi bangenakukwazi ukufumana umngcipheko wokungenwa kwemvume, ukunyanzelisa iinjongo zophando, kunye nokuncipha kwempahla-akuzona zizathu ezibangela ukuba abaphandi bakwazi ukufumana imvume enolwazi. Kwaye izimpendulo endizicebisayo-ukwazisa uluntu malunga nophando, ukuvumela ukuphuma, ukufuna imvume evela kumalungu esithathu, ukuxubusha, nokufuna imvume evela kwisampuli yabathathi-nxaxheba-akunakwenzeka kuzo zonke iimeko. Ngaphezu koko, nangona ezi ndlela zenzeke, zingenako ukufumana isifundo esifanelekileyo. Yiyiphi le mizekelo ibonisa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba imvume enolwazi ayikho konke okanye akukho nto, kwaye izicombululo zokudala zingaphucula ibhalansi yezobugcisa ezingenako ukufumana imvume epheleleyo evela kumaqela athile achaphazelekayo.

Ukuphetha, kunokuba "imvume yemvume yento yonke," abaphengululi kufuneka, banokwenza, balandele umgaqo onzima kakhulu: "uhlobo oluthile lokuvuma kwizinto ezininzi." Ukubonakaliswa ngokwemiqathango, imvume enolwazi ayikho imfuneko okanye ayikho Imigaqo yokuHlonipha abantu (Humphreys 2015, 102) . Ukuqhubela phambili, ukuhlonipha abantu ngumnye wemigaqo efuna ukulinganisela xa ihlola ukuziphatha komsebenzi; akufuneki ngokugqithiseleyo ukuxhamla Ubuncedo, Ubulungiswa, nokuhlonipha uMthetho noMdla woluntu, iphuzu eliphindwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngama-ethicists kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo (Gillon 2015, 112–13) . Ukubonakaliswa ngokwemiqathango yesimilo, imvume ekwazisiweyo yinto yonke yindawo ephezulu yokuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezifana neBhomu yexesha (jonga kwicandelo 6.5).

Okokugqibela, njengomcimbi enokwenzeka, ukuba ucinga ngokwenza uphando ngaphandle uhlobo imvume, ngoko umele wazi ukuba kwindawo ongwevu. Lumnka. Phinda ujonge ingxoxo esisemgangathweni abaphandi baye ukuze iqhube izifundo umfuniselo calulo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ingaba yokugwetyelwa yakho yomelele? Ngenxa imvume esekelwe elwazini ngundoqo iingcamango ezininzi bandlala ngokweenqobo, ufanele wazi ukuba uya kusenokwenzeka kubizwa ukuthethelela izigqibo zakho.