hlalosang ka ho eketsehileng

Karolong ena e reretsoe ho sebelisoa e le ya referense eo e neng e e-na le ho bala e le phetoang.

• Selelekela (Karolo 6.1)

Research e amang melao e ka tloaelo boetse e akarelletsa lihlooho tse kang tsena bomenemene libuka tsa saense le kabo ya mokitlane. Litaba tsena li tšohloa ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane Engineering (2009) .

khaolong ena e matla e bōpehileng joaloka ke boemo ba United States. Bakeng sa ka mekgwatshebetso ya boitshwaro tekolo botjha linaheng tse ling, sheba Khaolo ea 6, 7, 8, le ea 9 Desposato (2016b) . Etsoe khang hore ea biomedical melao-motheo ea boitshwaro tse susumetsoa khaolong ena e le feteletseng American, sheba Holm (1995) . Bakeng sa ho lekolwa botjha histori ea Institutional Review Boards ka US, sheba Stark (2012) .

The Report Belmont le melawana morago ga moo e ka US entse phapang pakeng tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho itlhakisa. Phapang ena e 'nile ea tšoauoa liphoso o ile (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Ha ke etse hore phapang ena khaolong ena hobane ke nahana hore melao-motheo ea maitshwaro le moralo wa etsa kopo ho di-setting ka bobeli. Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le bolebeli liphuputso Facebook, sheba Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Bakeng sa tshisinyo bolebeli liphuputso dikhamphani le mekhatlo e ikemetseng, sheba Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) le ho Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le tabeng ea ho qhoma Ebola ka 2014, sheba McDonald (2016) , le bakeng sa ho eketsehileng ka likotsi tse boinotšing ya data selefounung, sheba Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Etsoe mohlala oa ho etsa lipatlisiso maqakabetsi a amanang sebelisa ya data mobile, bona Bengtsson et al. (2011) le ho Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Mehlala e meraro (Karolo 6.2 o)

Batho ba bangata ba ngotsoeng ka boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang Emotional. Koranta ea Research Ethics e nehetsoeng tokollong bona kaofela January 2016 ho tšohla teko eo; sheba Hunter and Evans (2016) bakeng sa tjhebokakaretso e. Ditshebetsong tsa barutehi Sechaba ea Science e hatisitsoeng likotoana tse peli ka teko ena: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) le ho Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Likotoana tse ling mabapi le teko ea kenyeletsa: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) ; Selinger and Hartzog (2015) ; Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le Encore, sheba Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Digital se fapane (Karolo 6.3)

Ho latela boima leihlo, overviews tse sephara tse fanoeng Mayer-Schönberger (2009) le ho Marx (2016) . Bakeng sa mohlala hahiloeng ka konkreite ea litšenyehelo fetola leihlo ka, Bankston and Soltani (2013) o hakanya hore Tracking mmelaelwa senokoane sebelisa liselefouno ke ka makhetlo a 50 theko e tlaase ho feta ho sebedisa leihlo 'meleng. Bell and Gemmell (2009) e fana ka pono e nepahetseng le tšepo eketsehileng mabapi le self- katile. Ho phaella ho ho ba khona ho Track boitshwaro ja bonoang ke hore setjhaba kapa mokhoa o sa fellang setjhaba (mohlala, Latsoang, maqhama, 'me Time), bafuputsi ka ho ntse fihlela qeto ea lintho tseo barupeluoa ba bangata ba ho ba boinotšing. Ka mohlala, Mikale Kosinski le basebetsi-'moho o ile a bontša hore ba ka fihlela qeto ea boitsebiso bo mamelang le e ikemiselitseng ka batho, tse kang ho tlwaetsa ho kopanela liphate le ho sebelisoa ha lintho tse lemalloang tsoang ho neng ho bonahala ba tloaelehileng ya data dijethale moneketsela (Facebook Likes) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Sena se ka 'na sa utloahala eka boselamose, empa katamelo Kosinski le basebetsi-'moho sebelisa-e leng kopanya bonoa moroeroe dijethale, dipatlisiso,' me a okametse ithuta-ha e le hantle ntho e 'ngoe eo ke' nile ka se a ntse a ile a re ho uena ka. Hopola hore Khaolong ea 3 (Ho botsa lipotso) Ke ile ka bolella kamoo u Josh Blumenstock le basebetsi-'moho (2015) kopantswe ya data phuputso e entsoeng ka tlhahisoleseding selefounu ya ho hakanya bofutsana Rwanda. Sena se tobileng tšoanang atamela, e leng e ka sebediswa ho ka tsela e atlehileng le lekanyetsa bofutsana naheng e tsoelang pele moruong, e ka boela ea sebelisoa bakeng sa nang le monyetla boinotši ba tlōla inferences.

Melao sa dumellane le ditlwaelo ka lebisa hore a etse lipatlisiso seo ha se hlompha litakatso tsa barupeluoa, 'me e ka etsa hore "ea mabenkeleng bolaodi" ke bafuputsi (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Ka ho khetheha, bafuputsi ba bang ba ba lakatsang ho qoba IRB bolebeli na balekane ba ba sa koahetsoe ke IRBs (mohlala, batho lik'hamphani tse kapa mekhatlo e ikemetseng) bokella le de-khetholla ya data. Joale, bafuputsi ba ka hlahlobisisa ena de-khetholloa ya data ntle le bolebeli IRB, bonyane ho ea ka lilemo tse ka bang litlhaloso la melao ya hajwale. Ea mofuta ona e evasion IRB bonahalang e dumellane le e-motheo ea thehiloeng atamela.

Bakeng sa ka mehopolo e sa dumellane le heterogeneous hore batho ba na le mabapi ya data ya bophelo bo botle, sheba Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le bothata ba hore heterogeneity baka bakeng sa boitshwaro bo etsa lipatlisiso liqeto tse bone Meyer (2013) .

Phapang e 'ngoe pakeng tsa dilemo analoge le ho etsa lipatlisiso dijethale dilemo ke hore ka lilemo dijethale etsa lipatlisiso lokela ho sebelisana le barupeluoa ke hōle ho feta. dirisana tsena hangata etsahala ka intermediary e kang khampani, 'me ho na le tloaelo e khōlō' meleng-le ea kahisano-sebaka se pakeng tsa bafuputsi le barupeluoa. Kamano ena e hōle-hōle etsa lintho tse ling tse bonolo ho etsa lipatlisiso analoge dilemo tse thata ho etsa lipatlisiso dijethale dilemo, tse kang screening tsoa barupeluoa ba neng ba batla tšireletso ea life tse eketsehileng, e batlang liketsahalo tse bohloko, 'me remediating ntša kotsi haeba e hlahile. Ka mohlala, a re ke re bapisa Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang nang le inahaneloang laboratori teko ka sehlooho se tšoanang. Ka teko laboratoring, bafuputsi ka hlahloba tsoa mang kapa mang ea fihla laboratoring bontša matšoao totobetseng ba mahlomola maikutlong. Ho ekelletsa moo, haeba teko laboratori thehwa ketsahalo e bohloko, bafuputsi ba ne ba e bona, ho fana ka ditshebeletso ho remediate tšenyo, 'me joale etsa liphetoho ho melaoana ea etsa liteko ho thibela gobatsa bana nakong e tlang. Mofuta hōle-hōle ea bond ka sebele Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang teko etsa mong le e mong oa mehato ena e bonolo le e nang le kelello le thata haholo. Hape, ke nahana hore sebaka se pakeng tsa bafuputsi le barupeluoa etsa bafuputsi ka tlaase ho moo nahanela le dingongoreho tsa barupeluoa ba bona.

mehloli e meng ea ditlwaelo sa dumellane le melao. Tse ling tsa inconsistency ena tsoa 'nete ea hore ho etsa lipatlisiso sena se etsahalang lefatšeng lohle. Ka mohlala, Encore amehang batho ba tsoang lefatšeng lohle, 'me ka hona ho ka ba ho ya tshireletso ya data le melao boinotšing linaheng tse ngata tse fapaneng. Ho thoe'ng haeba Litloaelo busang tsa mokga wa boraro likōpo ho web (seo Encore ne a etsa) li fapane Jeremane, United States, Kenya, 'me China? Ho thoe'ng haeba Litloaelo hase esita tsela e lumellanang ka har'a naha e le 'ngoe? A mohloli o sa bobeli sa inconsistency le tsoa collaborations pakeng tsa bafuputsi nakong diyunivesithi le lik'hamphani tse; Ka mohlala, Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang e ne e le tshebedisano pakeng tsa rasaense ya data nakong Facebook eo e leng moprofesa le graduate seithuti se boemong Cornell. At Facebook matha liteko tse kholo ke kemiso 'me, ka nako eo, o ne a sa hloke leha e le efe ya mokga wa boraro boitshwaro tekolo botjha. At Cornell ea ditlwaelo le melawana e fapane haholo; hoo e batlang e liteko tsohle li tla hlahlojoa ke Cornell IRB. Kahoo, e leng sete ya melawana lokela busa Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang-Facebook kapa Cornell joang?

Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le boiteko ba ho lokisa maikutlo a sa Puso Tloaelehileng, sheba Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , le Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Tse 'Nè melao-motheo (Karolo 6.4)

Atamela. khale melao-motheo e thehiloeng melao ya boitshwaro ea biomedical ke Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Ba sisinya hore melao-motheo tse'nè tse khōlō lokela ho tataisoa ke melao ya boitshwaro ea biomedical: Hlompha boikemelo, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, le Toka. Molao-motheo oa nonmaleficence phehella e mong ho ila bakang kotsi batho ba bang. Khopolo ena e ka ho teba amanang ho hlahile khopolo Hippocratic ea "Na ha ho na kotsi." Ka boitshwaro bo lipatlisiso, molao-motheo ona o atisa ho kopantswe le molao-motheo oa Beneficence, empa bona Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Khaolo ea 5) bakeng sa tse eketsehileng mabapi le phapang e teng pakeng tsa tse peli . Etsoe nyatsuoa e melao-motheo ena ba feteletseng American, sheba Holm (1995) . Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le ho tsitsa ha melao-motheo ea likhohlano, bona Gillon (2015) .

Melao-motheo e 'nè tse khaolong ena li boetse li sisintsweng ho tataisa bolebeli boitshwaro bakeng sa phuputso etsahalang nakong dikhamphani le mekhatlo e ikemetseng (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) pholletsa 'mele ea bitsoa "Consumer Sehlooho Review Boards" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Hlomphe taelo Batho (Karolo 6.4.1)

Ho phaella ho mabapi boikemelo, ea Report Belmont boetse ea lumela hore hase eohle ea botho e nang le bokhoni ba 'nete ho iketsetsa borata. Ka mohlala, bana, batho ba tšoeroeng ke boloetse ba hae, kapa batho ba lulang maemong a ea tokoloho habohloko thibeloa a ke ke a khona ho sebetsa le batho ka bomong ka botlalo ikemetseng, le batho bana ke hona, e ikamahantse le tshireletso eketsehileng.

Ho sebelisa molao-motheo oa ho Hlompha Batho ba le lilemo dijethale ka ba thata. Ka mohlala, ka ho etsa lipatlisiso dijethale dilemo, ho ka ba thata ho fana ka sireletse eketsehileng bakeng sa batho ba nang le bokgoni qephe la boipopo hobane bafuputsi hangata tseba hakaalo ka barupeluoa ba bona. Ho ekelletsa moo, a tsebisoa tumello digital dilemo etsa lipatlisiso tsa phedisano ke bothata khōlō. Maemong a mang, e le kannete tsebisoa tumello ka utloa bohloko ho tswa ho sebeletsa pepeneneng ikhanyetsa (Nissenbaum 2011) , moo boitsebiso bo le kutloisiso ea ba liqabang. Kakanyo feela, haeba bafuputsi fana ka boitsebiso feletseng mabapi mofuta wa pokello ya data, Analysis ya data, le mekhoa ya data tshireletso, ho tla ba thata hore barupeluoa ba bangata ho utloisisa. Empa, haeba bafuputsi fana ka boitsebiso utloisisa haholoanyane, ho ka 'na ha ba na ea bohlokoa botekgeniki boitsebiso bo eketsehileng. A etsa lipatlisiso tsa bongaka ka analoge lilemo tsa bona-bophirima busa bahlanka nkoa ke Belmont Report-motho ea ka inahanela ngaka bua le batho ka bomong ka mong le morupeluoa ho thusa rarolla sebeletsa pepeneneng ikhanyetsa. Ka lithuto tsa Inthaneteng e amang lilemong tse likete kapa batho ba limilione, joalo ka tsela e sefahleho-le-sefatlhego ke ke ha khoneha. A bothata la bobeli le tumello a le lilemo dijethale ke hore tse ling lithuto tsa, tse kang tshekatsheko ya repositories setonanahali data, e ne e tla ba sitisa ho fumana tumello ea kutloisiso ho tloha barupeluoa bohle. Ke buisana tsena le tse ling hoo e ka bang tumello tsebisoa ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane Karolong ea 6.6.1. Ho sa tsotellehe mathata ana, leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hopola hore ho tumello ya hae ha e hlokahale ebile ha ho ea lekana bakeng sa ho Hlompha Batho.

Bakeng sa le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka pele tumello tsebiswa, sheba Miller (2014) . Bakeng sa buka-bolelele kalafo ea tumello tsebisoa, sheba Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Bona le bala ea etsa tlhahiso ea hoo e ka bang tumello tsebisoa ka tlaase mona.

• Beneficence (Karolo 6.4.2)

Harms ho moelelo oa taba e tšenyo eo ho etsa lipatlisiso ho ka etsa hore ba se ke ba batho tse tobileng tseo empa ho di-setting ea sechaba. khopolo ena ke a batla ho mo utloisisa, empa ke tla bontša ka ho eona le mehlala e 'meli: analoge' ngoe le dijethale e 'ngoe.

A mohlala khale ea gobatsa bana ho moelelo oa taba tsoa Wichita lekhotla Tsa Sehlooho se Ithutoang [ Vaughan (1967) ; Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; CH 2] -. Boetse linako tse ling bitsoa Chicago lekhotla Project (Cornwell 2010) . A bafuputsi re phuputso ena eo ho tloha Univesithing ea Chicago, e le karolo ea thuto ea tse khōloanyane ka dikarolo tse tsoang sechabeng ea tsamaiso ea molao, ka sekhukhu tlalehiloeng tse tšeletseng mererong lekhotla a Wichita, Kansas. Baahloli le liakhente maemong a ne a amohelehang rekotiloeng, 'me ho ne ho ka tieo bolebeli ba tshebetso. Leha ho le joalo, e jurors ne a sa hlokomele hore lirekoto li ne li etsahala. Ka lekhetlo le leng ea thuto ho ile ha fumanoa, ho ne ho libete phatlalatsa. Lefapha Toka qala batlisisoa thuto, 'me bafuputsi ba ile ba bitsetsoa ho paka ka pel'a Congress. Qetellong, Congress ho fetile molao o mocha e etsang hore e seng molaong ho sekhukhu ngola lekhotla lipuisano.

Kameho ea bahlahlobisisi ea Thuto ea Wichita lekhotla e ne e sa ba ntša kotsi ho barupeluoa; na le hoo, e ne e le gobatsa bana ho moelelo oa lekhotla lipuisano. Ke hore, batho ba ne ba lumela hore haeba litho tsa lekhotla ne ba sa lumele hore ba ne ba nang lipuisano tsa sebaka bolokehileng mme a sireletsa, e tla ba boima le ho feta bakeng sa lekhotla mererong ho tswela pele nakong e tlang. Ho phaella ho lekhotla lipuisano, ho na le lintho tse ling tse lipolelong tse tobileng tseo tsoang sechabeng sechabeng seo e fana ka le tshireletso eketsehileng tse kang likamanong tsa 'muelli oa molao-sedirelwa le tlhokomelo kelello (MacCarthy 2015) .

Kotsi ea gobatsa bana ho moelelo le oa ho qhala litsamaiso tsa phedisano boetse fihla tse ling liteko tšimo Science Lipolotiki (Desposato 2016b) . Etsoe mohlala oa ka haholoanyane moelelo oa taba-taba ea lekunutu eo ditjeo le melemo manolotsoeng bakeng sa teko ea tšimo Science Lipolotiki, sheba Zimmerman (2016) .

• Toka ea (Karolo 6.4.3)

Ditlhapiso bakeng sa barupeluoa 'nile tšohloa maloa a di-setting tse amanang le ho etsa lipatlisiso dijethale lilemo tsa ka. Lanier (2014) sisintsweng ho lefa barupeluoa ka bonoa moroeroe dijethale ba hlahisa. Bederson and Quinn (2011) tšohla ditefello tsa mebaraka Inthaneteng mosebetsi o boima. Qetellong, Desposato (2016a) proposes ho lefa barupeluoa a Liteko tšimo. O bontša hore esita le haeba barupeluoa ba ke ke leshwa ka ho toba, monehelo ka etsoa hore sehlopha sebetsa molemong oa bona. Ka mohlala, ka Encore bafuputsi ka be a ile monehelo oa ho sehlopha sebetsa ho tšehetsa mekhoa ea ho fumana Inthaneteng.

• Hlompha Molao le Public Interest (Karolo 6.4.4)

Terms of-tšebeletso ea ditumellano tsa lokela ho ba le ka tlaase ho moo boima ho feta litumellano buisana pakeng tsa mekga e lekanang le melao bōpiloe ke mebuso utloahalang a. Maemo a moo bafuputsi ba hataketse dipehelo-of-tšebeletso ea ditumellano tsa nakong e fetileng ka kakaretso akarelletsa ho sebelisa lipotso itirisang tsa ho hlahloba boitšoaro ba dikhamphani tseo (ho tšoana liteko tšimo ho lekanya kgethollo). Bakeng sa puisano tsa tlatsetso bona Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Etsoe mohlala oa ho etsa lipatlisiso bonahetseng hore e tšohla dipehelo tsa tšebeletso, sheba Soeller et al. (2016) . Bakeng sa haholo ka mathata ho ka khonehang tsa semolao bafuputsi tobana haeba ba tlōla dipehelo tsa tšebeletso bona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Boitshwaro etsa moralo wa tse peli (Karolo wa 6.5)

Ho hlakile hore, e ngata haholo li 'nile tsa ngola ka consequentialism le deontology. Etsoe mohlala oa etsa moralo wa kamoo lintho tsena li lokile, 'me batho ba bang, e ka sebediswa ho behelana mabaka le patlisiso dijethale dilemo, sheba Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Etsoe mohlala oa kamoo matlhomeso tsena boitshwaro ka sebelisoa liteko tšimo hlahisa moruo, sheba Baele (2013) .

• Tsebisoa tumello (Karolo 6.6.1)

Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le lithuto tsa tshekatsheko ya kgethollo, sheba Pager (2007) le ho Riach and Rich (2004) . Hase feela hore lithuto tsa tsena ke ua ba le tumello ya hae, ba boetse ho akarelletsa thetso ntle debriefing.

Ka bobeli Desposato (2016a) le Humphreys (2015) fana ka keletso mabapi le liteko tsa tšimo ntle le tumello.

Sommers and Miller (2013) lekodisisa likhang tse ngata e emelang eseng debriefing barupeluoa ka mor'a ho qhekella le ho pheha khang ea hore bafuputsi ba lokela ho tela lintho "debriefing tlas'a sete moqotetsane haholo maemo, e leng, ka lefapheng la lipatlisiso tsa tseo ka tsona debriefing beha lintho tse bakang lekhalo khōlō e sebetsang empa bafuputsi ne ba tla ba ha ho ba na letsoalo mabapi debriefing haeba ba ka se khonang. Bafuputsi ha baa lokela ho lumelloa ho tlohela debriefing e le hore ho boloka ea se nang tsebo morupeluoa letamo, a sireletsa ka bobona bohaleng morupeluoa, kapa sireletsa barupeluoa tsoa kotsi. "Ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore haeba debriefing bakang ntša kotsi ho feta molemo e lokela ho qojoa. Debriefing ke sebetsa nyeoe ea moo bafuputsi ba bang ba ka bohlokwa bja Hlompha Batho holim 'Beneficence,' me bafuputsi ba bang ba etsa se fapaneng. One tharollo e ne e tla be e le ho fumana litsela tsa ho etsa debriefing phihlelo ithuta bakeng sa barupeluoa. Ke hore, ho e-na nahana ka debriefing e le ntho e ka baka kotsi, mohlomong debriefing ka boela ho hong ho ba tsoelang molemo barupeluoa. Ka mohlala e ea mofuta ona e ba thuto debriefing, sheba Jagatic et al. (2007) hodima debriefing liithuti tse ka mor'a hore a phishing teko ea sechaba. Litsebi tsa kelello li entse botegeniki debriefing (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) le tse ling tsa tsona e ka usefully sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso dijethale lilemo tsa ka. Humphreys (2015) e fana ka menahano thahasellisang haholo ka tumello ho busetswa morao, e haufi-ufi amanang le leqheka leo debriefing hore ke hlalosoa.

Khopolo ea ho botsa le mehlala feela ea barupeluoa ka tumello ea bona e amanang le seo Humphreys (2015) e reng ke inferred tumello.

A khopolo eketsehileng ba hore o 'nile a sisintsweng amanang le lefu la tumello tsebiswa ke ho haha phanele ea batho ba lumellana hore ba liteko Inthaneteng (Crawford 2014) . Ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore phanele ena e ne e tla non-tšohanyetso sampole tsa batho. Empa, Khaolong ea 3 (Ho botsa lipotso) e bontša hore mathata ana a ka bang le monyetla addressable sebelisa poso-stratification le sampole le tshwanang. Hape, tumello a be phanele ya ka koahela mefuta e fapaneng ya liteko. Ka mantsoe a mang, barupeluoa ba ka 'na ha ho hlokahale hore a lumela ho e mong le e teko ka bomong, ke khopolo e bitsoang e pharaletse tumello (Sheehan 2011) .

• Kutloisiso le laola informational ipeha kotsing ea (Karolo 6.6.2)

Le hōle le buka e ikhethang, e leng Netflix Moputso bontša sa bohlokwa botekgeniki thepa ea datasets hore na le boitsebiso bo qaqileng mabapi le batho, 'me kahoo fana ka lithuto tsa bohlokoa mabapi le monyetla oa ho "anonymization" ea datasets tsa morao-rao tsa sechaba. Difaele ka likotoana tse ngata tsa tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le motho ka mong ho ka etsahala hore ba sparse, ka kutloisiso hlalosoa molao a Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Ke hore, mong le e mong rekoto ho na tlaleha hore li tšoana, 'me ha e le hantle ha ho na e tlaleha hore ke tsoana haholo: mong le e mong o hōle haholo le baahelani ba bona haufi ka sete ea datha. Motho a ka nahana hore data ya Netflix ka 'na ua sparse hobane ka bang 20,000 lifilimi leqepheng la 5 naleli tekanyo e, ho na le hoo e ka bang \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) ho ka khonehang makgabane hore e mong le motho ka ba (6 hobane ho phaella ho linaleli' ngoe ho fihlela ho 5 , motho e mong a ka 'na sa rated baesekopo ho hang). Palo ena e joalo e khōlō, ho thata ho utloisisa esita le.

Sparsity se bolela tse peli tse khōlō. Taba ea pele, ho bolela hore ho leka ho "anonymize le" sete ea datha thehiloeng perturbation tšohanyetso e tla ka etsahala hore ebe ba hlōleha. Ke hore, esita le haeba Netflix ne ba lokela ho lootho fetola ba bang ba dikatlholo ea (e leng ba ile ba etsa), sena se ne se ke ua lekaneng hobane rekoto ferekanngoa ntse e le rekoto e haufi-ufi ho bonolo ho fumana boitsebiso bo eo hlasetseng na. Ea bobeli, sparsity bolela hore de-anonymization ka etsahala esita le haeba mohlaseli ea nang le tsebo ba sa phethahalang kapa ea se nang leeme. Ka mohlala, ka ya data Netflix, a re inahanela hlasetseng tseba dikatlholo hao bakeng sa lifilimi tse peli le matsatsi ao u entse dikatlholo bao +/- matsatsi 3; feela hore u fumane boitsebiso bo le mong ke lekane ho ikhethang khetholla 68% ya batho mo ya data Netflix. Haeba bahlaseli bao o tseba 8 lifilimi tseo u li rated +/- matsatsi a 14, ka nako eo esita le haeba e 'meli ea dikatlholo tsena tsejoa li fosahetse ka ho feletseng, 99% ea direkoto tsa ka ho ikhethang khetholloa ka sete ea datha. Ka mantsoe a mang, sparsity ke bothata motheo bakeng sa boiteko ba ho "anonymize" data ya, e leng malimabe kahobane boholo morao-rao tsa tsoang sechabeng sete ea datha ke sparse.

phaketse Telephone boetse ka 'na bonahala eka ba "sa tsejoeng"' me sa falimehela, empa ke ha ho joalo. Phaketse Telephone ke identifiable le ho tsotella (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

A Figure 6.6 motho aka fihlella, ke ya takwa tsoa ho sebetsa ka matsoho-theoha pakeng tsa ipeha kotsing ea ho barupeluoa le melemo ho etsa lipatlisiso ho tloha ya data ka lokolloa joang. Etsoe papiso e pakeng tsa le atamela fokotswa phihlello (mohlala, serapeng sa marako) le le atamela thibeloa ya data (mohlala, mofuta o itseng oa anonymization) sheba Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Bakeng sa sisintsweng categorization tsamaiso ena ea maemo a mang a kotsi ya data ya, sheba Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Qetellong, bakeng sa ho eketsehileng puisano kakaretso la ho arolelana ya data, sheba Yakowitz (2011) .

Hlahlojoe boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ka ena khoebo-theoha pakeng tsa ipeha kotsing ea le utility ya data, sheba Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , le Goroff (2015) . Ho bona sena khoebo-theoha sebelisoa ho data ya sebele ho tloha massively bulehetse dikhoso Inthaneteng (MOOCs), sheba Daries et al. (2014) le ho Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Differential boinotši ba boetse o fana ka katamelo mefuta e meng e ka kopana ka bobeli rua molemo joang phahameng sechabeng le mokhoa o kotsi tlaase ho barupeluoa, sheba Dwork and Roth (2014) le ho Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Bakeng sa ka khopolo ea batho ka bomong le khethollang tlhahisoleseding e eketsehileng (PII), e leng bohareng ba bangata ba mehleng melao mabapi boitshwaro bo etsa lipatlisiso, sheba Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) le ho Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Bakeng sa ya data bohle ba nang le monyetla mamelang le e ikemiselitseng, sheba Ohm (2015) .

Karolong ena, Ke 'nile ka hlalosoa ea khokahano ea datasets fapaneng e le ntho e ka etsang hore ho ipeha kotsing informational. Leha ho le joalo, e ka boela bōpa le menyetla e mecha bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso, joalokaha a pheha khang ea ka Currie (2013) .

Bakeng sa ka safes tse hlano, sheba Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Etsoe mohlala oa kamoo outputs ka khethollang, sheba Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , e leng e bontša kamoo limmapa tsa ata maloetse kaofela ka khethollang. Dwork et al. (2017) boetse o nahana ka litlhaselo tse etsoang khahlanong ya data aggregate, tse kang lipalo-palo mabapi le kamoo batho ba bangata ba na le lefu le itseng itseng.

• Privacy (Karolo 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) ke e ikhethang ea molao sehlooho se buang ka sephiri, 'me sehlooho se reng e ka ho fetisisa e amanang le khopolo ea hore boinotši ba ke tokelo ya ho sala a le mong. Morao tjena bukeng bolelele liphekolo tsa boinotši ba hore ke tla ho kgothaletsa ho kenyelletsa Solove (2010) le ho Nissenbaum (2010) .

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea etsa lipatlisiso bonahetseng mabapi le kamoo batho ba nahanang ka sephiri, bona Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Koranta ea Science hatisa makasine ena e khethehileng ba e biditseng "Ho Fela ha Privacy", e leng bua ka ditaba tse ba boinotši ba le mokhoa o kotsi tlhahisoleseding ho tswa mefuta e fapaneng ya tshwaneng fapaneng; etsoe kgutsufatso ya bona Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) e fana ka moralo nahana ka gobatsa bana e tlisoang ke ho tlola ba sephiring. E le mohlala o mathoasong a lekholo la dingongoreho mabapi boinotši ba a qaleho ea ea le lilemo dijethale e Packard (1964) .

• Etsa liqeto tlas'a se tsitse (Karolo 6.6.4)

Phephetso e 'ngoe ha u leka ho sebelisa fokolang ipeha kotsing ea maemo a ke hore ho ke ke ha hlakileng bao bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi e lokela ho sebediswa bakeng sa benchmarking (Council 2014) . Ka mohlala, batho ba se nang bolulo ba na maemo a mang a phahameng tsa boemong bo sa thabiseng bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Empa, seo ha se bolele hore ho ke ke boitshwaro ba lumeletsoe ho pepesa batho ba se nang bolulo ho etsa lipatlisiso le kotsi ho feta. Ka lebaka lena, ho na le bonahala e le betere nakong e hōla kotsi eo fokolang lokela ho benchmarked khahlanong le molao-motheo kakaretso ea baahi, e seng baahi ba se itseng se khethehileng e tloaelehileng. Ha ke ntse ke ka kakaretso lumellana le khopolo ea ho etsa maemo a kakaretso ea baahi, ke nahana hore e le hore platforms khōlō Inthaneteng kang Facebook, baahi se itseng se khethehileng maemo a utloahala. Ke hore, ha re nahana ho Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang, ke nahana hore hoa utloahala ho seelo khahlanong ipeha kotsing ea letsatsi le letsatsi on Facebook. baahi itseng maemo a tabeng ena ke bonolo haholo ho hlahloba 'me ke a hlola a hanyetsane le molao-motheo oa Toka, e leng batla ho thibela meroalo ea ho etsa lipatlisiso hlōleha leeme mabapi le lihlopha tse sekisetsoang (mohlala, batšoaruoa le likhutsana).

• E sebetsang ditomotsebe (Karolo 6.7) o

Litsebi tse ling li boetse li bitsoa lipampiri tsa bakeng sa e eketsehileng ea ho kenyeletsa dintlha tse di oketsegileng boitshwaro (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) boetse e fana ka dikeletso tsa sebetsang.