3.3.2 Umlinganiselo

Ukulinganisa kukuthethelela oko abaphenduli bakho bacinga kwaye bakwenze oko bathethayo.

Ukongezelela kwiingxaki zokumelwa, isakhelo sesiphumo sophando sisonke sibonisa ukuba umthombo wesibini owona mkhulu uphotho : indlela esenza ngayo izimpendulo kwiimpendulo eziphendulwa ngabaphenduli. Kubonakala ukuba iimpendulo esizifumanayo, kwaye ngoko ke ukungqinelana kwethu esizenzayo, kunokuxhomekeke ekugxileni-kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iindlela ezimangalisayo-ngendlela esizicelayo ngayo. Mhlawumbi akukho nto ibonisa le ngongoma ebaluleke ngakumbi kunokuba ihlaya kwincwadi enhle Ukubuza imibuzo nguNorman Bradburn, uSeymour Sudman, kunye noBrian Wansink (2004) :

Ababingeleli amabini, Dominican kunye wamaJesuit, axoxa ukuba kusisono sokutshaya athandaze ngexesha elinye. Emva ngokusilela ukufikelela kwisigqibo, elowo ahambe ukudibana zingaphezu yakhe ezichaphazelekayo. EDominican uthi, "Yintoni uluvo lwakho esongamileyo?"

The wamaJesuit aphendule, "Uthe kusini na."

"Ngumnqa" eDominican uphendula athi, "Umphathi wam uthe isono."

The wamaJesuit Wathi, "Yintoni na bamcelayo?" The Dominican uphendula athi: "Ndambuza ukuba oko kusini utshaye xa ethandaza." "Owu" wathi umKatolika, "Ndambuza ukuba kuyinto ukuthandaza xa ukutshaya."

Ngaphandle kwesi shwayilo esithile, uphando lwabaphandi lubhalile iindlela ezininzi zokufunda ukuba oko ufundayo kuxhomekeke kwindlela obuza ngayo. Enyanisweni, loo mbandela kwingcambu yale ntlanzi inegama kwigama lophando lophando: iziphumo zemibuzo yombuzo (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Ukubona indlela impendulo yefom ingayichaphazela ngayo uphando lwangempela, qwalasela le mibuzo emibili ekhangeleka ngokufanayo:

• "Ingaba uyavumelana nale ngxelo ilandelayo: Abantu kakhulu ukuba ityala ngaphezu iimeko zentlalo ngolwaphulo-mthetho kweli lizwe."
• "Kangakanani uyavumelana mazwi alandelayo: iimeko zentlalo zi ukuba ityala kunokuba abantu ngolwaphulo-mthetho kweli lizwe."

Nangona zombini imibuzo ibonakala ilinganisa into efanayo, ivelise iziphumo ezahlukileyo kwi-survey yangempela (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Xa bekuceliwe enye indlela, malunga nama-60% wabaphenduli babika ukuba abantu ngabaninzi babeka ityala ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa xa bebuzwa ngenye indlela, malunga ne-60% babike ukuba iimeko zentlalontle zazigxeka (umzekeliso 3.3). Ngamanye amazwi, umahluko omncinane phakathi kwezi mibuzo zibini kunokukhokelela abaphandi kwisigqibo esithile.

Umzekeliso 3.3: Iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo lovavanyo olubonisa ukuba abaphandi banokufumana iimpendulo ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela abacele ngayo umbuzo. Uninzi lwabaphenduli bavuma ukuba abantu banokubeka ityala ngaphezu kweemeko zentlalo yolwaphulo-mthetho nokungabi namthetho. Kwaye ininzi lwabaphendulayo lavumelana ngokubhekiselele: ukuba iimeko zentlalontle zixanduva kunabantu. Ukutshintshwa kwi- Schuman and Presser (1996) , itafile 8.1.

Ukongeza kwisakhiwo sombuzo, abaphenduli banokunika izimpendulo ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kumagama athile asetyenziswayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukwenzela ukulinganisa izimvo malunga nezinto eziphambili kwiimfuno zikaRhulumente, abaphenduli bafundwa oku kulandelayo:

"Siza sijamelene neengxaki ezininzi kweli lizwe, akukho apho ingasombululwa ngokulula okanye engatyi. Ndiza igama ezinye zezi ngxaki, kwaye ngamnye ndingathanda ukuba undixelele ukuba ucinga ukuba siya ukuchitha imali eninzi kakhulu kuyo, imali encinane kakhulu, okanye malunga ekunene imali. "

Emva koko, isiqingatha sabaphenduli babuzwa malunga "nenhlalakahle" kunye nesiqingatha babuzwa malunga "nokunceda abahlwempuzekileyo." Nangona ezi zibonakala ngathi zinamagama amabini ahlukeneyo into efanayo, zenze iziphumo ezahlukeneyo (umhlathi 3.4); Abantu baseMerika banika inkxaso kakhulu "kuncedo kubantu abahluphekileyo" kunokuba "inhlalakahle" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) .

Umzekeliso 3.4: Iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo lovavanyo olubonisa ukuba abaphenduli bancedisa kakhulu "uncedo kwabampofu" kunokuba "intlalontle." Lo ngumzekelo wempendulo yombuzo apho iimpendulo abaphandi abafumanayo zixhomekeka kwiiyiphi amagama abazisebenzisayo yabo mibuzo. Ukutshintshwa kwi- Huber and Paris (2013) , itafile ye-A1.

Njengoko le mizekelo malunga nempembelelo yefomu yombuzo kunye nemiphumo yokubonisa igama, iimpendulo abaphandi abazifumanayo zingathonyelwa indlela ababuza ngayo imibuzo yabo. Le mizekelo ngamanye amaxesha aqhuba abaphandi bazibuze ngeendlela "ezichanekileyo" zokubuza imibuzo yabo yophando. Nangona ndicinga ukuba kukho iindlela ezimbi zokubuza umbuzo, andicinga ukuba kukho enye indlela echanileyo. Okokuthi, akusobala ukuba kulungile ukubuza malunga "nenhlalakahle" okanye "uncedo kwabampofu"; Le mibuzo emibili eyahlukileyo echaza izinto ezimbini ezihlukeneyo malunga neengqondo zabaphenduli. Le mizekelo ngamanye amaxesha kukhokelela abaphandi ukuba bagqibe ukuba uphando alufanele lusetyenziswe. Ngelishwa, ngamanye amaxesha akukho nto inokukhetha. Endaweni yoko, ndicinga ukuba isifundo esifanelekileyo ukususela kule mizekelo kukuba kufuneka sakha imibuzo yethu ngokucophelela kwaye akufanele simkele iimpendulo ngokungabalulekanga.

Ngokugqithiseleyo, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba uhlalutya idatha yolwazi oluqokelelwe ngumnye umntu, qiniseka ukuba ufunde le mibuzo. Yaye ukuba udala i-questionnaire yakho, ndinemicebiso emine. Okokuqala, ndincoma ukuba ufunde ngokubanzi malunga nokuqulunqwa Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) (umzekelo, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); kukho okungakumbi kunokuba ndikwazi ukuchaza apha. Okwesibini, ndincoma ukuba ukopishe-igama ngamagama-magama ukusuka kuphando oluphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukubuza abaphenduli malunga nobuhlanga / ubuhlanga, unokuyikopisha imibuzo esebenzayo kwiingxelo zikaRhulumente ngokubanzi, ezifana nokubalwa kwabantu. Nangona oku kungathi kunjenge-plagiarism, ukukopisha imibuzo kukhuthazwa uphando lophando (ngokukhawuleza ukuba ucacisa uphando lwangaphambili). Ukuba ukopisha imibuzo ukusuka kuphando oluphezulu, unokuqiniseka ukuba baye bavavanywa, kwaye unokuqhathanisa iimpendulo kwiphononongo yakho kwiimpendulo ukusuka kwezinye iincwadi. Okwesithathu, ukuba ucinga ukuba i-questionnaire yakho ingaba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo yemibuzo yombuzo okanye impembelelo yefomu yombuzo, unokuqhuba uphando lovavanyo apho isiqingatha sabaphenduli sithola enye inguqu yombuzo kunye nesiqingatha sithole enye inguqulo (Krosnick 2011) . Ekugqibeleni, ndincoma ukuba uqhube umqhubi-vavanya imibuzo yakho nabanye abantu ukusuka kwisiqalo sakho sabantu; uphando lwabaphandi lubita le nkqubo ngaphambi kokuvavanywa (Presser et al. 2004) . Amava am kukuba ukuba uphando lokuqala ngaphambi kokuvavanya luncedo kakhulu.