Seo u lokelang ho se bala ka mor'a moo

• Selelekela (karolo ea 3.1)

Lihlooho tse ngata tsa khaolo ena li boetse li ngotsoe liofising tsa morao tjena tsa mopresidente ho Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Lipatlisiso tsa Sechaba (AAPOR), tse kang tsa Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , le Link (2015) .

Ho fumana phapang pakeng tsa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso le lipuisano tse tebileng, bona Small (2009) . Ho amanang le lipuisano tse tebileng ke lelapa la litsela tse bitsoang ethnography. Ka lipatlisiso tsa li-ethnographic, ka kakaretso bafuputsi ba qeta nako e ngata le barupeluoa sebakeng sa bona sa tlhaho. Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le phapang pakeng tsa li-ethnography le lipuisano tse tebileng, sheba Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng ka li-ethnography tsa digital, bona Pink et al. (2015) .

Tlhaloso ea ka ea lipatlisiso tsa phuputso ea lipatlisiso e khutšoanyane haholo ho kenyeletsa tse ngata tsa tsoelo-pele e thabisang e etsahetseng. Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling tsa histori, bona Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , le Igo (2008) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le lipatlisiso tse tharo tsa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso, sheba Groves (2011) le Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (e qhetsoang lirapa tse tharo ka ho fapaneng).

Groves and Kahn (1979) fana ka maikutlo a phetoho ho tloha ho ea pele ho ea ho ea bobeli ka lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso ka ho etsa phapanyetsano e qaqileng ea hlooho pakeng tsa sefahleho sefahleho le sefahleho sa thelefono. ( ??? ) sheba morao ho nts'etsopele ea histori ea mekhoa ea litekanyetso tsa ho bapala li-random.

Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling tseo lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso li fetotsoeng nakong e fetileng ho arabela liphetoho tsa sechaba, bona Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , le Couper (2011) .

• Ho ipapisa le ho shebella (karolo 3.2)

Matla le mefokolo ea ho botsa le ho shebella li 'nile tsa phehisana khang ke litsebi tsa kelello (mohlala, Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) le litsebi tsa sechaba (mohlala, Jerolmack and Khan (2014) , Maynard (2014) , Cerulo (2014) ; Vaisey (2014) ; Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ] Phapang pakeng tsa ho botsa le ho shebella e boetse e hlaha ka moruo, moo bafuputsi ba buang ka litlhaloso tse boletsoeng le tse senotsoeng. Ka mohlala, mofuputsi a ka botsa ba arabelitsoeng hore na ba khetha ho ja ice cream kapa ho ea boikoetliso (litlhaloso tse boletsoeng), kapa li ka bona hore na batho ba ja ice cream hangata hakae 'me ba ea lipapaling tsa boikoetliso (likhetho tse senotsoeng). Ho na le lipelaelo tse tebileng mabapi le mefuta e itseng ea lits'ebetso tse khethollang lichelete joalokaha ho hlalosoa Hausman (2012) .

Sehlooho se seholo sa lipuisano tsena ke hore boitšoaro bo tlalehiloeng hase kamehla bo nepahetseng. Empa, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe khaolong ea 2, mehloli e mengata ea litaba e ka 'na ea se ke ea nepahala, e ka' na ea se ke ea bokelloa ka mohlala oa thahasello, 'me e ka' na ea se ke ea fumaneha ho bafuputsi. Kahoo, ke nahana hore, maemong a mang, boitšoaro bo tlalehiloeng bo ka ba molemo. Ho feta moo, sehlooho sa bobeli sa sehlooho sa lipuisano tsena ke hore litlaleho tsa maikutlo, tsebo, litebello le maikutlo ha li nepahale kamehla. Empa, haeba tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le lits'ebeletso tsena tsa ka hare e hlokoa ke bafuputsi-ebang ba thusa ho hlalosa boitšoaro bo itseng kapa e le ntho e lokelang ho hlalosoa-joale ho botsa ho ka ba ho loketseng. Ha e le hantle, ho ithuta ka lipotso tsa ka hare ho botsa lipotso ho ka ba bothata hobane ka nako e 'ngoe ba arabang ba sa tsebe lintlha tsa bona tsa ka hare (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .

• Kakaretso ea phoso ea lipatlisiso (karolo ea 3.3)

Khaolo ea 1 ea Groves (2004) na le mosebetsi o babatsehang oa ho boelanya mantsoe a mangata a sa lumellaneng a sebelisitsoeng ke bafuputsi ba lipatlisiso ho hlalosa lenane la phoso ea lipatlisiso. Bakeng sa phekolo ea nako e telele ea phekolo ea lenane la phoso ea lipatlisiso, sheba Groves et al. (2009) , le bakeng sa kakaretso ea histori, bona Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

Maikutlo a ho phosola ha lihlopha ho fetoha le maemo a sa tšoaneng a boetse a hlaha ka ho ithuta ka mochine; bona, mohlala, karolo 7.3 ea Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Hangata sena se etsa hore bafuputsi ba bue ka khoebo ea "khethollo-mohopolo".

Mabapi le ts'ebetsong, kenyelletso e kholo litabeng tsa khethollo le ho se tsotelle ke tlaleho ea Lekhotla la Sechaba la Lipatlisiso Nonresponse ho Lipatlisiso tsa Sechaba sa Saense: Lekala la Lipatlisiso (2013) . Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e fanoang ke Groves (2006) . Hape, litaba tsohle tse khethehileng tsa Journal of Official Statistics , Qetellong ea Maikutlo a Sechaba , le Annals tsa American Academy of Political and Social Science li phatlalalitsoe ka taba ea ho se arabe. Qetellong, ho na le litsela tse fapaneng tsa ho bala tekanyo ea karabo; mekhoa ena e hlalositsoe ka ho qaqileng tlalehong ea The American Association of Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .

Bakeng sa boitsebiso bo bongata ka 1936 Literary Digest , bona Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) le Lusinchi (2012) . Bakeng sa puisano e 'ngoe ea phuputso ena e le temoso ea litšoantšo khahlanong le pokello ea boitsebiso bo Gayo-Avello (2011) , sheba Gayo-Avello (2011) . Ka 1936, George Gallup o ile a sebelisa mofuta o mong o rarahaneng oa mehlala 'me a khona ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse nepahetseng haholoanyane ka mohlala o monyenyane haholo. Katleho ea Gallup holim'a Literary Digest e bile ketsahalo ea bohlokoa ho nts'etsopetsong lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso joalokaha ho hlalositsoe khaolong ea 3 ea @ converse_survey_1987; Khaolo ea 4 ea Ohmer (2006) ; le khaolo ea 3 ea @ igo_averaged_2008.

Mabapi le tekanyo, mohloli o moholo oa ho qapa lipotso ke Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Bakeng sa phekolo e tsoetseng pele, bona Schuman and Presser (1996) , e tsepamisitseng maikutlo ka ho toba lipotsong tsa boikutlo, le Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , e leng eona e akaretsang. Tsela e fapaneng e fapaneng ea tekanyo e nkoa ke psychometrics, joalokaha e hlalositsoe ho ( ??? ) . Ntho e eketsehileng tabeng ea ho ipeha pele hoa pele e fumaneha Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , le khaolo ea 8 ea Groves et al. (2009) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le liteko tsa lipatlisiso, bona Mutz (2011) .

Mabapi le litšenyehelo, mekhoa ea khale-khale ea ho sebetsana le khoebo pakeng tsa litšenyehelo tsa lipatlisiso le liphoso tsa lipatlisiso ke Groves (2004) .

• Ke mang ea lokelang ho botsa (karolo 3.4)

Lihlopha tse peli tsa khale tsa phekolo ea libukana tsa mefuta e tloaelehileng ea litekanyetso le litekanyetso ke Lohr (2009) (ho kenyelletsa ho feta) le Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (e tsoetseng pele haholo). Tlhahlobo ea khale ea bolelele ba nako ea botlalo ea ho Särndal and Lundström (2005) mekhoa e amanang le eona ke Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Litsing tse ling tsa di-age-age, bafuputsi ba tseba haholo ka li-nonrespondent, tseo hangata e neng e se 'nete nakong e fetileng. Mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho fetola mekhoa ea ho se tsotelle e ka khoneha ha bafuputsi ba na le tlhahisoleseding ka li-nonrespondent, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) le Smith (2011) .

Thuto ea Xbox ea W. Wang et al. (2015) sebelisa mokhoa o bitsoang ho hlophisa ha multilevel le ho romeloa ka morao ("Monghali P.") o lumellang bafuputsi ho lekanya sehlopha ho bolela le ha ho na le lihlopha tse ngata. Le hoja ho e-na le khang e mabapi le boleng ba litekanyo tse tsoang mokhoa ona, ho bonahala e le sebaka se tšepisang ho hlahloba. Mokhoa oo o ile oa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , 'me ho bile le tšebeliso le phehisano e latelang (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa litekanyo tsa boima le lihlopha tsa sehlopha, sheba Gelman (2007) .

Bakeng sa mekhoa e meng ea ho lekola lipatlisiso tsa marang-rang, bona Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , le Valliant and Dever (2011) . Litebelisoa tsa marang-rang li ka sebelisa sampling kapa monyetla oa ho se khoneha. Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa marang-rang, bona Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Ka nako e 'ngoe, bafuputsi ba fumane hore mohlomong litekanyetso le mekhoa e ke keng ea etsahala e fana ka litekanyetso tsa boleng bo tšoanang (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , empa litšoantšiso tse ling li fumane hore li-sampula tse sa khonehang li etsa hampe (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Lebaka le leng le ka khonehang la ho fapana ho joalo ke hore li-sampuli tse se nang mohlomong li ntlafetse ho feta nako. Bakeng sa maikutlo a mangata a ho se tšepe mekhoa ea mekhoa ea mekhoa e metle, bona sehlopha sa AAPOR Task Force ka Lintho Tse sa Lebelloang (Baker et al. 2013) , hape ke khothalletsa ho bala tlhaloso e latelang tlaleho ea kakaretso.

• Tsela ea ho botsa (karolo 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) ke molumo o hlophisitsoeng o nang le sehlooho se bitsoang Envisioning The Survey Interview of Future , mme o fana ka maikutlo a sa tšoaneng mabapi le bokamoso ba ho botsa lipotso. Couper (2011) bua ka litaba tse tšoanang, le Schober et al. (2015) fana ka mohlala o motle oa mekhoa ea pokello ea lits'ebetso e lumellanang le boemo bo bocha e ka lebisang ditsheng tse phahameng tsa boleng. Schober and Conrad (2015) fana ka khang e kholo ka ho tsoela pele ho lokisa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso ho bapisa liphetoho sechabeng.

Tourangeau and Yan (2007) litlhaloso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba ka boiketlo ba lipotso tse thata, le Lind et al. (2013) fana ka mabaka a mang a ka etsang hore batho ba ka senola boitsebiso bo bobebe ho buisanoa ka lik'homphieutha. Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le boikarabelo ba batho ba buisanoang le batho ka ho eketseha ha litekanyetso tsa lipalo lipatlisisong, bona Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , le Schaeffer et al. (2013) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng ka lipatlisiso tsa mefuta-futa, bona Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) fana ka phekolo ea nako e telele ea tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa tsa nakoana le mekhoa e amanang le eona.

Bakeng sa keletso e eketsehileng ho etsa lipatlisiso phihlelo e thabisang le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa barupeluoa, bona mosebetsi ka Tsela ea Mokhoa oa Tsela (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . Bakeng sa mohlala o mong o thahasellisang oa ho sebelisa li-apps tsa Facebook bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa saense tsa sechaba, bona Bail (2015) .

• Lipatlisiso tse amanang le mehloli e meholo ea boitsebiso (karolo 3.6)

Judson (2007) hlalosa mokhoa oa ho kopanya lipatlisiso le data ea tsamaiso e le "boitsebiso bo kopanetsoeng" le ho bua ka menyetla e meng ea mokhoa ona, hammoho le ho fana ka mehlala e meng.

Ha ho buuoa ka ho rua ho rua, ho 'nile ha e-ba le boiteko bo bongata bo fetileng ba ho tiisa ho vouta. Bakeng sa kakaretso ea lingoliloeng tseo, sheba Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , le Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . Sheba Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) bakeng sa pono e eketsehileng ea lipelaelo tsa liphello tse hlahisitsoeng Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore le hoja Ansolabehere le Hersh ba ne ba khothatsoa ke boleng ba lintlha tse tsoang ho Catalist, tse ling tsa litekanyetso tsa barekisi ba khoebo ha lia ka tsa e-ba mafolofolo haholo. Pasek et al. (2014) fumane boleng bo botle ha dintlha tse tsoang phuputsong e ne e bapisoa le feshene ea bareki ho tloha Marketing Systems Group (e leng eona ka boeona e kopantseng boitsebiso bo tsoang ho bafani ba bararo: Acxiom, Experian, le InfoUSA). Ke hore, faele ea data ha e lumellane le likarabo tsa lipatlisiso tseo bafuputsi ba neng ba lebeletse hore li nepahetse, faele ea bareki e ne e lahlehetsoe ke data bakeng sa lipotso tse ngata, 'me mokhoa o lahlehileng oa data o ne o amana le tlaleho ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo (ka mantsoe a mang, ho hlokahale data e ne e hlophisehile, eseng ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang).

Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le ho hokahanya ha tlaleho lipakeng tsa lipatlisiso le ditaba tsa tsamaiso, bona Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) le Schnell (2013) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse ngata mabapi le ho hokahanya ha tlaleho ka kakaretso, bona Dunn (1946) le Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (histori) le Larsen and Winkler (2014) (ea kajeno). Mekhoa e joalo e boetse e hlahisitsoe ka saense ea k'homphieutha ka mabitso a kang ho aroloa ha data, mohlala oa boitsebiso, lebitso le lekanang, lekhetho le fumanoang, le boitsebiso bo fumanoang ka bobeli (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Hape ho boetse ho na le mekhoa ea ho boloka boitsebiso ba boinotšing ho boloka boitsebiso bo sa batleng ho fetisetsa tlhahiso ea boitsebiso bo khethollang motho ka mong (Schnell 2013) . Bafuputsi ba Facebook ba ile ba qapa mokhoa oa ho lumellana le litlaleho tsa bona litabeng tsa ho vouta (Jones et al. 2013) ; kopano ena e entsoe ho hlahloba teko eo ke tla u bolella eona khaolong ea 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le ho fumana tumello ea ho hokahanya ha rekoto, bona Sakshaug et al. (2012) .

Mohlala o mong oa ho hokahanya lipatlisiso tse kholo tsa sechaba sechabeng ka tlaleho ea tsamaiso ea mmuso e tsoa ho Phatlalatso ea Bophelo le ea ho Hlakola le Sechaba sa Ts'ireletso ea Sechaba. Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng thutong eo, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahisoleseding mabapi le ts'ebetso ea tumello, sheba Olson (1996, 1999) .

Tsamaiso ea ho kopanya mehloli e mengata ea litlaleho tsa tsamaiso ho master datafile-mokhoa oo Catalist o o sebelisang-o tloaelehile liofising tsa lipalo tsa mebuso e meng ea naha. Bafuputsi ba babeli ba tsoang Statistics Sweden ba ngotse buka e qaqileng ka sehlooho (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Bakeng sa mohlala oa mokhoa ona sebakeng se le seng United States (Olmstead County, Minnesota; ntlo ea Mayo Clinic), bona Sauver et al. (2011) . Bakeng sa ho eketsehileng ka liphoso tse ka hlahang litlalehong tsa tsamaiso, bona Groen (2012) .

Tsela e 'ngoe eo bafuputsi ba ka sebelisang mehloli e meholo ea litsebi lipatlisisong tsa lipatlisiso ke setšoantšo sa mehlala ea batho ba nang le litšobotsi tse itseng. Ka bomalimabe, mokhoa ona o ka hlahisa lipotso tse amanang le boinotši (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

Ha ho buuoa ka ho matlafatsa ho botsa, mokhoa ona ha o ncha joalokaha o ka bonahala ho tsoa ho seo ke se hlalositseng. E na le likamano tse tebileng le libaka tse tharo tse kholo ka lipalo-palo: moralo oa post-stratification (Little 1993) , ho fana ka maikutlo (Rubin 2004) , le tekanyo ea sebaka se senyenyane (Rao and Molina 2015) . E boetse e amahanngoa le tšebeliso ea mefuta e mengata ea lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa bongaka (Pepe 1992) .

Tekanyo ea litšenyehelo le nako e Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) bua haholo ka litšenyehelo tse fapaneng-theko ea lipatlisiso tse ling tse eketsehileng-'me ha li kenyelle litšenyehelo tse tsitsitseng tse kang litšenyehelo tsa ho hloekisa le ho sebetsana le lintlha tsa mohala. Ka kakaretso, ho matlafatsoa ho botsa ho ka 'na ha e-ba le litšenyehelo tse phahameng haholo le litšenyehelo tse fokolang tse fokolang tse tšoanang le tsa liteko tsa digital (sheba khaolo ea 4). Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng ka lipatlisiso tsa thelefono ea linaheng tse tsoelang pele, bona Dabalen et al. (2016) .

Bakeng sa maikutlo a mabapi le hore na u ka etsa joang ho matlafatsa ho botsa hantle, ke tla nkhothaletsa ho ithuta ho eketsehileng mabapi le maikutlo a mangata (Rubin 2004) . Hape, haeba bafuputsi ba bua ka matla ho botsa hore ba hlokomele likarolo tsa palo, ho e-na le litšobotsi tsa batho ka bomong, joale litsela tsa King and Lu (2008) le Hopkins and King (2010) ka ba molemo. Qetellong, bakeng sa ho eketsehileng mabapi le ho ithuta ha mechine Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , bona James et al. (2013) (ka holimo ho feta) kapa Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (ba tsoetseng pele haholo).

Taba e 'ngoe ea boitšoaro mabapi le ho matlafatsa ho botsa ke hore e ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa mekhoa e metle eo batho ba ke keng ba e khetha ho e senola phuputsong e hlalositsoeng Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .