5.3.3 Peer-to-macay

Peer-to-patent waa call furan taas oo ka caawisa baarayaasha patent heli tahay ka hor, waxa uu muujinayaa in wicitaanada furan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in ka badan dhibaatooyinka saadaasha.

baarayaasha patent leeyihiin shaqo adag. Waxay heli qabiirada, sharaxaada lawyerly of hindisooyin cusub, ka dibna waa in go'aan looga gaaro haddii been abuurtay ku xusan waa "sheeko." Taasi waa, imtixaan qaaduhu waa in go'aan looga gaaro haddii uu jiro "farshaxanka ka hor" Xarafka hore ku tilmaamay version of war abuurashadoodii-in Celin ee this patent soo jeediyey sax ahayn. Si aad u fahamto sida nidaamka this ka shaqeeya, aynu fiirsan imtixaan ah patent magacaabay Albert, oo lagu sharfayo Albert Einstein helay inuu ku soo bilowdo in Xafiiska Xaqsiinta Swiss ah. Albert heli kartaa codsi sida US macay 20070118658 gudbiyay Hewlett Packard for a "format heegan maamulka User-selectable" oo ku tilmaamay ballaadhan kitaabkii Beth Noveck ee Dowladda-Leaks (2009) . Halkan dalab ugu horeysay ka codsiga:

"Nidaam computer A, oo ka kooban: a processor, aqbasho nidaamka aasaasiga ah / wax soo saarka (BIOS) oo ay ku jiraan tilmaamaha macquulka ah oo, marka toogasho ah by processor ka, reserved processor in: bilaabo awood on imtixaanka is (POST) processing nidaamka aqbasho / saarka aasaasiga ah ee qalabka kombiyuutarka ah, mid ka mid ah la joogo ama qaabab heegan maamulka badan oo interface user a; heli signal doorashada ka interface user aqoonsado mid ka mid ah qaabab heegan maamulka bandhigay interface user ah, iyo reserved qalab ku xidhay in nidaamka kombiyuutarka la format maamulka aqoonsaday heegan ah. "

Miyayse abaalmarinta Albert 20 sano xuquuqda haysto in patent ama ayaa halkaas tahay ka hor? tiirarka The go'aamada badan patent yihiin sare, laakiin nasiib daro, Albert yeelan doonaan in ay go'aan aan wax badan oo macluumaad ah in uu u baahan. Sababtoo ah baaqday weyn ee shatiyada, Albert shaqaynayso cadaadis waqti aad u daran oo waa in uu go'aan ku salaysan kaliya 20 saacadood oo shaqo ah. Dheeraad ah, sababta oo ah baahida loo qabo in ay sii qarsoodi ah ku been abuurtay jeediyay, Albert looma ogola in la khubaro ka baxsan tasho (Noveck 2006) .

Xaaladdan ayaa ku dhuftay professor sharciga Beth Noveck sida buuxda u jabay. In July 2005, in qayb ka waxyoonay by Wikipedia, ayay abuuray post blog cinwaankeedu yahay "Peer-to-macay: Hindise Modest A" in ku baaqay in nidaam faca-u eegida furan shatiyada. Ka dib markii la kaashaday macay Maraykanka iyo Xafiiska Astaanta iyo shirkadaha technology keentay sida IBM, Peer-to-macay la bilaabay bishii June ee 2007. A ku dhawaad ​​200 sano jir ah xafiisyada dawliga ah iyo koox ka mid ah qareenada u muuqataa meel lagama yaabo in la raadiyo abuurnimo , laakiin Peer-to-macay ma shaqo qurxoon ee dheelli dan cid kasta.

Jaantuska 5.9: Peer-to-patent aalada. Source: Bestor and Hamp (2010) .

Halkan sida ay u shaqayso (Jaantuska 5.9). Ka dib markii hindisa ah Ogolaaday in ay iyada codsiga dib u eegista maraan bulshada (more on sababta samayn lahaayeen in daqiiqad), codsiga waxaa posted in website a. Next, codsiga waxaa loo wada hadleen by qiimeeyayaal bulshada (mar kale, badan oo ku saabsan sababta ay u ka qayb laga yaabaa daqiiqad a) iyo tusaalooyin suurto gal tahay ka hor yaalaan, Buugag, iyo uploaded in website a. Tani geeddi-socodka ah ee wada hadalka, cilmi, iyo koombiyuutarka sii, ilaa, ugu dambeyntii, bulshada of qiimeeyayaal votes in ay doortaan ugu sareeya 10 xabbadood oo looga shakisan tahay ka hor in ay yihiin ka dibna soo diray in imtixaan patent wixii dib u eegid. imtixaan patent ayaa markaas wuxuu sameynayaa iyada cilmi u gaar ah oo isku dhafan oo talooyin ka Peer-to-macay Eebay xukun.

Mar kale ku soo macay US 20070118658 for a "format User-selectable heegan maamulka." Patent waxaa la uploaded in peertopatent.org in June 2007 halkaas oo waxaa lagu akhriyey by Steve Pearson, Injineer software sare for IBM. Pearson ahaa aqoon u leh arrintan ee cilmi-baarista iyo aqoonsaday goosin ka mid ah tahay ka hor: Buuggan ka Intel cinwaan looga dhigay "Technology Management Active: Buugga Tilmaanta Quick" in la daabacay laba sano ka hor. Ku hubaysan dukumentigan, iyo sidoo kale farshaxanka kale ka hor iyo dood ka bulshada Peer-to-macay, imtixaan patent a bilaabay dib u eegis dhamaystiran kiiska, iyo ugu dambeyntii ahayd dibaddeeda ku tuureen codsiga patent ah, in qayb ka mid sababtoo ah ee buuga Intel in waxaa ku yaal by Pearson (Noveck 2009) . Of the 66 Xaaladaha in ayaa dhameystirtay Peer-to-macay, ku dhowaad 30% ayaa diiday horrayn ku salaysan tahay ka hor laga helay iyada oo loo marayo Peer-to-Xaqsiinta (Bestor and Hamp 2010) .

Maxaa ka dhigay design ee Peer-to-macay gaar ahaan qatarsanaa waa hab ah in uu helo dad wata dano badan oo khilaafsan in qoob ka dhan wada. Abuurasho leeyihiin niyad inay ka qayb qaataan dib u eegista patent furan, sababtoo ah xafiiska patent si deg deg ah in ka badan dib u eegis ugu codsiyada Peer-to-macay badan shatiyada maraya habka dhaqanka, qarsoodi ah dib u eegis. Qiimeeyayaal leeyihiin niyad inay ka qayb qaataan si looga hortago bixinta ee "shatiyada junk," oo badan oo u muuqatay in la helo geeddi-socodka xiiso leh. Ugu dambeyntii, xafiiska patent iyo patent ah baarayaasha ay leeyihiin niyad inay ka qaybgalaan sababtoo ah waxa ay ka dhigi karaan oo kaliya natiijada ay fiican. Taasi waa, haddii habka dib u eegis bulshada helaa 10 xabbadood xun ee fanka ka hor, shaqo this la iska indho tiri karin imtixaan patent ah. In si kale loo dhigo, Peer-to-Xaqsiinta iyo imtixaan patent ah wada shaqaynta waa in ay sida ugu fiican ama ka wanaagsan yahay imtixaan patent a shaqeeya go'doomin. Sidaas darteed, wicitaanada furan mar walba ma bedeli khubaro; mararka qaarkood waxay kaa caawin karaan khubaro ka fiican ay shuqul qaban.

Inkastoo Peer-to-macay muuqan kara ka duwan Prize Netflix iyo Foldit, waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka la mid ah in xal si sahlan si aad u hubiso ka badan dhalin. Marka qof soo saara ee buuga "Technology Management Active: Quick Reference Guide" waa mid fudud-for imtixaan patent ah, ugu yaraan-si loo xaqiijiyo in qoraalkani u taagan yahay tahay ka hor. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, helidda buugan in uu yahay kuwo ku adag. Peer-to-macay sidoo kale muujiyay, in mashaariicda call furan waa u suurtoobaan xitaa hawlaha aan cad kasteba si quantification.