Furaha socda tijaabo weyn waxaa wadista aad kharashka variable eber. Siyaabaha ugu wanaagsan ee ay tan u sameeyaan waa qalabaynta iyo naqshadaynta tijaabo xiiso leh.
tijaabo Digital yeelan karaan dhismayaasha qiimaha u xuub kala duwan oo this awood cilmi in uu ordo tijaabo ku jiray oo aan macquul ahayn ee la soo dhaafay. More si gaar ah, tijaabo guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin laba nooc oo waaweyn oo kharashka:. Kharashka joogtada ah iyo kharashka variable qiimaha go'an yihiin kharashka aan beddeli ku xiran tahay sida badan ka qaybgalayaashu aad leedahay. Tusaale ahaan, in tijaabo shaybaar, kharashka joogtada ah waxaa laga yaabaa in qiimaha kiraysato meel iyo iibsashada alaabta guriga. Kharashka variable, ayaa dhanka kale, isbedelka ku xiran tahay sida badan ka qaybgalayaashu aad leedahay. Tusaale ahaan, in tijaabo shaybaar, kharashka variable ka bixinta shaqaalaha iyo ka qaybgalayaasha u yimaadaan. Guud ahaan, tijaabo analog kharash yar yahay go'an iyo kharashka sare variable, iyo tijaabo digital leeyihiin kharashka sare go'an oo ah kharashka variable hooseeyo (Jaantuska 4.18). Iyada oo design oo ku habboon, aad baabuur wadi karto kharashka variable aad tijaabo jidka oo dhan si eber, iyo tan abuuri karaan fursado cilmi xiiso leh.
Waxaa jira laba cunsur weyn ee variable kharash-bixinta shaqaalaha iyo lacagta ka qaybgalayaasha-iyo mid kasta oo ka mid ah lagu eryi karaa in eber isticmaalaya xeelado kala duwan. Lacagaha shaqaalaha stem ka shuqulkii uu caawiye cilmi ha qoranayaan ka qaybgalayaasha, bixinta daawaynta, iyo cabirka natiijooyinka. Tusaale ahaan, tijaabo garoonka analog ah Schultz iyo asxaabtii (2007) oo ku saabsan caadooyinka bulshada iyo isticmaalka korontada caawiyeyaasha cilmi looga baahan yahay inay u safraan guriga kasta si loo bixiyo daaweynta iyo akhriyo mitirka korontada (Jaantuska 4.3). All of this dadaal gargaarrada cilmi macnaheedu yahay in ku daray qoyska cusub in ay daraasadda ku dari lahaa in kharashka. Dhinaca kale, waayo tijaabo ah oo duurka ku digital ah Restivo iyo van de Rijt (2012) on abaal in Wikipedia, cilmi ku dari karaysaa ka qaybgalayaasha more at shiidaa lacag la'aan ah. istaraatijiyad A guud ee dhimista kharashaadka maamulka variable waa in la bedelo shaqada aadanaha (oo waa qaali) shaqada computer (taas oo raqiis ah). Ku dhowaad, in aad adigu iska weydiin kartaa: tijaabiyaan this ordi karaan, halka qof walba on kooxda cilmi-baarista aan hurdo? Haddii ay jawaabta haa tahay, aad qabtay shaqo weyn oo qalabaynta.
Nooca labaad ee ugu weyn ee kharashka variable waa lacagta ka qaybgalayaasha. Qaar ka mid ah cilmi-isticmaashay Amazon Farsamada Turk iyo suuqyada kale ee shaqada online yaraadaan lacagta ah in loo baahan yahay ka qaybgalayaasha. Si aad u eryi kharashka variable jidka oo dhan eber, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa loo baahan yahay in hab ka duwan. Muddo dheer, cilmi ayaa loogu talagalay tijaabo la si caajiso ay u leeyihiin in ay bixiyaan dadka in ay ka qayb. Laakiin, waxa laga yaabaa haddii aad la abuuro tijaabo ah in dadku rabaan in ay ku sugan? Tani waxay u muuqan yaabaa in ilaa hadda soo kaxeeyey, laakiin waxaan idin siin doonaa tusaale hoose aan shaqo gaar ah, oo waxaa jira tusaalooyin badan oo Shaxda 4.4. Ogsoonow in habkani in la dhigaayo tijaabo xiiso leh axdiga uugu qaar ka mid ah mawduucyada cutubka 3 ee ku saabsan naqshadaynta sahan more xiiso leh iyo Cutubka 5 saabsan design ee iskaashiga mass. Sidaas darteed, waxaan u malaynayaa in ka qaybgale Raaxo-waxa sidoo kale laga yaabaa in loogu yeedho user-aragnimo-doona ahaan qayb sii kordhaysa muhiim ah oo design cilmi da'da digital.
Compensation | yeerida |
---|---|
Website la macluumaadka caafimaadka | Centola (2010) |
barnaamijka Jimicsiga | Centola (2011) |
music Free | Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , Salganik and Watts (2008) , Salganik and Watts (2009b) |
ciyaarta Fun | Kohli et al. (2012) |
talooyinka movie | Harper and Konstan (2015) |
Haddii aad rabto in aad la abuuro eber tijaabo kharashka variable aad rabto doonaa si loo hubiyo in wax walba si buuxda loo iswada iyo in ay ka qaybgalayaashu uma baahna wax lacag ah. In si ay u muujiyaan sida ay tani waa suurto gal, waxaan ku tilmaami doonaa cilmi PhD-ku guul iyo failure of alaabta dhaqanka aan. Tusaale ahaan Tani waxay sidoo kale muujisay, in eber xogta qiimaha variable ma ahan oo kaliya oo ku saabsan samaynayaan wax jaban. Saas ma aha, waa ku saabsan awood tijaabo in aan noqon doono suurto gal ah haddii kale.
My PhD-ahaa-gasha nooca jaha guusha alaabooyinka dhaqanka. songs Hit, ugu fiican iibinta buugta, iyo movies Lughaya waa badan, ka badan guul celceliska. Taas darteed, suuqyada alaabooyinka waxaa inta badan loo yaqaan "ku guuleystay-qaadan-dhan" suuqyada. Weliba, waqti isku mid ah, kuwaas oo si gaar ah song, buug, ama movie noqon doonaa guul waa cajiib aan la saadaalin karin. Screenwriter The William Goldman (1989) badan oo cilmi baaris aqooneed wato soo koobay by isagoo sheegay in, marka ay timaado saadaalinta guul, "qofna wax garanayo." Aan la saadaalin Karin ee ku guuleystay-qaadan-dhan suuqyada iga dhigay inaan la yaabanahay sida badan oo guulo waa natiijo tayo iyo inta waa uun nasiib. Ama, ka muujiyey wax yar ka duwan, hadii aan la abuuro laga yaabaa Caalamka barbar oo ay iyaga oo dhan si madaxbanaan umuuruhu, gabayadii isku noqon doono caansan dunida kasta? Oo, haddii kalese, waxa laga yaabaa in farsamo sababa kala duwan, kuwaas?
Si aad u jawaabto su'aalahan, waxaan-Peter Dodds, Duncan Watts (aan la taliyaha ay PhD), iyo I-orday taxane ah oo tijaabo beerta online. Gaar ahaan, waxaan dhisay website la yiraahdo MusicLab ay dadku ogaadaan yaabaa music cusub, oo aan u isticmaalo taxane ah oo tijaabo. Waxaan qorteen ka qaybgalayaasha by socda xayeysiis banner on website a dhallintaada-dan (Jaantuska 4.19) iyo iyada oo loo marayo carrabaabay in warbaahinta. Ka qaybgalayaashu yimid website bixiyo our oggolaansho la wargeliyey, dhammeeyaan su'aalaha a soo jeeda gaaban, oo aan kala sooc lahayn ayaa loo xilsaaray in ay mid ka mid ah saamaynta laba tijaabo xaaladaha-banaan iyo bulshada. In xaaladda madax banaan, ka qaybgalayaasha sameeyey go'aanada ku saabsan oo songs inay dhegaystaan, la siiyo oo keliya magacyada reer binu guutooyin ah iyo gabayo ah. Iyadoo la dhageysto song ah, ka qaybgalayaasha waxa la weydiiyey in ay qiimeyn ka dib markii taas ay fursad u helay (laakiin ma aha waajib ku ah) si aad u soo dejisan gabaygii. In xaaladda saamaynta bulshada, ka qaybgalayaashu khibrad la mid ah, marka laga reebo in ay sidoo kale arki karin inta jeer ee song kasta ayaa la soo bixi ka qaybgalayaashu hore. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ka qaybgalayaasha in xaalada saamaynta bulshada ayaa kala sooc lahayn loo qoondeeyey mid ka mid ah sideed Caalamka barbar kuwaasoo mid walba uu si madax-banaan waxaad fartaan (Jaantuska 4.20). Isticmaalka design this, waxaan ku orday laba tijaabo la xiriira. In marka hore, waxaan soo bandhigay ka qaybgalayaasha songs ee Roobka ah unsorted, kaas oo ku arzuqnay signal a daciif ah caan. In tijaabo labaad, waxaan soo bandhigay heeso ee liiska kaalinta, taas oo uu bixiyo signal u xoog badan oo ah dadka (Jaantuska 4.21).
Waxaan ogaaday in ay caanka ah ee songs khilaafeen guud ahaan Caalamka ku talinaya door muhiim ah nasiib. Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid dunida gabaygii "cakiran" by 52Metro yimid 1st, iyo adduunka kale waxaa dhacday in 40 ka mid ah 48 songs. Tani dhab ahaa madaxdii gabayga oo la mid ah ku tartamaya oo dhan heeso isku, laakiin mid ka mid dunida u helay nasiib iyo kuwa kale ma yeeleen. Dheeraad ah, oo ay barbar natiijada guud ahaan labada tijaabo waxaan ka helay in saamaynta bulshada keenaysaa in guusha ka badan kuwa aan qummanaynu, taas oo laga yaabo in abuuraa muuqaalka kore ee saadaalin. Laakiin, raadinaya guud ahaan Caalamka (taas oo aan la samayn karaa meel ka baxsan ee noocan oo kale ah Caalamka barbar tijaabo), waxaan ka helay in saamaynta bulshada dhab ahaantii kordhay saadaalin ah. Dheeraad ah, la yaab leh, waxa uu ahaa gabayadii racfaan ugu sareeya in ay leeyihiin natiijada ugu aan la saadaalin karin (Jaantuska 4.22).
MusicLab awooday inay at muhiimad eber kharashka variable, sababtoo ah sida in la loogu talagalay. First, wax walba waxaa si buuxda iswada sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay ordaan, halka waxay ahayd in aan hurdada. Second, magdhow ahaa music free sidaas darted ma jirin kharashka magdhow ka qaybgale variable. Isticmaalka music sida magdhowga ayaa sidoo kale muujineysa sida ay jiraan mararka qaar waa ka ganacsiga-off dhexeeya kharashka joogtada ah iyo kharashka variable. Isticmaalka music kordhay kharashka go'an maxaa yeelay, waxaan u lahaa in ay qaataan waqti ay ogolaansho ka guutooyin iyo diyaarinta warbixinta for guutooyinkiisa oo ku saabsan ficil-qaybgalayaasha in ay music. Laakiin, haddii ay taasi ku, sii kordhaya qiimaha go'an si ay u yaraadaan qiimaha doorsoomayaasha ahayd wax sax ah inay sameeyaan, taasi waxa weeye waxa inoo sahlay in ay ordaan tijaabo ah in uu ahaa ku saabsan 100 jeer ka badan tijaabo shaybaarka caadiga ah.
Dheeraad ah, tijaabo MusicLab ayaa muujinaya, in eber kharashka variable Khasab ma aha in la joojiyo laftiisa in ay noqon; halkii, waxay noqon kartaa hab in ordaya nooc cusub oo tijaabo. Fiiro u yeelo in kuma aannu isticmaalin dhamaan ka qaybgalayaashu si aan u ordo caadiga ah saamayn bulshada tijaabo shaybaar 100 jeer. Halkii, waxaan sameeyey wax ka duwan, kaas oo aad dooran karin sida bedesheen ka tijaabo nafsi ah si tijaabo ah cilmiga (Hedström 2006) . Halkii diiradda shakhsi go'aan-qaadasho, waxaan diiradda our tijaabiyaan on caan, natiijada wadajir ah. Tani waxay ku biiro natiijada wadajir ah loogu tala galay in aan loo baahan yahay oo ku saabsan 700 ka qaybgalayaasha in ay soo saaraan hal dhibic xogta hal (waxaa ku jiray 700 oo qof kasta oo ka mid ah Caalamka barbar). qiyaasta Taasi suurto gal ahayd oo kaliya sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedka kharashka tijaabo ah. Guud ahaan, haddii ay cilmi rabto in aad barato sida natiijooyinka wadajir kac ka go'aanada shakhsiga ah, tijaabo group sida MusicLab yihiin kuwo aad u xiiso badan. In la soo dhaafay, ay Ma'aha adag, laakiin dhibaatooyin kuwa engegay, sababtoo ah waxaa macquul ah ee eber xogta kharashka variable.
Waxa intaa dheer in muujinaysa faa'iidooyinka eber xogta kharashka variable, tijaabo MusicLab ah sidoo kale muujinaya caqabad ku ah la habkan: qarashka sare go'an. In aan kiiska, waxaan ahaa mid aad u nasiib badan in ay in la sameeysa a web tayo Butros u bixiyey Hausel qiyaastii lix bilood si ay u dhisaan tijaabo ku shaqeyn karin. Tani waxa ay ahayd macquul tahay oo kaliya sababtoo ah taliyaha, Duncan Watts, ayaa heshay tiro ka mid ah deeq si ay u taageeraan noocan oo kale ah cilmi-baarista. Technology soo hagaagtay tan iyo markii aan dhisay MusicLab 2004, iyo waxa ay noqon doontaa wax badan ka sahlan in la dhiso tijaabo ah sida hadda. Laakiin, xeeladaha qiimaha go'an sare waa run ahaantii ay suuragal tahay oo keliya cilmi kuwa bartey dabooli karaa kharashka kuwa.
Gebogebadii, tijaabo digital yeelan karaan qaabab kala duwan u xuub qiimaha badan tijaabo analog. Haddii aad rabto in aad u ordaan tijaabo run ahaantii weyn, waa in aad isku daydo in aad hoos u qiimaha variable sida ugu badan ee suurto gal ah iyo jidka oo dhan ugu fiican in ay 0. Waxaad ku samayn kartaa by automating makaanikada ee tijaabo ah (tusaale ahaan, markii uu bedelay aadanaha iyadoo markii computer) iyo naqshadaynta tijaabo in dadku rabaan in ay ku sugan. Cilmi kuwaas oo qorshee karaa tijaabo la muuqaalada kuwaas oo ay awoodaan in ay u ordaan nooc oo cusub oo tijaabo ah oo aan suurtowdo ee la soo dhaafay uu noqon doono.