5.4.1 eBird
I-eBird iqokelela idatha kwiinyoni ezivela kwiintaka zeentaka; Amavolontiya anokwenza isilinganisi esingazange silingane nethimba lophando.
Iintaka zikhona yonke indawo, kwaye i-ornithologists ingathanda ukwazi apho yonke inyoni ihlala kuyo yonke imzuzu. Ukunikezelwa kweedaset enjalo, i-ornithologists ikwazi ukujongana nemibuzo emininzi kwimida yabo. Ewe, ukuqokelela le nkcukacha kungaphezu kwelo nawuphi na uphando. Ngexesha elifanayo ukuba i-ornithologists inqwenela idatha ecebileyo kunye nokugqitywa kwedatha, "abahamba ngeentaka" -abantu abahamba ngeentaka bebukele ukuzonwabisa-bahlala bejonge iintaka kunye nokubhala oko bakubonayo. Ezi ndawo zimbini zinomlando omude wokubambisana, kodwa ngoku oku kubambisana kuye kwaguqulwa nge-digital age. I-eBird yiprojekti yokuqokelela idatha edluliselweyo ecela ulwazi kwiintaka ezijikelezayo kwihlabathi, kwaye sele sele ifumene iimboni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-260 ezivela kumaqela angama-250,000 (Kelling, Fink, et al. 2015) .
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-eBird, ininzi yedatha edalwe ngabenzi beentaka ayifumaneki kubaphandi:
"Kwiwaka lama-closets emhlabeni jikelele namhlanje unamaphepha amanqaku amaninzi, amakhadi ezalathisi, amanqaku okuhlola, kunye needayari. Abo bethu ababandakanyekayo kumaziko okuqhayisa bayazi kakuhle ukuphazamiseka kokuphulaphula ngokuphindaphindiweyo malunga 'neendleko zamadaka ezindiza zakusasazo' Siyazi ukuba bangabaluleka njani. Ngokubuhlungu kukuba, siyazi ukuba asikwazi ukuyisebenzisa. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Esikhundleni sokuba ezi nkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zihlala zingasetyenziswanga, i-eBird yenza abenzi beenqwelo-moya bawalayishe kwiziko leenkcukacha ze-digital. Idatha elayishiwe kwi-eBird iqulethe iindawo ezi-6 eziphambili: ngubani, phi, nini, yintoni inhlobo, ubuninzi, kunye nomzamo. Kubafundi ababengabhiyiyo, "umgudu" ubhekisele kwiindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukujonga. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yeenkcukacha kuqala ngaphambi kokuba idatha ilayishwe. Iinyoni zizama ukuhambisa iingxelo ezingavamile-ezifana neengxelo zeentlobo ezinqabileyo kakhulu, izibalo eziphezulu kakhulu, okanye iingxelo ezingaphandle kwexesha-zichongiwe, kwaye i-website icela ngokuzenzekelayo ulwazi olongezelelweyo, njengezithombe. Emva kokuqokelela le ngcaciso eyongezelelweyo, iingxelo ezichasiweyo zihanjiswe kwenye yekhulu leengcali zamavavolontiya zengqungquthela yokuphonononga kwakhona. Emva kokuphandwa ngongcali yengingqi-kubandakanywa kunye neenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo kunye ne-birder-iingxelo ezichaziweyo zilahlekelwa ngokungathembeki okanye zingene kwi-eBird database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Le nkcukacha yeemboniso ezicatshungulwayo zenziwa ukuba zifumaneke kunoma ubani kwihlabathi kunye noxhumano lwe-Intanethi, kwaye, ngoku, phantse iincwadi ezipapashwe ngongoma-100 ziye (Bonney et al. 2014) . I-eBird ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ii-volontiers ezikhuselekileyo ziyakwazi ukuqokelela idatha eyiluncedo kuphando lwe-ornithology langempela.
Enye yezobuhle zeBird kukuba ithatha "umsebenzi" osele uyenzeka-kule ngxaki, ibhola. Esi sici senza ukuba iphrojekthi iphumelele isixa esikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, "umsebenzi" owenziwe ngabenzi beentaka awuhambisani kakuhle nedatha efunwa ngabadlali be-ornithologists. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-eBird, ukuqoqwa kwedatha kunqunywe yindawo yabaseentaka, kungekhona indawo yeentaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba, (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling, Fink, et al. 2015) Ukongezelela kokusabalalisa okungafaniyo kwimizamo phezu kwendawo, ukuqwalaselwa okwenziwe ngabenzi beentaka akusiyo yonke indawo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintaka zilayishe kuphela ulwazi malunga neentlobo ezithandayo, kunolwazi malunga nazo zonke iintlobo abazibona.
Abaphandi ba-eBird banezicombululo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kule micimbi yekhwalithi ye-data-izisombululo ezinokuba luncedo kwezinye iiprojekthi zokuqokelela idatha. Okokuqala, abaphandi baBird bazama rhoqo ukuphucula umgangatho wolwazi olufakwe ngabasendle. Umzekelo, i-eBird inikela ngemfundo kubathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye idale iziboniso zedatha nganye yabathathi-nxaxheba ukuba, ngokuyilo lwabo, bakhuthaze abafaki beenkwenkwezi ukuba balayishe ulwazi malunga nazo zonke iintlobo abazibonayo, kungekhona nje into enomdla (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Okwesibini, abaphandi baBird basebenzisa imizekelo yokubala ezama ukulungisa uhlobo oluthile lwenkqantosi kunye nolunye uhlobo lweenkcukacha eziluhlaza (Fink et al. 2010; Hurlbert and Liang 2012) . Akukacaci ukuba ngaba oomatshini benani-niselo bekhenxisa ngokupheleleyo i-bias, kodwa i-ornithologists inokuzithemba ngokwaneleyo kumgangatho we-eBird idatha echitshiweyo, njengoko sele ikhankanywe ngasentla, le nkcukacha sele isetyenziswe kwimifanekiso engama-100 edluliselwe kwiinkcukacha zenzululwazi.
Abaninzi abangaboniyo i-ornithologists ekuqaleni baxakeka kakhulu xa beva ngeBird ngokokuqala ngqa. Ngokombono wam, inxalenye yale ntsingiselo ivela ekucingeni ngeBird ngendlela engafanelekanga. Abantu abaninzi baqala ukucinga "Ngaba idatha ye-eBird igqibelele?", Kwaye impendulo "ayiyiyo yonke into." Noko ke, loo mbuzo awunjalo. Umbuzo ofanelekileyo "Ngemibuzo ethile yophando, ngaba i-eBird idatha engcono kunokuba idatha ye-ornithology?" Ngaloo mbuzo impendulo "yebo ewe," inxalenye yokuba imibuzo enomdla-njengemibuzo malunga nokufuduka kwexesha elide -Kungekho ezinye iindlela ezichanekileyo zokuhambisa ukwaziswa kwedatha.
Iprojekthi ye-eBird ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubandakanya amavolontiya ekuqokelelweni kwedatha ebalulekileyo yesayensi. Nangona kunjalo, i-eBird, kunye neeprojekthi ezihambelanayo, zibonisa ukuba imingeni ephathelene nesampulu kunye nobungakanani bwedatha yiinkxalabo malunga neeprojekthi zokuqokelela idatha. Njengoko siza kubona kwicandelo elilandelayo, nangona kunjalo, ngobuqili kunye nobuchwephesha obuqilileyo, ezi ngxaki zingancitshiswa kwezinye izicwangciso.
