5.3.4 Isiphelo
Vula iifowuni kukuvumela ukuba ufumane izisombululo kwiingxaki oza kuzithetha ngokucacileyo kodwa ukuba awukwazi ukuzicombulula.
Kuzo zonke iiprojekthi-Netflix umnxeba evulekileyo emithathu Prize, Foldit, Peer-to-Patent-abaphandi ukubuzwa imibuzo kwifomu ethile, Abe izisombululo, waza wakhetha izisombululo ilungileyo. Abaphandi abazange bade kufuneka bazi ingcali ilungileyo ukubuza, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iingcamango ezilungileyo kwiindawo engalindelekanga.
Ngoku ndiyakwazi ukugqamisa ukungafani ezibini ezibalulekileyo phakathi kweeprojekthi zeefowuni ezivulekileyo kunye neeprojekthi zeenkomfa zabantu. Okokuqala, kwiiprogram ezivulekileyo umphandi ucacisa injongo (umzekelo, ukuqikelela ukulinganiswa kwee-movie), kanti ekubaleni komntu, umphandi uchaza i-microtask (umzekelo, ukuhlenga i-galaxy). Okwesibini, kwiifowuni ezivulekileyo, abaphandi bafuna igalelo elifanelekileyo-njenge-algorithm engcono yokuqikelela ukulinganiswa kwee-movie, ukulungiswa kwamandla kwiprotheyini, okanye udidi oluphambili lwezobugcisa-ngaphambili alukho inhlanganisela elula yazo zonke igalelo.
Ukunikezelwa kwethemplethi jikelele yeefowuni ezivulekileyo kunye nale mizekelo emithathu, zeziphi iintlobo zeengxaki ekuphandulweni kwezenhlalakahle ezifanelekile ezi ndlela? Kule ngongoma, ndimele ndivume ukuba akukho mizekelo emininzi ephumelelayo kodwa (ngenxa yezizathu ndiza kuzichazela emzuzwana). Ngokwezalathisi ezizodwa, umntu unokucinga ngetekisi evulekileyo yohlobo lwabahlobo olusetyenziswayo ngumcwaningi wembali okhangela uphando oluqala ukubhekisela kumntu othile okanye ingcamango. Indlela yovulo oluvulelekileyo kule ngxaki ingabaluleka ngakumbi xa amaxwebhu angenokuba afanelekileyo angabikho kwirekhodi elilodwa kodwa ahanjiswa ngokubanzi.
Ngokubanzi, oorhulumente abaninzi kunye neenkampani zinengxaki ezinokuthi zilungele ukuvula iifowuni kuba iifowuni ezivulekileyo zingenza izilungiso ezingasetyenziselwa izibikezelo, kwaye ezi zibikezelo zingabakhokelo esibalulekileyo kwisenzo (Provost and Fawcett 2013; Kleinberg et al. 2015) . Ngokomzekelo, njengoko i-Netflix ifuna ukuqikelela ukulinganiswa kwee-movie, oorhulumente bangathanda ukuqikelela iziphumo ezifana neendawo zokutya ezinokuthi zenze ukuphulwa kwekhowudi yempilo ukwenzela ukunika izixhobo zokuhlola ngokufanelekileyo. Ekhuthazwa yilo hlobo lwenkinga, u-Edward Glaeser kunye noogxa (2016) basebenzisa ikhwelo evulekileyo ukunceda iSixeko saseBoston sichaze ukucoceka kwendawo yokudlela kunye nokuphulwa kocociso olususela kwiinkcukacha ezivela kwi-Yelp ukuhlaziywa kunye nedatha yokuhlola imbali. Baqikelela ukuba imodeli yokulandelela eyalinayo ifowuni evulekileyo yayiza kuphucula umkhiqizo wabahloli beevenkile nge-50%.
Vula iifowuni zingasetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa nokuvavanya iindidi. Umzekelo, iFragile Families kunye ne-Child Wellbeing Study iye yalandelela abantwana abangama-5 000 ukususela ekuzalweni kwiidolophu ezili-20 ezahlukahlukeneyo zase-US (Reichman et al. 2001) . Abaphandi baye baqokelela idatha malunga naba bantwana, iintsapho zabo, kunye nemeko yabo ebanzi ekuzalweni kunye ne-1, 3, 5, 9, ne-15 ubudala. Ukunikezelwa ngcaciso yonke malunga naba bantwana, ngaba ngabaphandi bangachazela njani iziphumo ezinjengoba ngubani oza kuphumelela kwiikholeji? Okanye, kubonakaliswe ngendlela eya kuba yinto enomdla kubaphandi abathile, yiphi idatha kunye neengcamango eziza kusebenza kakuhle ekuqikelelweni kwezi ziphumo? Ekubeni akukho namnye wabantwana okwangoku abaneminyaka eyaneleyo yokuya ekolishi, oku kuza kubonakala kwangaphambili, kwaye kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo abaphandi abangasebenzisa. Umphandi okholelwa ukuba iindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo ekubunzeni iziphumo zobomi zingathatha enye indlela, ngelixa umphandi ojolise kwiintsapho angenza into ehluke ngokupheleleyo. Yiyiphi yale ndlela eya kusebenza kangcono? Asazi, kwaye kwinkqubo yokufumanisa, sinokufunda into ebalulekileyo malunga neentsapho, amakhelwane, imfundo kunye nokungalingani kwezentlalo. Ngaphezulu, ezi ziprofeto zingasetyenziselwa ukukhokela ukuqokelela idatha ezayo. Cinga ukuba kwakukho inani elincinci labafundi beekholejini abangazange baxelelwe ukuba baphumelele ngeyiphi na imizekelo; aba bantu babeza kuba ngabaviwa abafanelekileyo ukuba baxoxisane nabafundi kunye nokubonwa kwe-ethnographic. Ngaloo ndlela, kulolu hlobo lwefowuni evulekile, iziprofeto aziyikuphela; kunoko, banikeza indlela entsha yokuthelekisa, ukucebisa, nokudibanisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo lwefowuni oluvulekile aluyilo oluchanekileyo lokusebenzisa idatha ukusuka kwiFragile Families kunye neChild Wellbeing Study ukuqikelela ukuba ngubani oya kwikholeji; ingasetyenziselwa ukuxela nasiphi na isiphumo esiza kuqokelela ekugqibeleni kuyo nayiphi na i-longitudinal data set set.
Njengoko ndabhala kwangaphambili kweli candelo, akukho mizekelo emininzi yabaphandi bezenhlalo abasebenzisa iifowuni ezivulekile. Ndicinga ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba iifowuni ezivulekile azifanelekanga ngendlela ngendlela izazinzulu zentlalo zibuza ngayo imibuzo yazo. Ukubuyela kwi-Netflix Prize, izazinzulu zentlalo aziyi kubuza malunga nokuqikelela ukuthanda; Kunoko, babeza kubuza malunga nokuba njani kunye nokuba kutheni iintlobo zenkcubeko zihluke kubantu abavela kwiiklasi zentlalo ezahlukeneyo (bona umzekelo, Bourdieu (1987) ). Umbuzo othi "njani" kwaye "kutheni" umbuzo ungakhokeli kwisisombululo esinokuqinisekiswa ngokulula, kwaye ngoko kubonakala ngathi akufanelekile ukuvula ii-call. Ngaloo ndlela, kubonakala ukuba iifowuni ezivulekileyo zifanelekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwimibandela yokucacisa ngaphezu kwemibuzo yenkcazo . Nangona kunjalo, i-theorists yakutshanje, ziye zabiza izenzululwazi zentlalo ukuba zihlolisise ngokucacileyo i-dichotomy phakathi kwengcaciso kunye nokubikezela (Watts 2014) . Njengomgca phakathi kokuqikelela kunye neengcamango zenkcazo, ndilindele ukuba iifowuni ezivulekileyo ziya kuba zixhaphake ngokubanzi uphando loluntu.
