5.3.2 Foldit

Foldit ngumdlalo weprotein-folding owenza ukuba abangenazo iingcali bathathe inxaxheba ngendlela eyonwabileyo.

Umvuzo we-Netflix, ngelixa ukhuthaza kwaye ucacile, awubonakalisi uluhlu olupheleleyo lweeprojekthi zeefowuni ezivulekileyo. Umzekelo, kwiNtsalela ye-Netflix ininzi yabathathi-nxaxheba abathintekayo baneminyaka emine yoqeqesho kwimilinganiselo kunye nokufunda komatshini. Kodwa, iiprojekti zeefowuni ezivulekile zingabandakanyeka abathathi-nxaxheba abangenakho ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni, njengoko kuboniswe nguFoldit, umdlalo wokunyulela iprotheni.

Ukunyuselwa kweprotheni yinkqubo apho ukhenketho lwama-amino acids luba khona. Ngokuqonda okungcono le nkqubo, i-biologists iyakwakha iiprotheni ezinemilo ethile engasetyenziswa njengamayeza. Ukunciphisa iincinci, iiprotheni zivame ukufudukela kwindawo yazo ephantsi, ukucwangcisa okulinganisa iindidi kunye nokudonsa ngaphakathi kwiprotheni (umfanekiso 5.7). Ngoko, ukuba umphandi ufuna ukuchaza ubungqameko apho iprotheni iya kuyenza, isisombululo sizwakala silula: zama nje konke ukulungelelaniswa, ubale amandla abo, kwaye uqikelele ukuba iprotheni iya kufakwa kwi-configuration-energy energy. Ngelishwa, ukuzama konke ukulungelelaniswa okunokwenzeka kungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho iibhiliyoni kunye neebhiliyoni ezinokuqulunqwa. Nangona kukho iikhomputha ezinamandla kakhulu ezikhoyo namhlanje-kwaye kwixesha elizayo eliza kubonakala liza kusebenza. Ngoko ke, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zavelisa izixhobo ezinzulu zobungqina bokukhangela ngokufanelekileyo ukucwangciswa kwamandla aphantsi. Kodwa, nangona kuninzi kweemfuno zenzululwazi kunye nokuqhelanisa, ezi zilungiso zihlala zingaphelelanga.

Umzobo 5.7: Ukunyathela kwamaprotheni. Umfanekiso ohambelana ne "DrKjaergaard" / Wikimedia Commons .

UDavid Baker kunye neqela lakhe lophando kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington babeyinxalenye yoluntu lwezenzululwazi ezisebenzayo ukudala iindlela zokuqulunqa iprotheni. Kwiprojekti enye, i-Baker kunye nabo baququzelele inkqubo eyavumela amavolontiya ukuba anikeze ixesha elingasetyenzisiweyo kwiikhomputha zazo ukuze ancedise ukulinganisa iprotheni yokunyathela. Ngenxa yoko, amavolontiya ayenokubukela i-screensaver ebonisa ukunyathela kwamaprotheni okwenzeka kwikhompyutheni yabo. Zininzi zala mavolontiya zibhalela kuB Baker kunye noogxa bathi zicinga ukuba zinokuphucula ukusebenza kwikhompyutheni ukuba ziyakwazi ukuzibandakanya ekubaleni. Kwaye ke waqala uFoldit (Hand 2010) .

I-Foldit iphendulela inkqubo yeprotheni yokunyathela kumdlalo ongadlala ngumntu. Ukususela kumbono womdlali, iFoldit ibonakala iphazili (umfanekiso 5.8). Abadlali banikezwa ngentambo yesithathu ye-protein kunye nokwenza imisebenzi- "tweak," "bhinqa," "yakha kabusha" -yatshintsha indlela yayo. Ngokwenza le misebenzi yabadlali batshintshe umlo weprotheni, leyo yandisa okanye iyanciphisa amanqaku abo. Ngokuchanekileyo, amanqaku abalwa ngokusekelwe kumgangatho wamandla oqwalaselo lwangoku; ukulungiswa kwamandla aphantsi kwenza ukuba amanqaku aphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, amanqaku anokunceda abadlali njengoko befuna ukulungiswa kwamandla aphantsi. Lo mdlalo unokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa-nje ngokulinganisa ukulinganiswa kwe-movie kwi-Netflix-prote folding folding nayo imeko apho kulula ukujonga izisombululo kunokuzivelisa.

Umzobo 5.8: Ikhutshana leMidlalo yeFoldit. Yenzelwe imvume evela http://www.fold.it.

I-Foldit yoyilo ebonakalayo yenza ukuba abadlali abanolwazi olusemthethweni lwe-biochemistry bakwazi ukukhuphisana kunye neendlela ezilungelelaniso ezenziwe ziingcali. Nangona abaninzi abadlali bengabonakali kakuhle kulo msebenzi, kukho abadlali abambalwa kunye namaqela amancinci abadlali ababalaseleyo. Enyanisweni, kumncintiswano oyintloko kwentloko phakathi kwabadlali beFoldit kunye ne-state-of-art-algorithms, abadlali benza izicwangciso ezingcono kwiiproteti ezi-5 kuma-10 (Cooper et al. 2010) .

I-Foldit kunye ne-Netflix umvuzo ahluke ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa zombini zibandakanya iifowuni ezivulekileyo zokufumana isisombululo esilula ukujonga ngaphandle kokuvelisa. Ngoku, siza kubona isakhiwo esifanayo kwisinye isimo esiluhlukileyo: umthetho wephepha lobunikazi. Lo mzekelo wokugqibela weengxaki zefowuni evulekileyo kubonisa ukuba le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa kwizicwangciso ezingabonakaliyo ezinokuthi zenzeke kwi-quantification.