6.3 Digital yahlukile

Uphando loLuntu kweminyaka yedijithali uneempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngoko kuphakamisa imibuzo yeenqobo eyahlukeneyo.

Ngomlinganiso we-analog, uphando oluninzi lwezentlalo lusezingeni elincinci kwaye lusebenza ngaphakathi kweteti yemigaqo ecacileyo. Uphando lwezeNtlalo kwixesha ledijithali lihlukile. Abaphandi-kaninzi ngokubambisana neenkampani kunye noorhulumente-banamandla amaninzi ngaphezu kwabathathi-nxaxheba kunaphambili, kwaye imigaqo malunga nendlela okufuneka isetyenziswe ngayo amandla ayifakali. Ngamandla, ndithetha nje ukukwazi ukwenza izinto kubantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo okanye ukuqonda. Iintlobo zezinto abaphandi abazenzayo kubantu zibandakanya ukujonga ukuziphatha kwabo nokuzibhalisa kwiimvavanyo. Njengoko amandla abaphandi abagcina kunye nokuphazamisa, ukwanda kwangekho ukuchaneka ngokucacileyo malunga nokuba loo magunya kufuneka asetyenziswe njani. Enyanisweni, abaphandi kufuneka banqume indlela yokusebenzisa amandla abo ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo engahambelaniyo kunye nemigaqo, kunye nemigangatho. Le nhlanganisela yamandla anamandla kunye nezikhokelo ezingacacileyo zidala imeko ezinzima.

Isikhundla esinye samagcisa abaphandi abanayo ngoku ukujonga indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukuqonda kwabo. Abaphandi banokwenza oko okudlulileyo, kodwa kwixesha ledijithali, iqondo lihluke ngokupheleleyo, inyaniso eye yavakaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngabalandeli abaninzi bemithombo yolwazi emikhulu. Ngokukodwa, ukuba sisuka kwisikali somfundi ngamnye okanye uprofesa kwaye kunoko sicinge ngesilinganisi seenkampani okanye amaziko karhulumente apho abaphandi banokubambisana ngokubambisana-izinto ezinokuthi zithintekayo. Esinye isifaniselo esiyicinga ukuba abantu bacinge ngcamango yolu vavanyo lugxininiso . Ekuqaleni kucetyiswa nguJeremy Bentham njengokwakhiwa kweentolongo, i-panopticon isakhiwo sesetyhula kunye neeseli ezakhelwe ngaphaya kwinqaba yokulinda emfutshane (umfanekiso 6.3). Nabani na ohlala kule nqonga yokulinda bayakwazi ukugcina ukuziphatha kwabo bonke abantu emagumbini bengabonwa. Ngoko umntu enkundleni yokulinda ngumbono ongabonakaliyo (Foucault 1995) . Kwabanye abameli bezobucala, idijithali yobudala isisithumile entolongweni ye-panoptic apho iinkampani zobugcisa kunye noorhulumente bahlala bebukele kwaye behlaziya ukuziphatha kwethu.

Umzekeliso 6.3: Ukuyila ijele lase panopticon, okokuqala kucetyiswa nguJeremy Bentham. Ephakathi, kukho imboni engabonakaliyo onokujonga ukuziphatha komntu wonke kodwa akakwazi ukubonwa. Ukudweba nguWilley Reveley, 1791 (Umthombo: Wikimedia Commons ).

Ukuqhubela lo mzekeliso ngokukhawuleza, xa abaninzi abaphandi bezentlalo bacinga ngeminyaka yobudala, bacinga ukuba bangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwinqaba yokulinda, ukuziphatha okubhaliweyo nokudala isiseko sedata esingasetyenziselwa ukwenza zonke iintlobo zophando olubalulekileyo nolubalulekileyo. Kodwa ngoku, kunokuzicamngca kwintonga yokulinda, zibonele kwenye yeeseli. I-database yolwazi iqala ukubonakala ngathi nguPaul Ohm (2010) uye wabiza i- database yedonakalo , engasetyenziswa kwiindlela ezingafanelekanga.

Abanye abafundi beli ncwadi banenhlanhla ngokwaneleyo ukuba baphile kumazwe apho bathemba khona iimboni zabo ezingabonakali ukuba basebenzise idatha yabo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bazikhusele kubandezeli. Abanye abafundi abanalo inhlanhla, kwaye ndiqinisekile ukuba imiba ephakanyiswe ngongamela ngokubanzi iyacaca kubo. Kodwa ndikholelwa ukuba kubafundi abanenhlanhla kusekho nkxalabo ebalulekileyo ephakanyiswe ngongamela ngokubanzi: ukusetyenziswa kwesekondari okungalindelekanga . Okokuthi, isiseko sedatha esenziwe ngenjongo enye-kuthetha ukujoliswa kweentengiso-mhlawumbi olunye lunokusetyenziswa ngenjongo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo ombi wokusetyenziswa okwesibini olungalindelekanga kwenzeke ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili, xa idatha yoluntu yolwazi lwasetyenziselwa ukuququzelela uhlanga olwenzelwa amaYuda, amaRoma kunye nabanye (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Ababalo-mali abaqokelele idatha ngexesha loxolo babecinga ukuba babe neenjongo ezilungileyo, kwaye abemi abaninzi banethemba lokuba basebenzise idatha ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa, xa ihlabathi litshintshile-xa amaNazi afika emagunya-ezi nkcukacha zenza ukuba kusetyenziswe okwesibili ukungazange kulindeleke. Ngokukhawuleza, xa kukho i-database yolwazi olukhoyo, kunzima ukukulindela ukuba ubani onokufikelela kuyo nokuba uza kusetyenziswa njani. Enyanisweni, uWilliam Seltzer noMargo Anderson (2008) baye baxubusha amacala angama-18 apho iinkqubo zenkcukacha zoluntu ziye zabandakanyeka okanye zinokubandakanyeka ekusebenzisaneni kakubi kwamalungelo abantu (itafile 6.1). Ukongezelela, njengoko uSeltzer noAnderson bathi, olu luhlu ngokuqinisekileyo luyinto engathandabuzekiyo ngenxa yokuba ezininzi izenzo zokuxhaphazwa zihamba ngasese.

Abaphandi abaqhelekileyo bezenhlalakahle kakhulu, kude kakhulu nantoni na efana nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimigudu yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu ngokusetyenziswa kwesekondari. Ndikhethile ukuba ndixoxe ngawo, nangona kunjalo, kuba ndicinga ukuba kuya kunceda uqonde indlela abanye abantu abangayenza ngayo emsebenzini wakho. Masibuyele kwiprojekthi yokuThanda, iMicimbi, kunye nexesha, njengomzekelo. Ngokudibanisa kunye nedatha epheleleyo kunye ne-granular evela kwi-Facebook eneenkcukacha ezipheleleyo kunye ne-granular ezivela eHarvard, abaphandi babone umbono ocebileyo ngobomi bezentlalo kunye nenkcubeko yabafundi (Lewis et al. 2008) . Kwabaninzi abaphandi bezenhlalakahle, oku kubonakala ngathi i-database yolwazi, engasetyenziswa kakuhle. Kodwa kwabanye, kubonakala ngathi ukuqala kwedata lokuchitha, elingasetyenziselwa ngokungaqhelekanga. Enyanisweni, mhlawumbi yinto ebini.

Ukongeza kwi-mass surveillance, abaphandi-kwakhona ngokubambisana neenkampani kunye noorhulumente-banokungenelela ebomini babantu ukuze benze uvavanyo olulawulwa ngokungahleliwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Contagion Emotional, abaphandi babhalisa abantu abangama-700,000 kwisilingo ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukwaziswa kwabo. Njengoko ndichazwe kwisahluko 4, lolu hlobo lokubhalisa ngokufihlakeleyo abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo aluqhelekanga, kwaye alufunanga intsebenziswano yeenkampani ezinkulu. Enyanisweni, kwisahluko 4, ndakufundisa indlela yokwenza ngayo.

Ekujongeni kwamandla angaphezulu, abaphandi baxhomekeke kwimimiselo engahambelaniyo kunye nemigaqo, kunye nemigangatho . Omnye umthombo wokungahambelani kwinto yokuba ubuchule beminyaka yobudijithali buyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunemithetho, imithetho kunye nemigangatho. Ngokomzekelo, uMthetho oqhelekileyo (isethi yemigaqo elawula uphando oluninzi oluxhaswa ngemali e-United States) aluzange lushintshe kakhulu ukususela ngo-1981. Umthombo wesibini wokungahambelani kukuba iimilo malunga neengcamango ezingabonakaliyo ezifana nokuzimela ngasese ziyaqhubeka zixutyushwa ngabaphandi , abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nabasebenzi. Ukuba iingcali kule mimandla zikwazi ukufikelela kwisivumelwano esifanayo, asifanele silindele ukuba abaphandi okanye abathathi-nxaxheba benze njalo. Umthombo wesithathu kunye wokugqibela wokungahambelani kukuthi uphando lweminyaka yobudala lugxininiswe kwezinye iimeko, ezikhokelela kwimimiselo nemigaqo. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyanyiswa komzwelo kwakuyi-intsebenziswano phakathi kwenzululwazi yedatha kwi-Facebook kunye noprofesa kunye nomfundi ophumelele e-Cornell. Ngelo xesha, kwakuqhelekile kwi-Facebook ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokubeka iliso kumntu wesithathu, nje kuphela ukuba iimvavanyo zithobela imiqathango yenkonzo ye-Facebook. E-Cornell, imimiselo nemithetho zihluke kakhulu; malunga nawo onke amalinge kufuneka ahlaziywe yi-IRB yase-Cornell. Ngoko, yiyiphi imigaqo yemigaqo kufuneka ilawulwe i-emotionally contagion-Facebook okanye i-Cornell? Xa kukho imithetho engahambelaniyo kunye nemibandela, imithetho, kunye nemigangatho nokuba ngabaphandi abanentsingiselo abanokuthi bangenenkathazo yokwenza okulungileyo. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokungahambelani, kunokungabi nanye into efanelekileyo.

Ngokubanzi, ezi zimbini amandla okwandayo kunye nokungahambi kwesivumelwano malunga nokuba amandla kufuneka asetyenziswe-kuthetha ukuba abaphandi abasebenza kwixesha ledijithali baya kujongana nemingeni yokuziphatha yexesha elizayo. Ngethamsanqa, xa ujongene nale mingeni, akufuneki ukuba uqale ekuqaleni. Kunoko, abaphandi banokufumana ubulumko kwiimigaqo-nkqubo eziphambili kunye nezikhokelo, izihloko zamacandelo amabini alandelayo.