4.4.1 Waqtiga

Waqtiga waxaa loola jeedaa sida badan natiijada tijaabo ah u taageeraan gabagabo guud.

Tijaabada No waa kaamil, oo cilmi yeelatay erayada ballaaran si ay u qeexaan dhibaatooyinka suurtagal ah. Waqtiga loola jeedaa ilaa xadka ay natiijada tijaabo gaar ah u taageeraan qaar ka mid gabagabo guud. Saynisyahano Social helnay ku caawiso in aan kala tagno ansax afar nooc oo waaweyn: ansax gabagabo tirakoobka, ansaxnimada gudaha, dhisaan ansax, iyo saxsanaanta dibadda (Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2001, Ch 2) . Ka adkaanshaha wax fikradaha, kuwaas oo ku siin doonaa liis dhimirka critiquing iyo wanaajinta design iyo falanqaynta tijaabo ah, oo waxay kaa caawin doona inaad la cilmi kale xiriiro.

Ansaxnimada gabagabo tirokoobka xarumaha agagaarka haddii falanqaynta tirakoobka ee tijaabo la sameeyo si sax ah. In macnaha guud ee Schultz et al. (2007) su'aal sida xarunta laga yaabaa in ay xisaabiyaa p-qiimaha ay si sax ah. Falanqaynta tirokoobka waa arrin ka baaxad ee kitaabkan lagu qoray, laakiin waxaan dhihi karaa mabaadi'da tirakoobka loo baahan yahay in la qorsheeyo oo falanqeeyaan tijaabo ah isma beddelo in da'da digital. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, deegaanka xog kala duwan oo tijaabo digital ma abuuraan fursado cusub tirakoobka (tusaale ahaan, iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab waxbarasho mashiinka in la qiyaaso heterogeneity of saamaynta daaweynta (Imai and Ratkovic 2013) ) iyo caqabadaha cusub xisaabeed (tusaale, ka xanibeen in tijaabo weyn (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) ).

Ansaxnimada Gudaha xarumaha agagaarka in hannaanka tijaabo ayaa la sameeyey si sax ah. Ku soo noqoshada tijaabo ee Schultz et al. (2007) , su'aalo ku saabsan ansax gudaha xarunta laga yaabaa agagaarka randomization ah, bixinta daawaynta, iyo cabbirka ee natiijada. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad ka welwelsan in kaaliyayaasha cilmi ma akhriyo ee mitir korontada kalsoonaan karo. Dhab ahaantii, Schultz iyo asxaabtii ahaayeen walwal qabto dhibaato this oo waxay lahaayeen muunad ka mid ah mitir laba jeer akhriyey, nasiib wanaag, natiijooyinka ahaayeen muhiimad isku mid. Guud ahaan, Schultz oo tijaabo shaqaalaheeda 'u muuqataa in ay ansax gudaha sare, laakiin tani ma aha had iyo jeer kiiska; beerta adag iyo tijaabo online inta badan la kulanaa dhibaatooyin dhab bixinta daaweynta saxda ah in dadka saxda ah iyo qiyaaso natiijooyinka qof walba. Nasiib wanaag, da'da digital caawin kara in la yareeyo walaaca ku saabsan ansax gudaha maxaa yeelay waxa ay ka dhigaysa in ay u fududahay in la hubiyo in daaweyn loo dhiibaa sida loogu tala galay in kuwa la rejeynayaa in uu helo iyo in lagu cabiro natiijada ka qaybgalayaasha oo dhan.

Dhisaan xarumaha ansax agagaarka kulanka u dhaxeeya xog iyo dhista teori. Sida looga hadlay Cutubka 2aad, dhista yihiin fikradaha dahsoon oo culumadu bulshada sabab ku saabsan. Nasiib darro, kuwaas oo fikradaha la taaban karin had iyo jeer uma qeexitaan cad oo cabbirka. Ku soo noqoshada Schultz et al. (2007) , sheegashada in injunctive caadooyinka bulshada hoos u dhigi kartaa isticmaalka korontada u baahan cilmi aad ku qorshayso daaweyn ah in dubaridi lahaa "caadooyinka bulshada injunctive" (tusaale, ah mucjisooyinka) iyo si loo cabiro "isticmaalka korontada". In tijaabo analog, cilmi badan oo loogu talagalay daaweynta iyaga u gaar ah oo wuxuu qiyaasay natiijada iyaga u gaar ah. Habkan hubisaa in, sida ugu badan ee suurtagal ah, tijaabo u dhigma ku dhista dahsoon la bartay. In tijaabo digital meesha cilmi lamaanahaaga shirkadaha ama dawladaha si loo bixiyo daaweynta iyo had-ku isticmaalaan nidaamka xogta si loo cabbiro natiijada, kulan ka dhexeeya tijaabo iyo dhista teori waxaa laga yaabaa in ka yar dhagan. Sidaas darteed, waxaan rajeyneynaa in ansax dhisida waxay doonaan in ay walaac ka weyn in tijaabo digital ka badan tijaabo analog.

Ugu dambeyntii, ansaxnimada dibadda xarumaha agagaarka in natiijada tijaabo this guud lahaa xaaladaha kale. Ku soo noqoshada Schultz et al. (2007) , mid ka mid weydiisan kartaa, doonaa dadkan fikrad-bixinta macluumaadka isla saabsan isticmaalka tamarta ay xiriir si dadka dhiggooda ah iyo signal a of caadooyinka injunctive (tusaale ahaan, mucjisooyinka ah) isticmaalka tamarta -reduce haddii ay waxaa lagu sameeyey si ka duwan in goob ka duwan? Waayo, sida ugu fiican ee loogu talagalay iyo tijaabo fiican u maamusho, arrimo ku saabsan ansax dibadda waa adag in wax laga qabto. In la soo dhaafay, kuwaas oo doodo ku saabsan ansax dibadda joogta ah ay ahaayeen oo kaliya farabadan dadka fadhiya qol isku dayaya in la qiyaaso waxa dhici lahaa haddii nidaamka lagu samayn lahaa si ka duwan, ama meel oo kala duwan, ama dad kala duwan. Nasiib wanaag, da'da digital awood cilmi u guurto ka baxsan wararka xog-free, kuwaas oo qiimeyn ansax dibadda u mareysa.

Maxaa yeelay, natiijooyinka ka soo Schultz et al. (2007) waxay ahaayeen kuwo si xiiso leh, shirkad la odhan jiray Opower iskaashi la yutiilitida ee dalka Mareykanka in ay daaweynta ka badan ballaaran. Iyada oo ku saleysan design ee Schultz et al. (2007) , Opower abuuray kartoo Home Energy Wararka lahaa laba qaybood ugu weyn, mid muujinaya qaraabo isticmaalka korontada guriga ayaa si deriska ah mucjisooyinka ah iyo mid ka mid ah oo bixiya talooyin hoos isticmaalka tamarta (Jaantuska 4.6). Markaas, isagoo la kaashanaya cilmi, Opower jarka nasiibin tijaabo gacanta si ay u qiimeeyaan saamaynta Home Wararka Energy. Inkastoo daawaynta ee tijaabo ka mid ah ayaa sida caadiga ah u dhiibay jidh-sida caadiga ah iyada oo loo marayo jir mulaca qabanqaabiyey mail-ka natiijada waxaa lagu qiyaasay iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab digital adduunka jirka (tusaale, xoog mitir). Halkii gacanta ururinta macluumaadka la caawiyeyaasha cilmi booqanaya guriga kasta, ee tijaabo Opower waxaa kulligood ka wada sameeyey iyadoo lala kaashanayo shirkado awood awood cilmi u helaan akhrinta xoogga. Sidaas darteed, kuwaas oo tijaabo beerta qayb digital ayaa lagu ordo ee baaxadda weyn ee kharashka variable hooseeyo.

Jaantuska 4.6: Wararka Energy Home The in Allcott (2011) lahaa a Social Isbarbar Module Module iyo Talaabooyinka Action ah.

In go'an hore ee tijaabo ku lug 600,000 oo qoys oo u adeegeen 10 shirkadood oo korontada agagaarka Maraykanka, Allcott (2011) helay Report Energy Home funaanadda isticmaalka korontada by 1.7%. In si kale loo dhigo, natiijada ka, waxbarasho dheeraad ah oo juquraafi kala duwan ee aad u balaaran ahaayeen tayo la mid ah natiijada ka soo Schultz et al. (2007) . Laakiin, size saamaynta ahaa yar, in Schultz et al. (2007) oo qoys oo ku jira xaalad caadooyinka sharaxaad iyo injective (mid ka mid ah la mucjisooyinka ah) hoos u isticmaalka korontada ay 5%. Sababta saxda ah waayo faraqa this waa la garanayn, laakiin Allcott (2011) dhexmarayay in la helo mucjisooyinka ah lagu qoray oo qayb ka ah daraasad qabanqaabisay jaamacad laga yaabo in ay leeyihiin saamayn weyn ku saabsan hab dhaqanka ka helaya mucjisooyinka daabacan oo qayb ka ah warbixin mass soo saaray ka a a shirkadda awood.

Dheeraad ah, in cilmi-xiga, Allcott (2015) ayaa sheegay in dheeraad ah 101 tijaabo ku lug dheeraad ah 8 million qoys. Meelahaas waxaa 101 tijaabo soo socda Report Energy Home si joogta ah u keeni dadka inay hoos u isticmaalka korontada ay, laakiin saamaynta ay ahaayeen xataa yar. Sababta saxda ah waayo hoos tani ma aha yaqaan, laakiin Allcott (2015) dhexmarayay in waxtarka of warbixinta u muuqday in la hoos muddo sababtoo ah waxa ay aheyd mid run ah lagu codsatay in noocyada kala duwan ee ka qaybgalayaasha. More si gaar ah, korontada goobaha deegaan-badan oo deegaan ku badan tahay hirgeliso qorshaha hore iyo macaamiisha waxay ahaayeen waxtar u leh daaweynta. Sida korontada macaamiisha deegaanka ka yar qaatay barnaamijka, ay waxtarka u muuqday inuu hoos u. Sidaas darteed, sida randomization in tijaabo hubisaa in kooxda daaweynta iyo gacanta la mid yihiin, randomization in goobaha cilmi hubisaa in qiyaasaha la guud kartaa mid ka mid koox ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha in ay dadka si guud ahaan (qabaa dib u Cutubka 3aad ku saabsan sampling). Haddii goobaha cilmi aan kala sooc lahayn raystay, markaas Guud-tan a dhammaataan loogu talagalay oo sameeyay Tijaabo-kartaa dhibaato.

Si wadajir ah, kuwaas oo 111 tijaabo-10 ee Allcott (2011) iyo 101 ee Allcott (2015) -involved ku saabsan 8.5 milyan oo qoys oo dhan ka Maraykanka. Waxay si joogto ah u muujiyaan in Wararka Home Energy yareeyo isticmaalka korontada celcelis ahaan, natiijada ah in ay taageertaa natiijooyinka asalka ah ee Schultz iyo asxaabtii ka 300 guryaha ee California. Beyond kaliya adkeyneyna natiijooyinkan asalka ah, ee tijaabo daba-ayaa sidoo kale muujinaya in size ee saamaynta kala duwan by goobta. Tani set of tijaabo kale oo uu sawirayaa laba dhibcood guud oo ku saabsan tijaabo qayb digital beerta. First, cilmi awoodaan in ay u mareysa walaac cinwaanka ku saabsan ansax dibadda marka kharashka socda tijaabo yar yahay wuxuu noqon doonaa, oo taasuna waxay dhici kartaa haddii natiijada illaa iyo hadda la qiyaasi by had-xogta nidaamka ah. Sidaa darteed, waxay soo jeedisay in cilmi-baarista waa in ay ku ilaalinaa maqnaan dabeecado kale oo xiiso leh iyo muhiim ah in mar horeba la diiwaan, ka dibna la qorsheeyo tijaabo on top of this kaabayaasha qiyaaseed ee hadda jira. Second, set this of tijaabo na xusuusinayaa in tijaabo beerta digital ma aha kuwa xaqa online; kordheysa Waxaan filayaa in ay meel walba noqon doonaa natiijooyinka badan qiyaasay by dareemayaal ee deegaanka dhisay.

The afar nooc oo ansax gabagabo ansax-tirakoobka, ansaxnimada gudaha, dhisaan ansax, ansax-siin dibadda liis maskaxda si ay u caawiyaan cilmi u qiimeeyaan in natiijada ka soo tijaabo gaar ah u taageeraan gabagabo guud. Marka loo eego tijaabo da'da analog, in tijaabo da'da digital in la fududeeyo si wax looga qabto ansax dibadda u mareysa iyo in la fududeeyo si ay u xaqiijiyaan jiritaanka gudaha. Dhanka kale, arrimaha ansax dhisida noqon doona badan oo adag in tijaabo da'da digital (inkasta oo aan ahaa kiiska la tijaabo Opower).