5.2.2 Isihlwele-ngokweekhowudi nkqubo ezopolitiko
Lweekhowudi yayo kwezopolitiko, into ngokokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ziingcali, no kwenziwa lisebe iprojekthi ekubaleni yoluntu ebangela reproducibility kunye jikwa.
Efana neGalaxy Zoo, kukho iimeko ezininzi apho abaphandi benzululwazi bafuna ukukhawuleza, ukukhetha, okanye ukutyalela umfanekiso okanye isicatshulwa. Umzekelo wolu hlobo lophando yinkcazo yemiboniso yezopolitiko. Ngexesha lonyulo, amaqela ezopolitiko avelisa ama-manifesto achaza izikhundla zabo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nezikhokelo zefilosofi. Ngokomzekelo, nasi isiqwenga se-Manifesto yeQumrhu loMsebenzi kwi-United Kingdom ukususela ngo-2010:
"Izigidi zabantu abasebenza kwiinkonzo zethu zoluntu bathwele amaxabiso ngeyona Britain, ukunceda ukuxhobisa abantu ukwenza inkoliso ubomi babo xa ebakhusela imingcipheko akufuneki ukuba awuthwale yedwa. Kanye njengokuba kufuneka ngesibindi malunga nendima karhulumente ekwenzeni iimarike ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kananjalo kufuneka ukuba sibe Abahlaziyi ngqindilili karhulumente. "
Ezi manifestos ziqulethe iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kwizenzululwazi zezopolitiko, ngakumbi abo bafunda ukhetho kunye neengqinamba zeengxoxo zengxoxo. Ukuze kucaciswe ngokuchanekileyo ulwazi oluvela kule miboniso, abaphandi bavelise iProjekthi yeManifesto, eqokelele ama-manifestos angama-4 000 kumaqela angama-1000 kumazwe angama-50 aze aququzelele izazinzulu zezopolitiko ukuba zikhokhise. Isivakalisi ngasinye kwi-manifesto ngasinye sasibhalwe yinkwenkwezi esebenzisa icebo lamaqela angama-56. Umphumo wale migudu yokusebenzisana yinkcazelo enkulu isishwankathela ulwazi olufakwe kule miboniso, kwaye le dataset isetyenzisiwe kumaphepha angama-200 esayensi.
UKenneth Benoit kunye noogxa (2016) banquma ukuthatha umsebenzi wekhowudi ye-manifesto eyayenziwe ngaphambili ngcali kunye nokuyenza ibe yiprojekthi yokuqulunqwa komntu. Ngenxa yoko, bakha inkqubo yokubhala ikhowudi ephindaphindekayo kwaye iguquguquke, ingathethi ngokuthengisa kwaye ikhawuleze.
Ukusebenza kunye nama-manifesto angama-18 ayenziwe ngethuba elithandathu lwakhethwa eUnited Kingdom, uBenoit kunye noogxa basebenzise isicwangciso sokudibanisa-sisebenzisana kunye nabasebenzi beemakethe zabasebenzi be-microtask (i-Amazon Mechanical Turk kunye neCrowdFlower yimizekelo yeemarike zentsebenziswano ezincinci; , bona iSahluko 4). Abaphandi bathatha i-manifesto nganye baze bahlule zibe izivakalisi. Emva koko, umntu usebenzise iskimu sokubhalisa kwisigwebo ngasinye. Ngokukodwa, abafundi bacelwa ukuba bahlule isigwebo ngasinye ngokubhekiselele kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho (ukushiya okanye kwesokudla), kumgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo (inkululeko okanye inonophelo), okanye akukho (umfanekiso 5.5). Isivakalisi ngasinye sasibhalwe ngabantu abangabahlanu abahlukeneyo. Ekugqibeleni, la manqaku ahlanganiswe esebenzisa imodeli yenkcazo eyenza ukuba iziphumo zomntu ngamnye kunye neziphumo zesigwebo. Kukho konke, uBenoit kunye noogxa baqokelela ama-200,000 amanqaku ukusuka kubantu abangaba ngu-1,500.
Umzobo 5.5: Iskimu Benoit et al. (2016) . Abafundi bacelwa ukuba bahlele isigwebo ngasinye ngokubhekiselele kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho (ngasekhohlo okanye ngakwesokudla), kumgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo (inkululeko okanye inonophelo), okanye kungabikho. Ukutshintshwa Benoit et al. (2016) , umfanekiso 1.
Ukuze kuhlolwe umgangatho weenkcukacha zabantu, uBenoit kunye nabalingane nabo babe neengcali ezili-10-abafundisi kunye nabafundi abaphumelele kwi-science-rate-rate yemirfestos efanayo esebenzisa inkqubo efanayo. Nangona izilinganiso ezivela kumalungu esihlwele zaziguquguqukayo kunokuba zilinganiselwa kwiingcali, ukulinganiswa kwesihlwele sinobuchule obuphawulekayo kunye nesilinganiselo sobungcali (umfanekiso 5.6). Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba, njenge-Galaxy Zoo, iiprojekthi zeenkomfa zabantu zingenza iziphumo eziphezulu.
Umzekeliso 5.6: Uqikelelo lweengcali ( \(x\) -axis) kunye nokuqikelelwa kwesihlwele ( \(y\) -axis) babesivumelwaneni esivakalayo xa kubhala i-manifest manifest 18 e-United Kingdom (Benoit et al. 2016) . Ama-manifestos akhawulwa ngamalungu amaqela ezombusazwe amathathu (ii-Conservative, Labor and Liberal Democrats) kunye noonyulo ezintandathu (1987, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005, no-2010). Ukutshintshwa Benoit et al. (2016) , isiqendu 3.
Ukwakhiwa kwesi siphumo, uBenoit kunye noogxa basebenzise inkqubo yabo yokubhala iincwadana ukuze benze uphando olungenakwenzeka kwinkqubo yoqhagamshelwano lweengcali ezisetyenziswa yiProjekthi yeManfesto. Ngokomzekelo, iProjekthi yeManifesto ayizange ikhombise i-manifestos ngesihloko sokufuduka ngenxa yokuba kwakungesiyo isihloko esibalulekileyo xa icebo lokubhalisa lwakhiwa phakathi kwee-1980. Kwaye, okwangoku, kungenakwenzeka ukuba iProjekthi yeManifesto ibuye iphinde ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ilandelelanise imbonakalo yazo. Ngoko ke, kuya kubonakala ukuba abaphandi abanomdla wokufunda iipolitiki zokufudukela kwamanye amazwe bangenanhlanhla. Nangona kunjalo, uBenoit kunye nabo basebenzisana nabo basebenzise inkqubo yabo yokuqulunqwa komntu ukwenza lo coding-customized question question-quickly and easily.
Ukuze bafunde umgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka, babhala i-manifestos kumaqela asibhozo kunyaka-jikelele ka-2010 e-United Kingdom. Isivakalisi ngasinye kwi-manifesto nganye sasibhalwe ngokubhekisele ukuba ingahambelana nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, nokuba kwakungokufudukela kwamanye amazwe, ukungathathi hlangothi, okanye ukuchasana nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Kwiiyure ezingama-5 zokuqalisa iprojekthi yabo, iziphumo zazingenayo. Baye baqokelela iimpendulo ezingaphezulu kwama-22,000 kwiindleko ezingama-360 zamaxabiso. Ngaphezulu, uqikelelo oluvela kwisihlwele lubonise isivumelwane esivakalayo kunye nophando lwangaphambili lweengcali. Emva koko, njengolu vavanyo lokugqibela, emva kweenyanga ezimbini, abaphandi baphinda bahlaziya izihlwele zabo. Ngethuba leeyure ezimbalwa, badale idatha yethimba elitsha elaliqhotyoshelweyo ngokuchanekileyo ngokulandelelaniswa kwedatha yabo ebhaliweyo. Ngamanye amagama, ukuhlaziywa komntu kwabakho ukuba bavelise iikhowudi zeetekisi zezopolitiko ezivumelene novavanyo lweengcali kwaye zaveliswa kwakhona. Ukongezelela, kuba ukulinganisa kwabantu kwakukhawuleza kwaye kungabizi, kwakulula kubo ukwenza ngokwabo ukuqokelela idatha yabo kumbuzo othile wophando malunga nokufuduka.
