5.4.1 eBird
eBird ururiya xogta ku saabsan shimbiraha ka birders; iskaa wax u qabso ku siin kara qiyaasta juqraafi in kooxda cilmi ma u dhigma karo.
Shimbiraha meel kasta jira, iyo ornithologists jeclaan lahaa in la ogaado meesha shimbir kasta waa at daqiiqad kasta. Marka la eego sida dataset kaamil ah, ornithologists hadli karin su'aalo badan asaasiga ah ee ay beerta. Dabcan, ururinta xogta this ka baxsan baaxadda cilmi-gaar ah. Isla mar ahaantaana in ornithologists dooni xogta qaniga ah iyo dheeraad ah oo buuxda, "birders" -people kuwa shimbirta sugaya xiiso-si joogto ah logu shimbiraha iyo diiwaangelinta waxa ay arkaan. Labadan bulshada waxay leeyihiin taariikh dheer oo ah kaashan, laakiin hadda iskaashi, kuwaas ayaa la bedelay by da'da digital. eBird waa mashruuc qaybiyey xog ururinta in isku daya in macluumaadka ka birders adduunka oo dhan, iyo waxa uu in ka badan 260 million aragtida shimbir hore uga heshay 250,000 oo ka qaybgalayaasha (Kelling et al. 2015) .
Ka hor furitaanka of eBird, wax badan oo ka mid ah macluumaadka ku abuuray by birders ahaa aheyn in cilmi-:
"In kumanaan noqto adduunka oo maanta jiifsan buugaagta xad-dhaaf ah, kaararka index, liiska Buugag, iyo koobeynaa. Kuwa naga mid ah ku lug leh hay'adaha birding og niyad ah ee maqalka kaani oo kale mar ku saabsan 'diiwaanka shimbir adeerkay soo daahay ee' Waan ognahay sida qiimaha leh ay u noqon kartaa. Waxaa wax laga xumaado, waxaan sidoo kale ognahay inaan iyaga uma isticmaali karo. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Halkii isagoo this xog qiimo leh fadhiisan aan la isticmaalin, eBird awood birders si ay u geliyaan si ay u dhexe, database a digital. Data uploaded in eBird ka kooban lix beeraha ee muhiimka ah, kuwaas oo, meesha, marka, waxa noocyada, sida badan, iyo dadaal. Wixii akhristayaasha non-birding, "dadaal" waxa loola jeedaa hababka loo isticmaalo halka samaynta indha-indhaynta. jeegaga tayada Data bilaabi xitaa ka hor xogta waxaa uploaded. Birders isku dayaya in ay soo gudbiyaan warar-sida aan caadi ahayn sida wararka ee noocyada dhif iyo naadir, dacwadood aad u sarreeya, ama ka xilli wararka-yihiin calanka, iyo website-ka si toos ah u codsado macluumaad dheeraad ah, sida sawirada. Ka dib markii ururinta this macluumaad dheeraad ah, warbixino calanka waxaa loo dirayaa mid ka mid ah boqolaal iskaa wax u qabso khubarada gobolka u eegis dheeraad ah. Ka dib baaritaan ay suurto gal warqadihiisa gobolka khabiir-oo ay ku jiraan dheeraad ah la birder-ka Bayaanaatka calanka waxaa sidoo kale la tuuray sida aan lagu kalsoonaan karin ama ay galeen database eBird (Kelling et al. 2012) . Tani database ee indhaynta baaray waxaa ka dibna sameeyey diyaar u ah qof kasta oo dunida internet-ka, iyo ilaa iyo haatan, ku dhawaad 100 publications faca-dib loo eego ayaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird si cad u muujinaysaa in birders iskaa wax u qabso ay awoodaan si ay u ururiyaan xogta waa u faa'iido badan ee cilmi ornithology dhabta ah.
Mid ka mid ah quruxda eBird waa in ay qabsatay "shaqo" taas oo hore u dhacaya-kiiskan, birding. Habkaani awood mashruuca si loo gaaro miisaanka wayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka "shaqo" sameeyey by birders uusan si sax ah u dhigma macluumaadka loo baahan yahay by ornithologists. Tusaale ahaan, in eBird, xog ururinta waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa meesha uu birders aan meesha shimbiraha. Taas macnaheedu waa in, tusaale ahaan, la arkay ay ugu muuqdaan in ay ka dhacaan meel u dhow waddooyinka (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . Waxaa intaas dheer in this qaybinta qummanaynu dadaal meel, galku dhabta ah by birders sameeyey ma yihiin fiican had iyo jeer. Tusaale ahaan, qaar ka mid ah birders kaliya geliyaan macluumaad ku saabsan noocyada in ay ka fiirsan xiiso halkii uploading warbixin ku saabsan dhammaan noocyada inay arkay.
cilmi eBird leeyihiin laba xal ugu muhiimsan kuwaas arrimaha tayada xogta, arrimaha kacayaan mashaariic badan oo kale qaybiyey xog ururinta. First, cilmi eBird si joogto ah isku dayaya in ay kor tayada xogta ay soo gudbiyeen birders. Tusaale ahaan, eBird bixisaa waxbarasho si ka qaybgalayaasha, iyo waxa uu abuuray qurxino xogta ka qaybgale kasta in, by ay design, dhiiri birders inay geliyaan macluumaad ku saabsan dhammaan noocyada inay arkay, ma ahan oo keliya hoosaad ah (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Second, cilmi eBird isticmaali daydo tirakoobka in laysku dayo in la saxo, waayo, nooca buuq iyo Nuurre Aw xogta ceeriin. Waxaa weli ma cadda haddii lagu daydo tirakoobka buuxda ka xogta saar eexasho, laakiin ornithologists ayaa kalsooni ku filan ee tayada xogta eBird beddelo in, sida la soo sheegnay, waxaa la isticmaalaa in ku dhawaad 100 publications sayniska faca-dib loo eego.
Qaar badan oo ka non-ornithologists hore waa mid aad u walaacsan markay maqlaan ku saabsan eBird markii ugu horeysay. In my opinion, oo qayb ka ah shakiga this ka timaadaa fekerayo eBird jidka qaldan. Dad badan ayaa marka hore ka feker "Ma xogta eBird ugu fiican?", iyo jawaabta gabi ahaanba ma aha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in aan su'aal sax ah. Su'aashu waxay xaq yahay, "Wixii su'aalo cilmi gaar ah, waa xog eBird fiican ka badan xogta ornithology jira?" Wixii su'aal jawaabta xaqiiqdii waa ay haa tahay, in qayb ka mid maxaa yeelay, su'aalo badan oo xiiso ma jiraan wax kale oo macquul ah si ay xog ururinta qaybiyey.
Mashruuca eBird The muujinaysaa in ay suurogal tahay in lug mutadawiciin ah ee dhinacyada soo ururinta xogta sayniska muhiim ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, eBird, oo la xidhiidha mashaariicda, ayaa tilmaamaya in caqabado la xiriira sampling iyo tayada xogta walaac mashaariicda qaybiyey xog ururinta. Sida aynu arki doonaa in qaybta xigta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, la design xariif ah iyo technology walaac, kuwaas oo loo yareeyo in goobaha qaar.
