3.6.1 Ukuphucula ukucela

Ekucebiseni okucebileyo, idatha yophando yenza ukwakha umongo malunga nomthombo omkhulu wedatha oqulethe imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo kodwa engenalo abanye.

Enye indlela yokudibanisa idatha yophando kunye nemithombo yolwazi emikhulu yinkqubo endiyibiza ngokuba neyona nto ifuna ukuyisebenzisa . Ekubuzeni okucebileyo, umthombo omkhulu wedata uqulethe imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo kodwa awunamanqanaba athile ukuze umphandi aqokelele le milinganiselo engekhoyo kwisaveyi aze adibanise imithombo emibini yedatha. Omnye umzekelo wokuphuculwa kokubuza kukufundwa Burke and Kraut (2014) malunga nokuba ukusebenzisana kwi-Facebook kwandisa amandla omhlobo, endichazile kwicandelo 3.2). Kwimeko apho, uBurke noKraut badibanisa idatha yesazi kunye nedatha ye-log log.

Isimo apho uBurke noKraut babesebenza khona, nangona kunjalo, kwakuthetha ukuba akufuneki ukujongana neengxaki ezimbini ezibini abaphandi abazenzayo abacebisa ukubuza ngokubhekiselele. Okokuqala, ngokuqinisekileyo ukudibanisa kunye neeseti zedatha yamanani, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yinkampani yokuxhuma , ingaba nzima ukuba akukho ncwadana ecacileyo kwimithombo yomnatha engayisebenzisayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba irekhodi elungileyo kwisethi yedatha enye lihambelana nerekhodi elungileyo kwelinye idasethi. Ingxaki yesibini eyona nto ebalulekileyo ngokubuza okuphuculweyo kukuba umgangatho wemithombo yedatha enkulu iya kuba nzima kubaphenyi ukuvavanya kuba inkqubo eyadalwa ngayo idatha ingaba yipropati kwaye ingaba neengxaki ezininzi ezininzi ezichazwe kwisahluko 2. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuphuculwa kokubuza kuya kubakho ukubandakanya ukudibanisa ukuphosakela kwamaphando kwimithombo yamagama ebhokisi emnyama yekhwalithi engaziwayo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, ukuphuculwa kokubuza kungasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba uphando olubalulekileyo, njengoko kuboniswa nguStefano Ansolabehere no-Eitan Hersh (2012) kuphando lwabo malunga neendlela zokuvota e-United States.

Ukuvota ukuvota kuye kwaba yinkalo yophando olunzulu kwizenzululwazi zezopolitiko, kwaye, ngexesha elidlulileyo, ukuqonda kwabaphandi ngabavoti kwaye kutheni ngokubanzi kusekelwe ekuhlalutheni idatha yesazi. Ukuvota e-United States, nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kuba urhulumente ubhala ukuba ngaba ummi ngamnye uvotele (eqinisweni, urhulumente akabhalisanga ukuba ngabavoti abemi ngamnye). Kwiminyaka emininzi, ezi rekhodi zokuvota zikarhulumente zifumaneke kwiifom zephepha, ezazisasazeka kwiiofisi ezahlukeneyo zorhulumente wengingqi kulo lonke ilizwe. Oku kwenza kube nzima kakhulu, kodwa akunakwenzeka, ukuba izazinzulu zezopolitiko zibe nomfanekiso opheleleyo wabakhethiweyo kwaye ziqhathanise oko abantu bathi kwiipheno malunga nokuvota ngokuziphatha kwabo okuvota (Ansolabehere and Hersh 2012) .

Kodwa ezi rekhodi zokuvota sele zichongiwe, kunye neenkampani ezizimeleyo ziqokelele kwaye zidibanise ukuvelisa iifayile ezipheleleyo zokuvota eziqulethe ukuziphatha kokuvota kwabo bonke abantu baseMerika. U-Ansolabehere noHersh babambisana nenye yale nkampani-iCatalist LCC-ukuze isebenzise ifayile yabo yokuvota yokunceda ukuphuhlisa umfanekiso ongcono wabakhethiweyo. Ukuqhubela phambili, ngenxa yokuba isifundo sabo sithembele kwiirekhodi zedijithali eziqokelelwe kwaye zinyanzeliswe yinkampani eyayityala imali eninzi ekuqokelelelweni kwedatha nasekuhambisaneni, inika inzuzo eninzi kwimigqaliselo yangaphambili eyayenziwe ngaphandle kweenkampani kunye nokusebenzisa iirekhodi ze-analog.

Njengemithombo emininzi yolwazi kwisahluko sesi-2, ifayile yeCatalist ayizange iquke inkqubela yabantu, i-attitudinal, kunye nezolawulo zokuziphatha ezenziwa ngu-Ansolabehere no-Hersh. Enyanisweni, babenomdla ngakumbi ekuthelekiseni ukuziphatha kokuvota okubiweyo kwiseshoni kunye nokuziphatha okuvakalayo okuvota (oko kukuthi, ulwazi kwi-database yaseCatalist). Ngoko u-Ansolabehere noHersh baqokelela idatha ababeyifunayo njengoluphando olukhulu loluntu, i-CCES, ekhankanywe ngaphambili kwesi sahluko. Emva koko banikela idatha yabo kwiCatalist, kwaye iCatalist yababuyisa kwakhona ifayile yedatha edibeneyo ebandakanya ukuziphatha okuvota okuvakalayo (ukusuka kwiCatalist), ukuziphatha kokuvota ngokuzimela (ukusuka kwiCCES) kunye neenkcukacha zabantu kunye nezimo zengqondo zabaphenduli (ukusuka kwiCCES) (umfanekiso 3.13). Ngamanye amazwi, i-Ansolabehere ne-Hersh badibanisa idatha yeevoti yokuvota kunye nedatha yesaziso ukwenzela ukwenza uphando olungenakwenzeka kunye nomthombo wolwazi ngabanye.

Umzobo 3.13: Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) sokufunda ngo- Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) . Ukudala iifayile zedatha, iCatalist iyadibanisa kwaye ivumelanise ulwazi oluvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo yokudibanisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yinyameko, iza kubhengeza iimpazamo kwimithombo yolwazi yangaphambili kwaye iza kuzisa iimpazamo ezintsha. Umthombo wesibini weeposiso kukudibanisa irekhodi phakathi kwedatha yophando kunye neefayile zedatha. Ukuba wonk 'umntu unesibonakaliso esicacileyo, ekhethiweyo kwimithombo yomibini yedatha, ukuxhunywa kuya kuba yincinci. Kodwa, isiCatalist kwakudingeka senze ukuxhamla ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane ezingapheleleyo, kweli gama igama, ubulili, unyaka wokuzalwa kunye nedilesi yasekhaya. Ngelishwa, amaninzi amaninzi ayenakho ukungazalisi okanye ulwazi olungachanekanga; umvoti ogama lakhe linguHomer Simpson unokubonakala ngathi nguHomer Jay Simpson, uHomie J Simpson, okanye noHomer Sampsin. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba iziphene kwiifayile ze-Catalist masterfile kunye neephene kwi-rekhodi yokuxhuma, u-Ansolabehere no-Hersh bakwazi ukuzithemba ngokweenkolelo zabo ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola.

Ngefayili yabo yedatha edibeneyo, u-Ansolabehere noHersh bafika kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezintathu. Okokuqala, ukunika ingxelo ngokugqithiseleyo kokuvota kuqhubekile: malunga nesiqingatha sabangabonayo ukuvota, kwaye ukuba umntu uvakalise ukuvota, kukho ithuba elilodwa kuphela lokuba bavotelwe. Okwesibini, ukunika ingxelo ngokugqithisileyo akungalindelekanga: ukugqithisa kwengxelo kuninzi ngokuqhelekileyo kwimali engenayo ephezulu, efundiswe kakuhle, inxaxheba kwimiba kawonkewonke. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abanokuvota nabo banakho ukuthetha amanga ngokuvota. Okwesithathu, kwaye ngokugqithiseleyo, ngenxa yendlela echanekileyo yokunika ingxelo, ukungafani okwenene phakathi kwabavoti kunye nabangenayo i-nonvoters bancinci kunokuba babonakale nje kwiiphando. Ngokomzekelo, abo abanesiganga se-bachelor degree malunga nama-22 eepesenti ngamathuba amaninzi okuba bavakalise ukuvota, kodwa iipesenti ezili-10 kuphela ezingaphezulu zokuvota. Kuye kwenzeka, mhlawumbi akumangalisi ukuba iikhosi ezikhoyo ezixhomekeke kwimithombo yokuvota zibhetele ngakumbi ekuqikeleleni ukuba ngubani oya kubika ukuvota (yintoni idatha abaphandi abasetyenziswe ngayo ngaphambili) kunokuba baqikelele ukuba ngubani ovoti ngokwenene. Ngaloo ndlela, ukufunyanwa kwe- Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) ukufunyanwa Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) kubiza iinkolelo ezintsha ukuqonda nokuqikelela ukuvota.

Kodwa sifanele sithembe kangakanani le miphumo? Khumbula, ezi ziphumo zixhomekeka kwi-error-prone edibanisa nedatha yebhokisi emnyama kunye nemali engaziwayo yephutha. Ngokukodwa, iziphumo zixhomekeke kumanyathelo abalulekileyo abalulekileyo: (1) ubuchule beCatalist ukudibanisa imithombo emininzi yedatha engafaniyo ukuvelisa iifayile zolwazi oluchanekileyo kunye (2) nokukwazi kweCatalist ukudibanisa idatha yesava kwiifayile zayo zeenkcukacha. Ngamanye amanyathelo kunzima, kwaye iimpazamo kwisiphi na isinyathelo singakhokelela abaphandi kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukucwangciswa kwedatha kunye nokudibanisa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubekeni kweCatalist njengenkampani, ngoko unokutshala imali ekujonganeni nale ngxaki, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinqanaba elingazange lilingane nomphenyi. Kwiphepha labo, u-Ansolabehere noHersh bahamba ngamanqanaba amanani ukujonga iziphumo zala mabini mathathu-nangona abanye babo bebunikazi-kwaye oku kuhlolwa kunokuba luncedo kwabanye abaphandi abanqwenela ukudibanisa idatha yolwazi kwi-bhokisi ebomvu enkulu idatha kwimithombo.

Ziziphi izifundo eziqhelekileyo abaphandi abanokuzifumana kulolu phofu? Okokuqala, kukho ixabiso elikhulu kakhulu ekuphuculeni imithombo ekulu yolwazi kunye nolwazi lwenzululwazi kunye nokuphucula idatha yolwazi kunye nemithombo emikhulu yolwazi (ungayibona le ncwadana indlela). Ngokudibanisa le mibini imithombo yedatha, abaphandi bakwazi ukwenza into eyayingenakwenzeka ngabanye ngabanye. Isifundo sesibini sesiqhelekileyo kukuba nangona kunjalo, imithombo yedatha yezoshishino, njengedatha esuka kwisiCatalist, ayifanele ithathwe ngokuthi "inyaniso yomhlaba," kwezinye iimeko, inokusetyenziswa. Abanye abaxolisayo baqhathanisa umthombo wenkcukacha, kunye neNyaniso epheleleyo kunye nokubonisa ukuba le mithombo yolwazi iyancipha. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, abaxolisayo benza ukuthelekiswa okungafanelekanga: yonke idatha abaphandi basebenzisa ukusilela kwiNyaniso. Kunoko, kungcono ukuthelekisa imithombo yedatha yezoshishino kunye neminye imithombo yolwazi efumanekayo (umz., Ukuziphatha ngokuzivocavoca), okusoloko kukho iimpazamo. Ekugqibeleni, isifundo sesithathu sesiganeko se-Ansolabehere kunye noHersh sifundo kukuba kwezinye iimeko, abaphandi banokuzuza kwiimali-mali ezininzi ezenziwa ngabakhweli abazimeleyo ekuqokeleleni nasekuhambiseni izixhobo zeenkcukacha zoluntu.