[ ,, ] Khaolong ena, ke ne ke e-na le boikutlo bo botle haholo ka ho romeha ka morao. Leha ho le joalo, sena hase kamehla se ntlafatsang boleng ba litekanyetso. Etsa boemo boo ka mor'a hore stratification e ka fokotsa boleng ba litekanyetso. (Bakeng sa tlhahiso, bona Thomsen (1973) .)
[ ,, ,, ] Ho theha le ho etsa lipatlisiso ho Amazon Mechanical Turk ho sa khoneha ho botsa ka botho ba lithunya le maikutlo a mabapi le taolo ea lithunya. E le hore o ka bapisa litekanyetso tsa hau le tse fumanoang mohlomong, ho kopitsa kopi ea potso le likarabo ka ho toba ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa boleng bo phahameng joaloka tse tsamaisoang ke Pew Research Center.
[ ,, ,, ] Goel le basebetsi-'moho le eena (2016) ne ba e-na le lipotso tse 49 tsa boipheliso bo khethiloeng ke General Social Survey (GSS) 'me ba khetha lipatlisiso ke Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Pew ho batho bao e seng balumeli ba tsoang Mechanical Turk. Eaba ba fetola boitsebiso bo sa amaneng le boitsebiso bo sebelisitsoeng ka mokhoa o sebelisoang ka mohlala-le ho bapisa likhakanyo tsa bona tse fetotsoeng le ba tsoang lipatlisisong tsa GSS le Pew. Etsa lipatlisiso tse tšoanang ho Amazon Mechanical Turk 'me u leke ho etsisa setšoantšo sa 2a le setšoantšo sa 2b ka ho bapisa litekanyo tsa hau tse fetohileng le likhakanyo tsa lipalo tsa morao-rao tsa lipatlisiso tsa GSS le Pew. (Bona tablete ea li-appendix A2 bakeng sa lethathamo la lipotso tse 49.)
[ ,, ,, ] Liphuputso tse ngata li sebelisa mehato ea boipheliso ea ho sebelisa liselefouno. Ena ke boemo bo thahasellisang boo bafuputsi ba ka bapisang boitsoaro ba boits'oaro ka boitšoaro bo hlephileng (bona mohlala, Boase and Ling (2013) ). Mekhoa e 'meli e tloaelehileng eo motho a ka e botsang ka eona ke ea ho letsetsa le ho romellana melaetsa,' me liforeimi tse peli tse tloaelehileng ke "maobane" le "bekeng e fetileng."
[ ,, ] Schuman and Presser (1996) re lipotso tsa lipotso li tla ba le lipotso tsa mefuta e 'meli ea lipotso: lipotso tse arolelanoang lipotso moo lipotso tse peli li leng boemong bo ts'oanang (mohlala, litekanyetso tsa batlatsi ba babeli ba mopresidente); le karolo e 'ngoe-lipotso moo potso e tloaelehileng e latelang potso e tobileng (mohlala, ho botsa "U khotsofetse hakae ka mosebetsi oa hau?" o lateloa ke "U khotsofetse hakae ka bophelo ba hau?").
Ba tsoela pele ho hlalosa mefuta e 'meli ea potso ea lipotso: liphello tse tsitsitseng li etsahala ha likarabo tsa potso e tlang li ntse li atamela (ho feta kamoo li neng li tla ba kateng) ho ba fuoeng potso ea pele; phapang e fapaneng e etsahala ha ho e-na le phapang e kholo pakeng tsa likarabo tse peli.
[ ,, ] Ho haha mosebetsing oa Schuman and Presser, Moore (2002) hlalosa phapang e fapaneng ea pheliso ea lipotso: liphetoho tse eketsang le tse senyang. Le hoja liphetoho le liphello tse tsitsitseng li hlahisoa ka lebaka la ho hlahlojoa ha lintho tseo tse peli tse amanang le tsona, liphello tse tlatsehang le tse senyang li hlahisoa ha ba arabelitsoeng ba etsoa ka hloko haholoanyane moralo o moholoanyane oo lipotso li botsitsoeng ho tsona. Bala Moore (2002) , ebe o qapa le ho etsa lipatlisiso ho MTurk ho bonahatsa liphello tse eketsang kapa tse tlohang.
[ ,, ] Christopher Antoun le basebetsi-'moho le eena (2015) ile ba etsa lipatlisiso ho bapisa mekhoa e metle e fumanoang mehloling e mene e fapaneng ea ho ngolisa Inthanete: MTurk, Craigslist, Google AdWords le Facebook. Etsa lipatlisiso tse bonolo 'me u kope barupeluoa ka bonyane mefuta e' meli e fapaneng ea ho fumana mehloli ea inthanete (mehloli ena e ka fapana le mehloli e mene e sebelisoang Antoun et al. (2015) ).
[ ] Ka boiteko ba ho bolela esale pele liphello tsa EU ea 2016 Referendum (ke hore, Brexit), YouGov-e leng marang-rang a ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa 'maraka-a tsamaisoang marang-rang a sehlopha sa batho ba ka bang 800 000 ba arabelitsoeng United Kingdom.
Tlhaloso e qaqileng ea sebopeho sa lipalo tsa YouGov se ka fumanoa ho https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/21/yougov-referendum-model/. UGov o ile a arola likhetho ka mefuta e thehiloeng ho khetho ea likhetho ka kakaretso ea likhetho tsa 2015, lilemo, litšoaneleho, tekano le letsatsi la lipuisano, hammoho le sebaka seo ba neng ba lula ho sona. Ntlha ea pele, ba sebelisitse boitsebiso bo bokelletsoeng ho baGoGog panelist ho lekanyetsa, har'a ba ileng ba khetha, palo ea batho ba mofuta o mong le o mong oa likhetho ba neng ba rerile ho khetha. Ba hakanya hore ho na le mofuta o mong le o mong oa likhetho o sebelisoang Thutong ea Likhetho tsa Bongoli ba 2015 (BES), e leng phuputso ea likhetho ka morao-rao, e ileng ea tiisa ho tloha likhethong tsa likhetho. Qetellong, ba hakanya hore na batho ba bangata ba neng ba e-na le mofuta ofe le o mong oa likhetho ho khethiloe, ka lebaka la Patlisiso ea morao-rao ea sechaba le ea selemo le selemo (e nang le boitsebiso bo eketsehileng bo tsoang mehloling e meng ea litaba).
Matsatsi a mararo pele lekhetho, YouGov o bontšitse mohoeletsi oa lintlha tse peli tsa ho tloha. Bosiung ba ho vouta, phuputso eo e bontšitse hore sephetho se ne se le haufi le ho bitsa (49/51 lula). Tlhahlobo ea ho qetela ea letsatsi e boletse hore 48/52 e le ho rata ho lula (https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/23/yougov-day-poll/). Ha e le hantle, tekanyetso ena e hlokometse phello ea ho qetela (Lekhetlo la 52/48) ka lintlha tse 'nè tsa palo.
[ ,, ] Ngola mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho bapisa ho bontša liphoso tsa boemeli bo hlahang ho setšoantšo sa 3.2.
[ ,, ] Phuputso ea Blumenstock le basebetsi-'moho le eona (2015) ne e ameha ho haha mochine oa ho ithuta mochine o neng o ka sebelisa lintlha tsa digital ho latela esale pele likarabo tsa lipatlisiso. Hona joale, u tla leka ntho e tšoanang le dataset e fapaneng. Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) fumane hore Facebook likes e ka bolela esale pele litšobotsi le litšobotsi tse itseng. Hoa makatsa hore ebe lintho tsena tse boletsoeng esale pele li ka nepahala ho feta tsa metsoalle le basebetsi-'moho le uena (Youyou, Kosinski, and Stillwell 2015) .
[ ] Toole et al. (2015) sebelisitse litlaleho tsa lits'oaiso (CDRs) ka liselefouno tsa cellular ho bolela esale pele mekhoa ea ho hloka mesebetsi.