6.6.2 Kutloisiso le ho tsamaisa informational ipeha kotsing ea

Information ipeha kotsing ea e nang le kotsi ka ho fetisisa a atile etsa lipatlisiso sechabeng; e eketsehile ka tsela e hlollang; 'me e ke ho le kotsi ho thata ka ho fetisisa ho e utloisisa.

Boemong ba bobeli ba boitshwaro phephetso lilemo tsa phedisano etsa lipatlisiso dijethale e kenyang kotsing tlhahisoleseding, le monyetla oa ho ntša kotsi ho tloha tlhagiso ya tshedimosetso (Council 2014) . gobatsa bana Informational ho tloha senoloa ha tlhahisoleseding e kgethehileng ka ka ba a moruo (mohlala, ho lahleheloa ke mosebetsi o), a kahisano (mohlala, ho hlajoa ke lihlong), kelello (mohlala, ho tepella maikutlo), kapa esita le senokoane (mohlala, ho tshwarwa ka boitšoaro tse seng molaong). Ka bomalimabe, a le lilemo dijethale eketsa boitsebiso bo kenyang kotsing ka tsela e hlollang-na le boitsebiso bo joalo feela lintho tse ngata ka boitshwaro ja rōna. 'Me, ipeha kotsing ea informational e proven le thata haholo ho utloisisa le ho laola bapisoa le likotsi tse neng li le dingongoreho a analoge dilemo etsa lipatlisiso tsa phedisano, tse kang ipeha kotsing ea' mele. Ho bona kamoo le lilemo dijethale eketsa ipeha kotsing ea tlhahisoleseding, nahana ka phetoho ea ho tloha ya pampiri ho etsa direkoto tsa lintho tsa elektronike tsa bongaka. Ka bobeli mefuta tsa direkoto bōpa kotsi, empa direkoto tsa elektronike bōpa likotsi tse kholoanyane ho kahobane ka tekanyo e meholohali ba ka tšoaetsanoang ka ho sa mokha dumellwang kapa di ne tsa kopanngwa le direkoto tsa tse ling. bafuputsi Social a le lilemo dijethale li se matha kena khathatsong le ipeha kotsing ea tlhahisoleseding, a karolo hobane ba ne ba sa utloisise hantle hore na ke joang ho quantify le ho laola ho eona. Kahoo, ke tl'o fana ka tsela e molemo ho nahana ka ipeha kotsing ea tlhahisoleseding, 'me joale ke tl'o u fa keletso e itseng bakeng sa kamoo re lokelang ho laola ba ipeha kotsing informational a etsa lipatlisiso le tsa hao ka ho lokolloa ya data moholo ho bafuputsi ba bang.

Tsela e 'ngoe eo bafuputsi ba tsoang sechabeng fokotseha ipeha kotsing ea informational ke "anonymization" ya data. "Anonymization" ke tshebetso ya ho tlosa totobetseng identifiers ea botho tse kang, aterese le nomoro ya mohala tsoang ya data. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona ke ho hongata ka tlaase ho moo atlehe ho feta batho ba bangata ba hlokomela, 'me ha e le hantle, ka ho tebileng ebile feletseng lekanyelitsoe. Ka lebaka leo, nako le nako ha ke hlalosa "anonymization," Ke tla sebelisa matshwao a khotheishene ho u hopotsa hore tshebetso ena baka ponahalo ea tiiswa hore lebitso empa eseng tiiswa hore lebitso ba 'nete.

A mohlala hlakileng ea ho hlōleha ha "anonymization" le tsoa bo-1990 ho ea qetellong ea Massachusetts (Sweeney 2002) . The Insurance Komisi Group (gedy of) e ne e le mokhatlo oa 'muso le boikarabelo ba ho reka bophelo bo botle inshorense bakeng sa basebetsi bohle puso. Ka mosebetsi ena, gedy of bokella direkoto tsa qaqileng tsa bophelo bo botle hoo e ka bang lilemong tse likete ya basebetsi puso. Ka boiteko ba ho susumeletsa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le litsela tsa ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle, gedy of etsa qeto ea ho lokolla direkoto tsa tsena moholo ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le joalo, ha baa ka ba bolella bohle ya data bona; na le hoo, ba ile "ba anonymized" ka ho tlosa tlhahisoleseding e jwalo ka lebitso le aterese ea hae. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba siea fumane boitsebiso bo tse ling tse ba nahana ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho bafuputsi kang fumane boitsebiso bo babapatsi (khoutu, letsatsi la tsoalo, morabe, le ho kopanela liphate) le boitsebiso bo ya kalafi (data ya etele phuthehong eo, tepelletse maikutlong, Tsamaiso e) (Figure 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Ka bomalimabe, sena "anonymization" e ne e se e lekaneng ho sireletsa boitsebiso.

Figure 6,4: "Anonymization" ke tshebetso ya ho tlosa ho hlakile hore khethollang boitsebiso bo eketsehileng. Ka mohlala, ha ho lokolloa tsa bongaka direkoto tsa inshorense ya basebetsi mmuso Massachusetts Group Insurance Komisi (gedy of) tlosoa lebitso le aterese ea difaele. Ke sebelisa qotsa ho pota-pota lentsoe "anonymization" hobane o fana ka tshebetso ponahalo ea tiiswa hore lebitso, empa eseng tiiswa hore lebitso sebele.

Ho etsa mohlala mefokolo ea gedy of "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney-eo ka nako ea fumaneng mangolo seithuti se boemong med-leshwa $ 20 bakeng sa ho fumana litlaleho tsa ho vouta ho tloha motseng oa Cambridge, ea motseng oa ea Massachusetts 'musisi William ao cheseletse. direkoto tsa tsena ka kgetha akarelletsa tlhahisoleseding e jwalo ka lebitso la ka, aterese, khoutu, letsatsi la tsoalo, le bong. 'Nete ea hore data ya ya kalafi faele le faele motlhophi kopanela masimo-khoutu, letsatsi la tsoalo,' me ho kopanela liphate-ho ne ho bolela hore Sweeney ka amahanya bona. Sweeney ne a tseba hore letsatsi la tsoalo ao cheseletse e ne e July 31, 1945, 'me litlaleho tsa ho vouta li akarelletsa batho tšeletseng feela a Cambridge le letsatsi la tsoalo eo. Ho ekelletsa moo, la batho bao a tšeletseng, tse tharo feela ba ne ba e motona. 'Me, ea banna bao ba bararo,' ngoe feela ba ile ba kopanela ao cheseletse a khoutu. Kahoo, ya data vouta ile a bontša hore leha e le mang ka ya data ya kalafi le motswako ao cheseletse ea letsatsi la tsoalo, bong, le khoutu e ne William ao cheseletse. Ha e le hantle, likotoana tsena tse tharo tsa boitsebiso bo fanoeng e menoana e ikhethang ho eena ya data eo. U sebelisa 'nete ena, Sweeney o ile a khona ho fumana ao cheseletse direkote ya kalafi, le ho tsebisa ba mo ft hae, o romela ho mo kopi ea direkoto tsa hae (Ohm 2010) .

Leka wa 6.5: Re-idenification ya data "anonymized". Latanya Sweeney kopantswe ea "anonymized" litlaleho tsa bophelo bo botle le direkoto tsa ho vouta e le hore a fumane direkoto tsa bongaka 'Musisi William ao cheseletse (Sweeney 2002) .

Mosebetsi Sweeney o bontša kaheho motheo ea litlhaselo tse etsoang de-anonymization -hore amohela nako ho tloha sechabeng 'moho tshireletso k'homphieutha. A litlhaselo tse etsoang tsena, lihlopha tse peli ya data, leha e le ka tseo ka boeona e senola boitsebiso bo mamelang le e ikemiselitseng, ba amahanngoa, 'me ka khokahano ena, fumane boitsebiso bo mamelang le e ikemiselitseng e pepesa. Ka litsela tse itseng tshebetso ena e tšoana le tsela eo ho baka soda le ho e le asene, dintho tse peli tse ka thōko se sireletsehileng, ka ho kopantswe ho hlahisa sephetho sa babe.

E le karabelo ea mosebetsi Sweeney, 'me tse ling mosebetsi o amanang, bafuputsi hona joale ka kakaretso tlosa lintho tse ngata fumane boitsebiso bo eketsehileng-bao kaofela e joalo bitsoa "Ka boeena Khetholla Information" (PII) (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during tshebetso ya ho "anonymization." Ho ekelletsa moo, bafuputsi ba bangata ba hona joale hlokomela hore mekhoa e itseng ea data ho-tse kang direkoto tsa bongaka, direkoto tsa lichelete, likarabo tsa lipotso tsa ka ka phuputso e entsoeng e seng molaong boitsoaro-mohlomong taba ea lekunutu eo le eena ho lokolla esita le ka mor'a "anonymization." Leha ho le joalo, mehlala tsa morao tjena hore ke tla hlalosa mona ka tlase li bontša hore bafuputsi tsoang sechabeng lokela ho fetola monahano oa bona. Ntho ea pele, ke bohlale ho nahana hore boitsebiso bo tsohle ke nang le monyetla identifiable le data tsohle ke nang le monyetla hlokolosi. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho e-na ba nahana hore ipeha kotsing ea informational e sebetsa ho e karolo e nyenyane ea merero, re lokela ho nka hore e sebetsa-e leng ho isa boholeng bo itseng-ho diporojeke tsohle.

lintlha tsa bohlokoa tseo bobeli ba sena botjha tlwaetso ba bontšoa ke Netflix Moputso. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe Khaolong ea 5, Netflix lokolloa limilione tse 100 baesekopo dikatlholo fanoeng ke hoo e ka bang 500.000 litho, 'me o ne a e pitso bulehetse moo batho ba tsoang lefatšeng lohle ba ikokobelletsa dikgatotharabololong tse ka ntlafatsa bokhoni ba Netflix ho kgothaletsa shebeletse lifilimi. Pele ho lokolloa ya data, Netflix tlosoa tlhahisoleseding efe kapa efe ho hlakile hore batho ka bomong-khethollang, tse kang mabitso. Netflix le eena o ile bohato e eketsehileng le hlahiswa perturbations hanyenyane tse ling tsa litlaleho tsa (mohlala, ho fetola ba bang ba dikatlholo ho tloha linaleli tse 4 ho tse linaleli 3). Netflix haufinyane fumana Leha ho le joalo, e le hore ho sa tsotellehe boiteko ba bona, ya data e ne ho hang ha boleloa ka mabitso.

Libeke tse peli feela ka mor'a hore ya data ba ile ba lokolloa Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) o ile a bontša hore ho ne ho ka khoneha ho ithuta ka baesekopo dikgethollo tse tobileng tseo batho. The qhekella ho hlasela bona botjha boitsebahatso ne bo tšoana le Sweeney e reng: kopane 'moho le mehloli fumane boitsebiso bo mabeli, le leng le fumane boitsebiso bo nang le monyetla mamelang le e ikemiselitseng' me ha ho tlhahisoleseding e ho hlakile hore khethollang le e 'ngoe eo e na le boitsebiso ba batho. Nngwe le nngwe ya mehloli ena ya data ka 'na ba le batho ka bomong bolokehileng, empa ha ba a kopaneng la sete ea datha kopantse ho ka baka ipeha kotsing ea informational. Tabeng ea boitsebiso Netflix, mona 's kamoo ho ka etsahala. Ak'u nahane feela hore ke khetha ho kopanela menahano ea ka e ka bang ka liketso le ka lifilimi Comedy le ea ka sebedisana basebetsi, empa hore ke rate ho arolelana ka maikutlo mabapi le lifilimi tsa bolumeli le tsa lipolotiki. My sebedisana basebetsi ka sebedisa tlhahisoleseding eo ke 'nile ka ba ile ba kopanela le bona ho fumana direkoto tsa ka ka ya data Netflix; tlhahisoleseding e le hore nka kopanela ka ba menoana e ikhethang feela joaloka letsatsi William ao cheseletse a hlahe, khoutu, 'me ho kopanela liphate. Joale, haeba ba fumana menoana ea ka e ikhethang ya data, ba ne ba ithuta dikatlholo ka ka lifilimi tsohle, ho akarelletsa lifilimi moo ke khetha ho se kopanele. Ho phaella ho mofuta ona tlhaselo targeted tsepame motho ea se nang molekane, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) boela a bontša hore ho ne ho ka khoneha ho etsa e pharaletseng tlhaselo -e leng motho amang batho ba bangata-ke kopanngwe ya data Netflix ka tlhahisoleseding ea botho le baesekopo tekanyetso hore ba bang batho ba khethile ho ngolang ka Internet movie K (IMDb). tlhahisoleseding efe kapa efe e ikhethang menoana e tobileng e motho-esita le sete ea bona ea baesekopo dikatlholo-e ka sebediswa ho li tseba.

Le hoja ya data Netflix ka botjha khetholloa mohlomong ke lefu la targeted kapa e pharaletse, e ntse ba ka 'na bonahala eka ba tlaase kotsing. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, baesekopo dikatlholo ha ho bonahale eka ba nkehang maikutlo habonolo haholo. Ha a ntse a e ka 'nang ba' nete ka kakaretso, ba bang ba batho 500.000 ka sete ea datha, baesekopo dikatlholo ka 'na nahanela haholo. Ha e le hantle, e le karabelo ea de-anonymization e closeted lesbiana mosali ea ikopanya sutu tlelaseng-bohato khahlanong le Netflix. Mona 's kamoo bothata ile oa bontšoa ka hlahlela nyeoe ea bona (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie le tekanyetso ya data e na le tlhahisoleseding ya mofuta eketsehileng e tlotloang ea botho le ho tsotella [sic]. Setho a baesekopo ya data pepesa thahasello e setho Netflix ea botho le / kapa thatafalloa ho sebetsana le litokollo tse fapa-fapaneng e tlotloang ea botho, ho akarelletsa le thoballano, ho kula kelellong, ho fola ho tloha ho lemalla joala, 'me ba tsoaroa hampe ho tloha haufi, ho hlekefetsoa' meleng, tlhekefetso ea malapeng, bofebe le ho betoa. "

The de-anonymization ya tshedimosetso le Netflix Moputso bontša ka bobeli e bolela hore boitsebiso tsohle ke nang le monyetla identifiable le hore boitsebiso bo tsohle ke nang le monyetla hlokolosi. Mothating ona, u ka 'na ba nahana hore ena e sebetsa feela ho data eo hore ao ea hlalosang hore e be ka batho. Ho makatsang ke hore ha ho joalo. E le karabelo ea e Bolokolohi ba kopo Information Molao, ea New York City Government lokolloa direkoto tsa mong le e mong palama tekesi New York ka 2013, ho akarelletsa le vene 'me ba tlohele theoha linako tse ling, libaka,' me ka tekanyo e fokolang tsoella (ra hopola tsoang Khaolo ea 2 e le hore Farber (2015) sebelisoa ya data ena hore a leke likhopolo ea bohlokoa moruong ba pelehi). Le hoja ya data tabeng ee mabapi le maeto a tekesi ka 'na ha bonahala eka nang kotsi hobane ha bonahala ho e-fumane boitsebiso bo mabapi le batho, Anthony Tockar hlokomela hore tekesi ena sete ea datha ha e le hantle e e-na lotho ea boitsebiso bo nang le monyetla mamelang le e ikemiselitseng ka batho. Ho etsa mohlala, o ile a sheba maetong bohle qala ka The Hustler Club-se seng se seholo hlobolisa molangoana New York-pakeng khitla 'me 6am' me joale fumana libaka tsena li leng bona lerotholi-theoha. Fuputso ena e-le hantle-lethathamo la liaterese tsa batho ba bang ba ba tloaetseng The Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . Ho thata ho nahana hore 'muso motse ne a nahanne ka sena ha e lokolloa ya data. Ha e le hantle, mokhoa ona e tšoanang ka sebelisoa ho fumana lapeng liaterese tsa batho ba neng ba etela sebaka leha e le lefe-e leng motse tleliniki ea bongaka, e le hore mohaho oa 'muso, kapa e leng mokhatlo oa bolumeli.

Maemong a-e leng tsena tse peli Netflix Moputso le New York City tekesi ya data-bontsha hore batho ba batlang ba nang le tsebo ba ile ba hlōleha ho nepo hakanya ba ipeha kotsing informational a ya data e le hore ba lokolloa, 'me maemong ana ke ho hang ha e ikhethang (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . Ho ekelletsa moo, maemong a mangata ho linyeoeng tsena, ya data mathata ntse e fumaneha mahala Inthaneteng, e leng se bontšang bothata oa kile ua etsolla tokollo ya data. Mmoho mehlala ena-hammoho le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa saense khomphuteng ya mabapi boinotši ba-ho baka hore ho fihlela qeto ea bohlokoa. Bafuputsi ba lokela ho nahana hore boitsebiso bo tsohle ke nang le monyetla identifiable le data tsohle ke nang le monyetla hlokolosi.

Ka bomalimabe, ha ho na tharollo e bonolo ha e le hantle e bolela hore boitsebiso tsohle ke nang le monyetla identifiable le data tsohle ke nang le monyetla hlokolosi. Leha ho le joalo, tsela e 'ngoe ho fokotsa kotsi fumane boitsebiso bo ha u ntse u sebetsa le ya data ke ho theha le ho latela se moralo ya data tshireletso. plan tla decreases le monyetla oa hore boitsebiso ba hao ba tla Leak 'me o tla fokotseha tšenyo ha e le lesoba ka tsela e itseng le hlaha. The specifics merero ea data ho sireletsoa, ​​tse kang e leng mofuta o mong oa taetsitshireletso ho sebelisa, o tla fetola ha nako e ntse, empa UK Data Services helpfully hlophisa metsoako ea a rera leano la ya data tshireletso ka lihlopha 5 hore ba bitse 5 safes: diporojeke bolokehileng, batho ho batla ho bolokehile , di-setting bolokehileng, ya data bolokehileng, le dipholo a bolokehileng bakeng sa (Lethathamo 6.2 o) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . Le ea mong ho safes tse hlano ka bomong sireletsa phethahetseng. Empa, hammoho ba theha e matla sete ya tse ka fokotseha ipeha kotsing ea informational.

Ho phaella ho ho sireletsa dintlha tsa hao ha u ntse u sebelisa, mohato o le mong ya thulaganyo e etsa lipatlisiso moo ipeha kotsing ea informational ke haholo-holo salient ke nkileng karolo ho data ya le babatlisisi ba bang. nkileng karolo ho Data har'a bo-rasaense ba ke ke boleng konokono tsa boikemisetsong boo saense, 'me e mehaho haholo sa nts'etsopele ea khaso tsebo. Mona 's kamoo UK House of Commons hlalosa bohlokoa ba ho kopanela boboleling ya data:

"Phihlelo ho data ya ke habohlokoa haeba bafuputsi ba lokela ho ikatisa, netefatsa le haha ​​litholoana tseo ba tlalehoa lingoliloeng. The lisolo lokela ho seo, ntle le hore ho na le lebaka le matla ho seng joalo, ya data lokela ho ho senola ka botlalo 'me a etsa e fumanehang phatlalatsa. Tumellanong le molao-motheo ona, moo ho khonehang, ya data tse amanang le 'ohle etsa lipatlisiso tšehetsoa phatlalatsa lokela ho etsoa ho pharaletseng' me li fumaneha mahala. " (Molloy 2011)

Leha ho le joalo, ka ho ba bolella ya data hao le mofuputsi e mong, o ka eketsa ipeha kotsing ea informational ho barupeluoa hao. Kahoo, ho ka 'na ha bonahala eka bafuputsi ba lakatsang ho abelana bona ya data-kapa ho hlokahala hore ba kopanele bona ya data-ba tobane le khatello ea kelello motheo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng ba ile ba tlameha boitshwaro ho kopanela ya data bona le bo-rasaense ba leng, haholo-holo haeba ho etsa lipatlisiso mantlha o tšehetsoa phatlalatsa. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e tšoanang, bafuputsi ba na le tlamo efe boitshwaro ho fokotsa, hohle kamoo nka khonang, e leng tlhahisoleseding e kotsing ea ho barupeluoa ba bona.

Ka lehlohonolo, bothata ena hase joaloka matla joaloka ho bonahala. Ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka boitsebiso bo arolelana hammoho continuum e tsoang ha ho kopanela boboleling ya data ho lokolla 'me a lebala, moo ya data e "anonymized"' me a beha le mang kapa mang ho kena (Figure 6.6 motho aka fihlella). Bobeli ba maemo a tsena feteletseng na dikotsi le melemo e meng. Ke hore, ho ke ke ha ka tsela e iketsang ntho fetisisa boitshwaro ho sa lumeleng ya data hao; joalo katamelo e felisa melemo e mengata bokhoni ba ho sechaba. Khutlela Latsoa, ​​maqhama, 'me Time, ka mohlala o tšohloa pejana khaolong eo, likhang khahlanong ya data lokolloe hore tsepamisa kelello feela ka gobatsa bana ho ka khonehang le hore hlokomoloha melemo e ka khonehang ba feteletseng e' ngoe sekamela lehlakoreng; Ke tla hlalosa mathata le e mong sekamela lehlakoreng, mokhoa ona feteletseng sireletsang ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane ka mona ka tlase ha ke fana ka keletso mabapi le ho etsa liqeto ha a tobane le ho se kholisehe (Karolo 6.6.4).

Leka 6.6 motho aka fihlella: Data lokolloe mawa afe ka oela hammoho continuum e. Moo u lokela ho ba hammoho continuum ena itšetlehile ka lintlha tse tobileng ya data hao. Tabeng ena, mokga la boraro tekolo botjha ka u thusa ho etsa qeto e nepahetseng ho leka-lekana kotsi le ho rua molemo tabeng ea hao.

Ho ekelletsa moo, pakeng tsa maemong ana 'meli feteletseng ke seo ke tla bitsoa marako serapa hore katamelo moo ya data e ba ile ba kopanela le batho ba kopanang dihlahlobo tse itseng' me ke mang ea lumellana ho tlangoa ke melao e itseng (mohlala, bolebeli tsoang IRB e le e lipolane ya data tshireletso) . Sena se marako serapa hore katamelo e fana ka e mengata ea melemo ea ho ho lokolloa 'me lebala le ipeha kotsing ea tlaase ho moo. Ke 'nete hore o marako o sebetsang serapeng katamelo baka lipotso tseo-ke mang ea e mengata lokela ho ba le phihlello, tlas'a hore na maemo a, ka nako e kae, ke mang ea lokelang ho lefa ho boloka le mapolesa marako serapa hore jj-empa tsena ha li hloloa. Ha e le hantle, ho na le ba se ba ntse ho sebetsa lirapa marako sebakeng seo bafuputsi ka sebelisa hona joale, tse kang akhaefe ya data ya Inter-univesithi khonsotiamong bakeng Lipolotiki le Social Research Univesithing ea Michigan.

Kahoo, moo lokela ho data ho tswa ho ithuta ha hao ho ka continuum tsa ho se arolelana maikutlo marako serapa, 'me a lokolle le lebala? E itšetleha ka lintlha tse qaqileng tsa data ya hao; bafuputsi lokela leka-lekanya Hlompha Batho, Beneficence, Toka, 'me Hlompha Molao le ditabatabelo tsa setjhaba. Ha lekola ho leka-lekana ho loketseng hore liqeto tsa bafuputsi batla keletso le kamohelo ea IRBs, mme data lokolloe ka ba feela karolo e 'ngoe ea tsamaiso ee. Ka mantsoe a mang, le hoja batho ba bang ba nahana ka boitsebiso bo lokolloe e le hlotseng lithipa boitshwaro morass, re se a ntse a ho ba le litsamaiso sebakeng ho thusa bafuputsi leka-lekanya mofuta ofe tsena tsa dikgakanego boitšoaro.

Tsela e 'ngoe ea ho qetela ea ho nahana ka kopanela boboleling ya data ke ka papiso. Selemo le selemo likoloi ba na le boikarabelo ba likete ba bolaea batho ba, empa re sa leka ho thibela ho khanna. Ha e le hantle, pitso e joalo e ba thibele ho khanna ne e tla ba ho sa utloahaleng ka lebaka ho khanna nolofalletsa lintho tse ngata tse babatsehang. Ho e-na, mokhatlo oa beha lithibelo tse behetsoeng mang ea ka khanna (mohlala, ho hlokahala hore le lilemong tse itseng, ho hlokahala hore li fetile litlhahlobo tse e itseng) le hore na ba ka khanna (mohlala, tlas'a fokotsa lebelo). Mokhatlo o boetse o na batho filwego mosomo wa go le qobella melao ena (mohlala, mapolesa a), 'me re otla batho ba tšoaroa tlōla bona. Mofuta ona e tšoanang oa ho nahana e leka-lekaneng sechabeng seo e sebetsa ho ho laola ho khanna ka boela ho sebediswa ho kopanela ya data. Ke hore, ho e-na ho etsa likhang tse absolutist kapa khahlanong kopanela boboleling ya data, ke nahana ka melemo kholo ka ho fetisisa a tla tsoa ho qalang ho ithuta kamoo re ka kopanela ya data eketsehileng ka tsela e sireletsehileng ho feta.

Ho etsa qeto ea, mo kenyang kotsing informational e eketsehile ka tsela e hlollang, 'me ho thata haholo ho bolela esale pele' me quantify. Ka lebaka leo, ho molemo ho nahana hore boitsebiso bo tsohle ke nang le monyetla identifiable le nang le monyetla hlokolosi. Ho fokotseha ipeha kotsing ea informational ha a ntse a etsa lipatlisiso, bafuputsi ka bōpa le ho latela se moralo ya data tshireletso. Ho ekelletsa moo, mo kenyang kotsing informational ha e thibele bafuputsi ho kopanela ya data le bo-rasaense ba e meng.