4.5.1.1 deegaanno Isticmaal jira

Waxaad ordi karaan tijaabo gudaha deegaano hadda, inta badan aan koodh ama iskaashi.

Ma'aha, habka ugu fudud in la sameeyo tijaabo digital waa in lagu dahaadho aad tijaabo on top of jawi jira, aad awood in uu ordo tijaabo beerta digital. tijaabo waxaa la ordi karaa qiyaasta macquul badan oo aan u baahnayn la kaashanaya shirkad ama horumarinta software ballaaran.

Tusaale ahaan, Jennifer Doleac iyo Luke Stein (2013) ka faa'ideystay suuqa internetka ah (tusaale ahaan, craigslist) in uu ordo tijaabo ah in qiyaasay takoorka isirka. Doleac iyo Stein xayaysiiyo kumanaan iPod, oo si nidaamsan kala duwan dabeecadaha iibiyaha, waxay awoodi karaan inay bartaan saamaynta tartanka on macaamil dhaqaale ahaayeen. Dheeraad ah, Doleac iyo Stein isticmaalo qiyaasta ay tijaabiyaan in la qiyaaso marka saamaynta waa weyn (heterogeneity of saamaynta daaweynta) iyo waxay bixiyaan qaar ka mid ah fikradaha ku saabsan sababta saamaynta dhici kara (hab).

Ka hor inta aan daraasadda of Doleac iyo Stein, ay jiraan lahaa laba siyaabood ayaa si experimentally qiyaaso takoorka. In waraaqo cilmi cilmiga abuuro resume dadka khayaalka ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan oo ay isticmaalaan resume si, tusaale ahaan, dalban shaqooyin kala duwan. Bertrand iyo Mullainathan ee (2004) warqad la horyaalka xusuus "Ma Emily iyo Greg More shaqaalayn badan Lakisha iyo Jamal? Tijaabi A Field on Discrimination Market Labor "waa sawir cajiib ah oo daraasad waraaqo ah. waxbarashada Correspondence leeyihiin kharashka yar per dhawrid, kaas oo awood cilmi-hal si ay u ururiyaan kumanaan indhaynta in baadhitaan caadi ah. Laakiin, waxbarashada waraaqo takoorka isirka ayaa waxa su'aalo sababtoo ah magacyada kara calaamad waxyaalo badan oo lagu daro tartanka codsadaha. Taasi waa, magacyada sida Greg, Emily, Lakisha, iyo Jamal ay muujin karaan fasalka bulshada ee intaa dheer in jinsi. Sidaas darteed, wax farqi ah ee daaweynta resume ee Greg iyo Jamal ayaa laga yaabaa in ay sabab u tahay in ka badan fuulaan kala duwan tartanka codsadayaasha ah. Waxbarashada Audit, ayaa dhanka kale, ku lug shaqaaleysato jilayaasha ah ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan si aad u codsato in qofka shaqo. Inkastoo waxbarashada hubinta bixiyaan calaamad cad oo ah tartanka codsadaha, waxay aad u qaali ah halkii dhawrid, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in ay sida caadiga ah oo kaliya ay leeyihiin boqolaal galku waa.

In ay tijaabo beerta digital, Doleac iyo Stein ay awoodaan si ay u abuuraan isku soo jiidasho leh. Waxay ahaayeen awoodaan in ay soo ururiyaan xogta kharash yar per daawashada-keentay in kumanaan galku (sida daraasadda warqadihiisa a) kolba ay awoodaan in ay calaamad u tartanka iyadoo la isticmaalayo sawir-keentay in signal cad uncounfounded jinsiyad ahaayeen (sida daraasadda baaritaanka ah ). Sidaas darteed, deegaanka online mararka qaarkood awood cilmi in la abuuro daaweyn cusub in ay leeyihiin guryaha in ay adag tahay in si kale loo dhiso.

The xayeysiis iPod of Doleac iyo Stein kala duwan oo ay la socdaan saddex dhinacyada ugu muhiimsan. Marka hore, waxay kala duwanaayeen sifooyinka of iibiyaha, kaas oo uu u ishaaray gacanta ku sawiray haysta iPod ah [caddaan, madow, caddaan doonaan tattoo] (Jaantuska 4.12). Second, ay kala duwanaayeen qiimaha weydiinaya [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Saddexaad, ay kala duwanaayeen tayada text ad [tayo sare leh-oo ay tayadiisu hoosayso (tusaale ahaan, khaladaad xaraf iyo khaladaad spelin)] ee. Sidaas darteed, qorayaasha lahaa 3 X 3 X 2 design a kaas oo la geeyay guud ahaan ka badan 300 oo suuqyada maxalliga ah laga bilaabo magaalooyinka (tusaale ahaan, Kokomo, IN iyo North Platte, NE) in qaraniga ahee magaalooyinka (tusaale ahaan, New York iyo Los Angeles).

Jaantuska 4.12: Hands loo isticmaalo tijaabo ee Doleac and Stein (2013) . iPod la iibiyey by iibiya oo leh sifooyin kala duwan si loo qiyaaso takoorka ee suuqa internetka.

Celcelis ahaan ee guud ahaan xaaladaha oo dhan, natiijooyinka waxay ahaayeen roon iibiyaha cad ka iibiyaha madow, iibiyaha tattooed isagoo natiijada dhexe. Tusaale ahaan, alaab cad helay dalabyo badan oo lahaa qiimaha sale final sare. Beyond kuwaas oo saamayn celcelis ahaan, Doleac iyo Stein qiyaasay heterogeneity ee saamaynta. Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid saadaasha ka aragti hore waa in takoorka noqon lahaa ka yar suuqyada kuwa badan oo tartan ka. Isticmaalka tirada dalabyo ka helay sida wakiil ah tartanka suuqa, qorayaasha ogaaday in alaab madow anugu heli dalabyo ka xun suuqyada la degree yar ee tartankaan. Dheeraad ah, oo ay barbar natiijooyinka xayeysiis la tayo sare leh-iyo qoraalka ay tayadiisu hoosayso, Doleac iyo Stein helay tayo in ad ma saamayn khasaaro soo food by iibinaya madow iyo tattooed. Ugu dambeyntii, ka faa'iidaysanaya xaqiiqda ah in xayeysiis la dhigay in ka badan 300 oo suuqyada, qorayaasha ka heli in alaab madow badan yihiin danyarta ee magaalo iyo heerka dambiyada sare iyo faquuqid sare la deggan yahay. None of natiijooyinkan na siiyo faham saxda ah ee si sax ah sababta iibinaya madow lahaa natiijada ka xun, laakiin, markii la natiijooyinka waxbarashada kale ee la isku daray, waxa ay bilaabi karaan inay ku wargeliyaan aragtiyaha ku saabsan sababaha takoorka isirka ee noocyada kala duwan ee macaamil dhaqaale.

Tusaale kale oo muujinaya awoodda cilmi si ay u qabtaan tijaabo beerta digital in nidaamka hadda jira waa cilmi by Arnout van de Rijt iyo asxaabtii (2014) on furaha guusha. In qaybo badan ee nolosha, dadka u muuqda mid ah aakhirka la natiijooyinka aad u kala duwan. Mid ka mid ah sharaxaad suuragal ah in qaabkani waa in yar iyo muhiimad random-faa'iidooyinka quful-in karaa oo koraan muddo, nidaamka ah in cilmi wac faa'iido wadareed. Si loo ogaado in guulaha yar hore quful-in ama libdhi iska, van de Rijt iyo asxaabtii (2014) dhexgalay afar hababka kala duwan mannaysto guul ka qaybgalayaasha xushay, ka dibna qiyaasay saamaynta mudada dheer of this guusha loo aabo yeelin.

More si gaar ah, van de Rijt iyo asxaabtii 1) balan qaaday lacag si aan kala sooc lahayn loo doortay mashaariic on kickstarter.com , website a crowdfunding, 2) si togan qiimeeyo eegista xushay on the website epinions ; 3) siiyey abaalmarinta si aan kala sooc lahayn qayb u doortay inay Wikipedia , iyo 4) wareegtay xushay weyddiisato on change.org . Cilmi baarayaashu waxay ogaadeen natiijooyin aad u la mid ah oo dhan afar nidaamka: kiis kasta oo, ka qaybgalayaasha in ay ahaayeen kala sooc lahayn siiyey qaar ka mid ah guul hore u baxay in ay guul ku xiga in ka badan ay facooda haddii kale si buuxda u indistinguishable (Jaantuska 4.13). Xaqiiqada ah in hannaanka isku soo muuqday nidaamyo badan oo kordhisaa ansax dibadda ee natiijooyinkan, sababtoo ah waxaa hoos u fursad in qaabkani waa artifact ah nidaamka gaar ah.

Jaantuska 4.13: saamaynta muddada dheer ee guul kala sooc lahayn fadhiisiyey afar nidaamyada bulshada ee kala duwan. Arnout van de Rijt iyo asxaabtii (2014) 1) balan qaaday lacag si aan kala sooc lahayn loo doortay mashaariic on kickstarter.com , website a crowdfunding, 2) si togan qiimeeyo eegista xushay on the website epinions ; 3) siiyey abaalmarinta si aan kala sooc lahayn qayb u doortay inay Wikipedia , iyo 4) wareegtay xushay weyddiisato on change.org .

Si wadajir ah, labadan tusaale oo muujinaya in cilmi-qaban kara tijaabo beerta digital aan baahida loo qabo in iskaashi la shirkadaha ama baahida loo qabo in la dhiso nidaamyo digital adag. Dheeraad ah, Shaxda 4.2 siiyaa tusaalayaal ka sii muujinaya kala duwan ee waxa suurto gal ah marka cilmi isticmaali kaabayaasha nidaamyada jira si ay samatabbixin natiijooyinka daaweynta iyo / ama qiyaas. tijaabo Kuwani waa jaban cilmibaadhayaal iyo waxay bixiyaan shahaado sare oo xaqiiqo. Laakiin, tijaabo bixiyaan cilmi gacanta ku kooban in ka badan ka qaybgalayaasha, daaweyn, iyo natiijo in la qiyaasay. Dheeraad ah, waayo tijaabo ka dhacaya nidaamka kaliya hal, cilmi u baahan tahay inaad ka walaacsan in saamaynta lagu eryi karaa dhaqdhaqaaqa nidaamka-gaar ah (tusaale ahaan, jidka in Kickstarter kaalinta mashaariicda ama jidkii uu change.org kaalinta weyddiisato, wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah, arki dood ku saabsan Wareeriyay algorithmic cutubka 2). Ugu dambeyntii, marka cilmi fara nidaamyada shaqeeya, su'aalo anshax isreebreeb ah oo ku saabsan waxyeello suurto gal ah in ka qayb-galayaasha, non-qayb-galayaasha, iyo nidaamka. Waxaan ka fiirsan doonaa su'aasha anshaxa, kuwaas oo si faahfaahsan cutubka 6, iyo waxa ku jira dood aad u fiican oo ka mid ah lifaaqa ah ee van de Rijt (2014) . The ganacsiga-offs iman la shaqeeya nidaam jira ma yihiin fiican ee mashruuca kasta, iyo sabab in cilmi qaar ka mid ah loo dhiso nidaam tijaabo gaar ah, mawduuca of qaybta xigta.