6.4.4 Ixtiraamka Law iyo Public Interest

Ixtiraamka Law iyo Interest Public kordhiyay mabda'a Raxmaan shisheeya ka qaybgalayaasha cilmi-gaar ah oo ay ku jiraan dhamaan dhinacyada ay khuseyso.

Mabda'a afaraad oo final in toosin kara mid aad fikirka waa Ixtiraamka Law iyo Public Interest. Mabda 'Tan waxay ka timaaddaa Report Menlow ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaa laga yaabaa in ka yar si fiican u yaqaan in cilmi bulsho. Report Menlow ayaa ku dooday in mabda'a Ixtiraamka Law iyo Public Interest waa awaamiir in mabda'a Raxmaan, laakiin Report Menlow ku doodaysaa in uu u qalmo tixgelin cad. Anigoo maanka, sida ugu fiican in aad ka fikirto mabda 'tani waa in Raxmaan hidde in ay diiradda saaraan ka qaybgalayaasha iyo Ixtiraamka in Sharciga iyo Public Interest cad dhiiri cilmi in ay qaataan aragti ballaaran oo ka mid ah sharciga ee tixgalinta ay. In cilmi-sida da'da analog sida sahan dhaqanka iyo shaybaarka tijaabo-cilmi ahaayeen lagama yaabo in si qalad ah jebiyaan sharciga. In cilmi online, tani waa, nasiib daro, wax badan oo run ah in ka yar.

In Report Menlow ah, Ixtiraamka Law iyo Public Interest leeyahay laba qaybood oo kala duwan: (1) Compliance iyo (2) Xisaabtanka Transparency ku salaysan. Compliance macnaheedu waa in cilmi-isku dayo in la aqoonsado iyo dhawrista sharciyada khuseeya, heshiisyada, iyo shuruudaha shaqada. Tusaale ahaan, waafaqsanaanta ka dhigan tahay in cilmi baare ka fiirsaneysa xoqid content ee website a waa in akhri oo ka fiirso heshiis ah website in shuruudaha-of-adeegga. Waxaa laga yaabaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay noqon xaalado ay la ogol yahay in ay ku xad shuruudaha adeega. Tusaale ahaan, hal mar labada Verizon iyo AT & T lahaa marka la eego adeeg in hortagi macaamiisha ka iyaga dhaleeceeyay (Vaccaro et al. 2015) . Cilmi waa in aan si toos ah ku xidhay by heshiisyada sida la eego-of-adeegga. Sida habboon, haddii cilmi-xad marka la eego heshiisyada adeegga, waa in ay kuu sharxi go'aankooda bayaan (tusaale ahaan, Soeller et al. (2016) ). Laakiin, furfurnaanta this daaha laga yaabaa in cilmi halis sharci ku daray. In Mareykanka, tusaale ahaan, Musuqmaasuqa Computer iyo Ku Xadgudubka Sharciga ka dhigayaa sharci darro in ay xad la eego heshiisyada adeegga (Sandvig and Karahalios 2016) .

Dheeraad ah, la xisaabtanka hufnaan ku salaysan waxay ka dhigan tahay in cilmi u baahan tahay in si cad ah oo ku saabsan gool, hababka, iyo natiijooyinka dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee nidaamka cilmi iyo in ay qaataan masuuliyadda falalkooda. Si kale in aad ka fikirto xisaabtanka hufnaan ku salaysan this waa in ay isku dayayso in ay ka hortagi bulshada cilmi-ka wax samayn meel qarsoon ku. xisaabtanka hufnaan ku salaysan Tani awood kaalin ballaaran bulshada cilmi-baarista iyo dadweynaha in doodaha anshaxa, kaas oo muhiim u ah labada sababo anshax iyo wax ku ool ah.

Dalbashada mabda'a Ixtiraamka Law iyo Interest Public in saddexdan waxbarashada muujinayaa qaar ka mid ah cilmi-adayga wajihi marka ay timaado sharciga. Tusaale ahaan, Grimmelmann (2015) ayaa ku dooday in cudurkeenaha Dareenka laga yaabaa in sharci-darrada ah sharciga ku hoos jiray ee State of Maryland. Gaar ahaan, Maryland House Bill 917, 2002 maray, kordhiyay ilaalinta Rule Common in cilmi oo dhan sameeyey Maryland, madax banaan oo il maalgelin (xusa in khubaro badan waxay aaminsan yihiin in Qiirada ku sadhaysan ma ahaa ku xiran Rule Common hoos Law Federaalka sababtoo ah waxaa la qabtaa at Facebook, hay'ad in uusan lacag cilmi helin Dowladda Maraykanka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, culimada qaar waxay aaminsan yihiin in Maryland House Bill 917 laftiisa waa dastuurka [ Grimmelmann (2015) ; p. 237-238]. Baraktis cilmi bulsho ma yihiin garsoorayaasha, oo sidaas daraaddeed ma u qalabaysan in ay fahmaan oo qiimeeyaan dastuurinimada soo sharciyada oo dhan 50 dalalka Maraykanka. adag waxaa loo darey in mashaariicda caalamiga ah. Encore, tusaale ahaan, ku lug leh ka qayb-galayaasha ka 170 dal, taas oo ka dhigaysa waafaqsan sharci cajiib adag. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo deegaanka sharciga ah ee la qiyaasi karin, cilmi waa inay ka taxadiraan mari dhinac saddexaad dib u eegista anshaxa shaqadooda, sida labada il talo ku saabsan shuruudaha sharci iyo sida ilaalinta shakhsi ay dhacdo in ay cilmi-baarista waa ula kac aheyn sharci-darrada ah.

Dhinaca kale, dhammaan saddexda cilmiga la daabacay natiijada ay joornaalada tacliinta awood la xisaabtanka hufnaan ku salaysan. Dhab ahaantii, Dareenka ku sadhaysan waxaa la daabacay u furan si bulshada cilmi iyo dadweynaha guud ayaa la wargeliyo kadib xaqiiqo oo ku saabsan design iyo natiijooyinka cilmi. Mid ka mid ah dhaqanka suulka si ay u qiimeeyaan la xisaabtanka hufnaan ku salaysan waa in aad isweydiisid: Waxaan noqon lahaa raaxo haddii habka cilmi-baarista aan laga qoray oo ku saabsan bogga hore ee wargeyska aan magaalada guriga? Haddii jawaabtu ma aha, in uu yahay calaamad xoogan in design cilmi aad u baahan tahay isbedel.

Gebogebadii, Report Belmont iyo Menlow Report soo jeedin afar mabda 'oo loo isticmaali karo si ay u qiimeeyaan cilmi: Ixtiraamka Dadka, Raxmaan, Caddaaladda, iyo Ixtiraamka Law iyo Public Interest. Dalbashada, kuwaas oo afar mabda 'ku dhaqanka had iyo jeer ma aha mid sahlan, oo ha idin weyddiiyo karaa shey adag. Tusaale ahaan, marka la go'aaminayo in Xilakiii ka qaybgalayaashu ka sadhaysan Qiirada, Ixtiraamka Dadka dhiiri laga yaabaa iswaraysi dambe halka Raxmaan niyad laga yaabaa Xilakiii (haddii iswaraysi dambe laftiisa samayn lahaa waxyeello). Ma jiro hab automatic si la isugu dheellitiro mabaadi'dan tartamaya, laakiin ugu yaraan, afarta mabaadi'da caawin caddeeyo ganacsiga-offs, soo jeedinaayaan isbedel cilmi naqshado, iyo awood cilmi si ay u sharxaan oo ay sabab kasta oo kale iyo guud ahaan dadweynaha.