faallo dheeraad ah

Qaybtan waxa loo qorsheeyay in lagu isticmaalo sida tixraac, halkii in la akhriyo sida sheeko.

• Hordhac (Qaybta 6.1)

anshaxa Research ayaa dhaqan ahaan sidoo kale ka mid ah mowduucyada sida khayaanada sayniska iyo qoondaynta of credit. Mawduucyada laga wada hadlaa si faahfaahsan weyn ee Engineering (2009) .

Cutubkan waxaa si xoogan u qaabeeya by xaaladda oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan habka dib u eegista anshaxa dalalka kale, ka eeg Cutubka 6, 7, 8, iyo 9 ee Desposato (2016b) . Waayo, wax xuja ah in mabaadi'da anshaxa Biomedical in ay saamayn cutubkan waa xad-dhaafka ah American, arki Holm (1995) . Waayo, dib u eegis dheeraad ah taariikhiga ah ee Institutional Review Guddiyada in Maraykanka, arki Stark (2012) .

Report Belmont iyo xeerarka ku xiga ee dalka Mareykanka ayaa dhigay farqiga u dhexeeya cilmi baaris iyo waxqabad. Soocin waxaa lagu dhaleeceeyay markii danbe (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Aan kala soocin this dhigin cutubkan sababtoo ah waxaan qabaa mabaadi'da iyo qaab anshax khuseeya labada goobaha. Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan kormeer cilmibaadhista ee Facebook, arki Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Waayo, soo jeedinta ku saabsan kormeer cilmibaadhista ee shirkadaha iyo NGO-yada, arki Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) iyo Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan kiiska ka dillaacay Ebola ee 2014, arki McDonald (2016) , iyo ka badan oo ku saabsan halista gaarka ah ee xogta mobile phone ah, arki Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Tusaale ahaan ka mid ah cilmi dhibaatooyinka la xiriira isticmaalka xogta telefoonka gacanta, arki Bengtsson et al. (2011) iyo Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Saddex tusaalayaal (Qaybta 6.2)

Dad badan ayaa ku qoran oo ku saabsan cudurada faafa Qiirada. Joornaalka The Research Ethics Nagi arrinta ay dhan ee January 2016-ka hadlayaan tijaabo ah; arki Hunter and Evans (2016) for aragti guud. The Talaaboda ee Tacliinta Qaranka ee Sayniska daabacay laba xabbadood oo ku saabsan tijaabo ah: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) iyo Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Xabbadood kale ee ku saabsan tijaabo ka mid ah: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , Meyer (2015) , Selinger and Hartzog (2015) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , Flick (2015) .

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku Encore, arki Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Digital way ka duwan tahay (Qaybta 6.3)

In la eego surveillance mass, overviews ballaadhan waxaa lagu bixiyay Mayer-Schönberger (2009) iyo Marx (2016) . Tusaale la taaban karo oo ka mid ah kharashka beddelo of socoshada, Bankston and Soltani (2013) ku qiyaastay in raad shakiyay dambi isticmaalaya taleefannada gacanta wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 50 jeer ka jaban tahay iyadoo la isticmaalayo ilaalo jirka. Bell and Gemmell (2009) waxay bixisaa aragti dheeraad ah oo ku rajo on iskaa socoshada. Intaa waxaa dheer in ay awoodaan si ay ula socdaan dhaqanka arki karo in waa dadweynaha ama qayb ahaan dadweynaha (tusaale ahaan, dhadhamiya, Xiriirka, iyo Time), cilmi kordheysa xawilaan kartaa waxyaabo badan oo in ka qaybgalayaashu ay u arkaan inay gaarka loo leeyahay. Tusaale ahaan, Michal Kosinski iyo asxaabtii muujisay in ay xawilaan yaabaa warbixin xasaasi ah oo ku saabsan dadka, sida doorashada galmada iyo isticmaalka walxaha la qabatimo ka xog raad digital muuqda caadiga ah (Facebook Jecel) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Tani waxay u muuqan yaabaa in sixir ah, laakiin hab Kosinski iyo asxaabtii isticmaali-kaas oo isku daraa raad digital, sahan, oo kormeero dhab barashada-wax aan horay idiinku sheegay oo ku saabsan. Xusuustaa Cutubka 3 (Waydiinta su'aalaha) waxaan idiin sheegay sida Josh Blumenstock iyo asxaabtii (2015) xogta sahanka weheliso xogta phone mobile in la qiyaaso saboolnimada ee Rwanda. Habkan isla saxda ah, taas oo loo isticmaali karo in si hufan loo cabbiro saboolnimada in dal soo koraya, sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa go'aano laga yaabo gaarka xadgudbay.

Sharciyada khilaafsan iyo caadooyinka waxay keeni kartaa in cilmi oo aan ixtiraamaan rabitaanka ka qayb-galayaasha, oo waxay u horseedi kartaa "shopping sharciyeed" cilmi (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Gaar ahaan, cilmi qaar ka mid ah oo raba in ay ka fogaadaan kormeer IRB ay leeyihiin wada-hawlgalayaasha aan la daboolin IRBs (tusaale ahaan, dadka shirkadaha ama NGOs) ururiyaan iyo de-aqoonsado xogta. Markaas, cilmi wuxuu baari karaa this xogta de-aqoonsaday iyada oo aan kormeer IRB, ugu yaraan sida uu tafsiirka qaar ka mid ah xeerarka hadda. Noocan ah Qiyaanada IRB muuqataa in ay khilaafsan ah mabaadi'da ku salaysan hab.

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan fikradaha khilaafsan iyo Nuurre Aw in dadka ay leeyihiin oo ku saabsan xogta caafimaadka, arki Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan dhibaatada in heterogeneity abuuraa anshaxa cilmi go'aamada arki Meyer (2013) .

Mid ka mid ah farqiga u dhexeeya da'da analog iyo cilmi da'da digital waa in da'da digital dhexgalka cilmi leh ka qaybgalayaashu waa ka sii fog. isdhexgalka Kuwaani waxay dhacaan dhex-dhexaadin ah oo ay ka mid yihiin shirkad, oo sida caadiga ah waxaa jira weyn jirka iyo bulsho-masaafada u dhaxaysa cilmi iyo ka qaybgalayaasha. Tani dhexgalka fog ka dhigaa waxyaalaha qaar ka mid ah waa in ay fududahay in cilmi-da analog adag in cilmi da'da digital, sida baaritaanka ka soo qayb-galayaasha u baahan ilaalin dheeraad ah, laga arko dhacdooyin xun, iyo remediating dhibaato haddii ay dhacdo. Tusaale ahaan, aynu iska sadhaysan Qiirada la tijaabo shaybaarka khiyaali ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca isku. In tijaabo shaybaarka, cilmi baari karin qof kasta oo Gaaray shaybaarka muujinaya calaamado cad cidhiidhiga dareen. Dheeraad ah, haddii tijaabada shaybaarka abuuray dhacdo xun, cilmi u arki lahaa, waxay bixiyaan adeegyo si dhexaadiyo dhibaatada, ka dibna dhigi dheellitirka maamuuska tijaabo si looga hortago waxyeellooyinka mustaqbalka. Dabeecadda fog ee is dhexgalka ee Qiirada dhabta ah tijaabo ku sadhaysan ka dhigaysa mid kasta oo ka mid ah tallaabooyinka fudud oo macquul ah mid aad u adag. Sidoo kale, waxaan ka shakisan tahay in masaafada u dhexeysa cilmi iyo ka qaybgalayaashu ka dhigaa cilmi yar xasaasi ah u walaac ka qaybgalayaasha ay.

Ilaha kale ee xeerarka khilaafsan iyo sharciyada. Qaar ka mid ah gudeed this ka timaadaa xaqiiqda ah in this cilmi dhacaya adduunka oo dhan. Tusaale ahaan, Encore dadka ka soo adduunka oo dhan ku lug, oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaa laga yaabaa in ku xiran ilaalinta xogta iyo sharciyada gaarka ah ee dalal badan oo kala duwan. Maxaa dhacaya haddii xeerarka lagu maamulo codsiyada dhinac saddexaad web (waxa Encore sameeynayay) way kala duwan yihiin in Germany, Mareykanka, Kenya, iyo Shiinaha? Maxaa dhacaya haddii caadooyinka ma xitaa joogto ah gudahood dal kaliya? Ilo A labaad ee gudeed ka timaadaa iskaashiga cilmi jaamacadaha iyo shirkadaha; tusaale ahaan, Dareenka ku sadhaysan ahaa wada shaqeyn ka dhexeysa saynisyahan xogta ah ee Facebook iyo arday professor iyo graduate ee Cornell ah. At Facebook socda tijaabo weyn yahay joogtada ah iyo, wakhtigaas, ma u baahan tahay wax dib u eegista anshaxa dhinac saddexaad. At Cornell ah caadooyinka iyo sharciyada waa kuwo kala duwan, dhammaan tijaabooyinka waa in dib loo eego by IRB Cornell ah. Sidaas, kuwaas oo set of sharciyada waa in ay maamulaan Dareenka ku sadhaysan-Facebook ama Cornell ee?

Wixii dheeraad ah ee ku dadaal in dib loo eego Xeerka Common, arki Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , iyo Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Afar mabaadiida (Qaybta 6.4)

Hab The classic mabaadi'da ku salaysan in anshaxa Biomedical waa Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Waxay soo jeedinayaa in afar mabda 'ugu weyn waa in anshaxa Biomedical: Ixtiraamka Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Raxmaan, iyo Caddaaladda. Mabda'a ah nonmaleficence mid baaqay in ay ka fogaadaan keeni karo dhib dadka kale. Aragtidani waxa ay si qoto dheer ku xiran fikrad Hippocratic ah "Waxba ha isyeelin." In anshaxa cilmi baarista, mabda this waxaa badanaa ay weheliso mabda'a Raxmaan, laakiin arki Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Cutubka 5) ee dheeraad ah oo ku kala duwanaansho u dhexeeya labada . Waayo, dhaleeceyn ah in mabaadi'da kuwanu waa dhigin American, arki Holm (1995) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku miisaamid markii dagaalada mabaadii'da, arki Gillon (2015) .

The afar mabda 'cutubkan ayaa sidoo kale soo jeediyay in la hanuuniyo kormeer anshaxa cilmi dhacaya shirkadaha iyo NGO-yada (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) iyada oo jidhkooda loo yaqaan "Consumer Subject Review Guddiyada" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Ixtiraamka Dadka (Qaybta 6.4.1)

Waxa intaa dheer in la ixtiraamo madaxbannaani, Report Belmont ayaa sidoo kale qiray, in aan aadanaha kasta waa awoodaa go'aan-is run. Tusaale ahaan, carruurta, dadka qaba cudurka, ama dadka ku nool xaalado xorriyadda aad u xaddidan waxaa laga yaabaa in aanay awoodin inay wax ka qabtaan shaqsiyaadka sida buuxda goboleedka, iyo dadka waa kuwan, oo sidaas daraaddeed, ku xiran ilaalinta dheeraad ah.

Dalbashada mabda'a Ixtiraamka Dadka ku jira da'da digital noqon kartaa adag. Tusaale ahaan, cilmi da'da digital, waxay noqon kartaa adag si ay u bixiyaan ilaalinta oo dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh awood goolkuduwe ee aayo-ka sababtoo ah cilmi badanaa og aad u yar oo ku saabsan ka qayb-galayaasha in ay. Dheeraad ah, ogolaanshaha ku wargeliyay in cilmi bulsho da'da digital waa caqabad weyn. Xaaladaha qaarkood, oggolaanshahaaga si dhab ah ku wargeliyay u oggolaan karaa liddiga daahfurnaanta (Nissenbaum 2011) , halkaas oo warbixin iyo fahamka yihiin khilaafka. Ku dhowaad, haddii cilmi bixiyaan macluumaad buuxa oo ku saabsan nooca ururinta xogta, falanqaynta xogta, iyo dhaqanka ammaanka xogta, waa adkaan doontaa in ka qaybgalayaashu badan oo ay fahmaan. Laakiin, haddii cilmi bixiyaan macluumaad la fahmi karo, waxaa laga yaabaa in aanay macluumaadka farsamo muhiim ah. In cilmi caafimaadka ee analog-da ee goobta maamulaan tixgeliyo by ee Belmont Report-ka mid ah ka fekeri karaa dhakhtar gaar ah ula hadlaysid ka qaybgale kasta si loo xaliyo isku liddiga daahfurnaanta. In waxbarashada online lug kun ama malaayiin qof, sida hab fool-ka-fool ah waa wax aan macquul aheyn. Dhibaatada A labaad la oggolaan in da'da digital waa in waxbarashada qaar ka mid ah, sida falanqaynta xogta repositories weyn, waxa uu noqon lahaa shaqayn karto si aad u hesho oggolaansho la wargeliyey ka qaybgalayaasha oo dhan. Waxaan ka hadli iyo su'aalo kale oo ku saabsan ogolaanshaha ku wargeliyay in faahfaahin dheeraad ah ee Qaybta 6.6.1. Inkastoo ay adag tahay, kuwaas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in aynu ogaannaa in oggolaansho la wargeliyey ma lagama maarmaan mana filan Ixtiraamka Dadka.

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan cilmi-baarista caafimaadka ka hor inta uusan oggolaansho la wargeliyey, arki Miller (2014) . Waayo, daaweynta buug-dheerna ogolaasho ah, ka eeg Manson and O'Neill (2007) . sidoo kale eeg akhrinta soo jeediyay oo ku saabsan oggolaanshaha wargeliyay hoose.

• Raxmaan (Qaybta 6.4.2)

Waxyeellooyinka in macnaha guud waa dhib in cilmi-baarista waxay keeni kartaa in aan dadka gaar ah laakiin in goobaha bulshada. Ra'yiga Tani waa la taaban karin xoogaa, laakiin aan u muujiyo doonaa iyadoo laba tusaale: mid analog iyo mid digital.

Tusaale A classic of waxyeellooyinka in macnaha ka timaadaa Jury Wichita ka Study [ Vaughan (1967) , Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2] -. Waxa kale oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Jury Project Chicago ee (Cornwell 2010) . In cilmi daraasaddan ka University of Chicago, oo qayb ka ah daraasad ballaaran oo ku saabsan dhinacyada bulshada ee nidaamka sharciga, si qarsoodi ah diiwaan lix qabadyada jury Wichita, Kansas. Garsoorayaasha iyo qareenada mararka uu ansixiyey cajalado ah, oo waxaa jiray kormeer adag ee geedi socodka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xeerbeegtidu waxay ahaayeen ogayn in cajalado ayaa ka dhaca. Marka baadhitaanka la helay, waxaa jiray caro dadweyne. Wasaaradda Cadaaladdu waxay bilaabeen baaritaan daraasadda, iyo cilmi ayaa ugu baaqay in ay marag hore ee Congress. Ugu dambayntii, Congress maray sharci cusub oo ka dhigaya sharci daro in si qarsoodi ah u qoraan wadatashi xeerbeegtida.

Walaaca ee dhaleeceeya of Study Wichita xeerbeegtida aan la waxyeelayn ka qaybgalayaasha, halkii, waxay ahayd in ay waxyeellooyinka macnaha guud ee wadatashi xeerbeegtida. Taasi waa, dadka rumeysan yahay in haddii xubnaha xeerbeegtida aan rumaysan in ay doodo in meel bannaan oo ammaan ah iyo in laga ilaaliyo, waxa uu noqon lahaa adag tahay wax qabadyada jury in la sii wado mustaqbalka. Waxa intaa dheer in wadatashi xeerbeegtida, waxaa jira xaalado gaar ah oo kale bulshada in bulshada siinaysaa ilaalinta oo dheeraad ah sida xiriirka qareen-macmiilka iyo daryeel nafsaani (MacCarthy 2015) .

Halista waxyeellooyinka xaaladda iyo kala go'ii nidaamyada bulshada ayaa sidoo kale ku yimaado ilaa in qaar ka mid ah tijaabo berrinka ee Cilmiga Siyaasadda (Desposato 2016b) . Tusaale ahaan ka mid ah xisaab a macno-xasaasi ah oo dheeraad ah kharashka lacagta tijaabo berrinka ee Cilmiga Siyaasadda a, arki Zimmerman (2016) .

• Justice (Qaybta 6.4.3)

Magdhowga ka qaybgalayaasha ayaa ka wada hadlay in tiro ka mid ah goobaha la xiriira cilmi da'da digital. Lanier (2014) soo jeediyay bixinta ka qaybgalayaasha for raad digital ay dhalin. Bederson and Quinn (2011) hadlayaa lacagaha suuqyada shaqada online. Ugu dambeyntii, Desposato (2016a) soo jeediyay bixinta ka qaybgalayaasha in tijaabo beerta. Wuxu tilmaamay, in xitaa haddii ay ka qaybgalayaashu ma waxaa si toos ah siin karaa, deeq laga yaabaa in koox ka shaqeeya ay wakiil. Tusaale ahaan, in Encore cilmi baa keeni kara deeq koox ka shaqeeya si ay u taageeraan helitaanka shabakadda internetka.

• Ixtiraamka Law iyo Public Interest (Qaybta 6.4.4)

Shuruudaha-of-adeeg heshiis waa in ay leeyihiin miisaan ka yar heshiis wada xaajootaan xisbiyada iyo sharciyada abuuray by xukuumadaha sharciga loo siman yahay. Xaaladaha halkaas oo cilmi ku xadgudbay heshiisyadii la eego-of-adeega ee la soo dhaafay guud ahaan ku lug isticmaalaya weydiimo iswada aaanad dhaqanka shirkadaha (sida tijaabo beerta si loo cabbiro takoorka). Waayo, dood dheeraad ah ka eeg Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Tusaale ahaan ka mid ah cilmi-taaban karo in ka hadlaysaa eego adeega, arki Soeller et al. (2016) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka sharci suurto gal cilmi wajihi haddayse buriyaan eego adeeg arki Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Laba qaab anshax (Qaybta 6.5)

Sida iska cad, xaddi weyn ayaa laga qoray oo ku saabsan consequentialism iyo deontology. Tusaale ahaan sida kuwan Qaababka anshaxa, iyo kuwo kale, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u fikiraan oo ku saabsan cilmi-baarista da'da digital, arki Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Tusaale ahaan sida kuwan Qaababka anshaxa lagu saleyn karaa tijaabo beerta in la horumariyo dhaqaalaha, arki Baele (2013) .

• Oggolaansho la wargeliyey (Qaybta 6.6.1)

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan waxbarashada hubinta ee takoorka, arki Pager (2007) iyo Riach and Rich (2004) . Ma aha oo kaliya waxbarashada, kuwaas oo aan haysan oggolaansho la wargeliyey, waxay sidoo kale ku lug khiyaamo aan waraysto.

Labada Desposato (2016a) iyo Humphreys (2015) deeqaan talobixin ku saabsan tijaabo beerta iyada oo aan oggolaansho.

Sommers and Miller (2013) dib dood badan oo ay guushu ku ma iswaraysi dambe ka qaybgalayaasha ka dib khiyaanada, iyo doodaysaa in cilmi waa iska iloobaan "iswaraysi dambe hoos set aad u cidhiidhi ah ee xaaladaha, kuwaas oo, in cilmi beerta, taas oo iswaraysi dambe oo sawirka caqabadaha la taaban badan laakiin cilmi yeelan lahaa shirtagi ku saabsan iswaraysi dambe haddii ay kari waayeen. Cilmi waa in aan la ogol yahay in ay iska iloobaan iswaraysi dambe si loo ilaalin balli qaybgale arinku, isu gaashaan ka qaybgale cadho, ama ka qayb-galayaasha ka waxyeello loo ilaaliyo. "Qaar kale waxay ku doodayaan in haddii iswaraysi dambe u keenaa dhibaato badan u wanaagsan waa in laga fogaadaa. Iswaraysi dambe waa kiis meesha cilmi qaar mudnaanta Ixtiraamka Dadka badan Raxmaan, iyo cilmi qaar ka soo horjeeda. Hal xal oo macquul noqon lahayd si aad u ogaato siyaabaha loo sameeyo iswaraysi dambe waayo-aragnimo waxbarasho ka qaybgalayaasha. Taasi waa, halkii ay ka fekereyso iswaraysi dambe sida wax keeni kara dhibaato, laga yaabee iswaraysi dambe ayaa sidoo kale noqon kartaa wax faa'iido ka qaybgalayaasha. Tusaale ahaan ah noocan oo kale ah iswaraysi dambe waxbarashada, arki Jagatic et al. (2007) on iswaraysi dambe ardayda ka dib markii tijaabo phishing bulshada. Nafsiga yeelatay farsamooyinka iswaraysi dambe (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) iyo qaar ka mid ah, kuwaas oo laga yaabaa in lagu shaac codsatay in ay cilmi-baarista da'da digital. Humphreys (2015) waxay bixisaa fikirrada xiiso leh oo ku saabsan oggolaanshaha raagtaa, kaas oo si dhow u la xiriira istaraatijiyad iswaraysi dambe aan tilmaamay.

Fikradda ah weydiinaya muunad ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaashu ay ogolaansho waa la xiriira in waxa Humphreys (2015) oo ku baaqay in ogolaansho kabixin.

Fikrad A dheeraad ah oo uu soo jeediyay ee la xiriira in ay oggolaansho la wargeliyey waa in la dhiso guddi ka mid ah dadka ku heshiiyaan in ay noqon in tijaabo online (Crawford 2014) . Qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku dooday in guddi Wuxuu noqon lahaa a non-muunad random dadka. Laakiin, Cutubka 3aad (Waydiinta su'aalaha) ayaa muujiyay, in dhibaatooyinkan waa kara addressable isticmaalaya post-stratification oo ku habboon tijaabada. Sidoo kale, oggolaanshaha in ay guddi u daboolaan oo laga yaabaa in noocyo kala duwan oo tijaabo. In si kale loo dhigo, ka qaybgalayaashu ma u baahan tahay si ay u ogolaato in ay tijaabo kasta si gaar ah, fikradda la yiraahdo oggolaansho ballaadhan (Sheehan 2011) .

• Fahamka iyo maamul halis macluumaad (Qaybta 6.6.2)

Far ka gaar ah, Prize Netflix waxay muujinaysaa hanti muhiim ah farsamo ee adkayd ay ku jiraan macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan dadka, iyo sidaas oo bixiya casharo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan suurtagalnimada of "anonymization" ee adkayd bulshada casriga ah. Files oo cad cad badan oo macluumaad ku saabsan qof kasta oo ay u badan tahay in ay Finensej, in dareenka lagu qeexay si rasmi ah in Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Taasi waa, waayo, record kasta ma jiraan diiwaanka waa isku mid, oo dhab ahaantii ma jiraan diiwaanka la mid yihiin: qof kasta oo ka fog deriskiisa ugu dhow ee dataset ay iska yahay. Mid ka mid ah qiyaasi karnaa in xogta Netflix laga yaabaa Finensej maxaa yeelay 20,000 movies on qiyaasta 5 Xiddig, waxaa jira ah oo ku saabsan \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) qiimaha suurto gal ah in qof kasta yeelan karaan (6 maxaa yeelay, marka lagu daro hal ilaa 5 stars , qof laga yaabo in aan lagu qiimeeyo filimka oo dhan). Tirada Tani waa sidaas badan, waa ay adag tahay in xataa aynan.

Sparsity leedahay laba saamaynta ugu weyn. First, waxaa loola jeedaa in isku dayaya in ay "anonymize" dataset ku salaysan perturbation random tahay gabi doono. Taasi waa, xataa haddii Netflix ahaayeen in ay kala sooc lahayn qabsato qaar ka mid ah ratings ah (oo iyana waxay yeeleen), tani ma noqonayso ku filan sababtoo ah rikoorka ilaayo hada weli waa rikoorka ugu dhow suurto gal ah in macluumaadka in weeraryahanka uu leeyahay. Second, sparsity ka dhigan tahay in de-anonymization waa suurto gal, xitaa hadii uu weeraryahanka uu leeyahay aqoon dhammaystirnayn ama dhexdhexaad ah. Tusaale ahaan, in xogta Netflix, aynu qiyaasi weeraryahanka ogyahay ratings aad laba filimada iyo taariikhaha aad sameeyey ratings +/- kuwa 3 maalmood; kaliya macluumaadka oo keligeed ku filan si gaar ah loo aqoonsado 68% ka mid ah dadka ku jira xogta Netflix. Haddii weerarka soo ogyahay 8 movies in aad loo qiimeeyo +/- 14 maalmood, markaas xitaa haddii laba ka mid ah ratings yaqaan gebi ahaanba khaldan yihiin, 99% ka mid ah diiwaanka loo gaar ogaan karaa in dataset ah. In si kale loo dhigo, sparsity waa dhibaato asaasiga ah dadaalka loogu jiro "anonymize" data, taas oo ah nasiib darro sababtoo ah dataset bulshada ugu casrisan waa Finensej.

metadata Telefoonka sidoo kale u muuqan yaabaa in ay noqon "qarsoodi" oo ma xasaasi ah, laakiin aan ahayn kiiska. Metadata telefoonka waa la garan karo oo xasaasi ah (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

In Jaantuska 6.6, waxaan sketched baxay a ganacsiga-off ka dhexeeya halista ka qaybgalayaasha iyo faa'iidooyinka in cilmi-ka in la sii daayo macluumaadka. Wixii la barbardhigo u dhexeeya habab helidda (tusaale ahaan, beerta deyr) iyo habab xogta xaddidan (tusaale ahaan, nooc ka mid ah anonymization) arki Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Waayo, nidaamka la soo jeediyay Qoondayntani ee heerarka khatarta ah ee xogta, arki Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Ugu dambeyntii, muddo ka dood guud ee la wadaago macluumaadka, arki Yakowitz (2011) .

Waayo, falanqaynta faahfaahsan of this ganacsiga-off ka dhexeeya halista iyo utility of data, arki Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , iyo Goroff (2015) . Si aad u aragto this ganacsiga-off codsatay in ay xog dhab ah ka koorsooyin online ballaaran u furan (MOOCs), arki Daries et al. (2014) iyo Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Gaarka ah kala sidoo kale bixisaa hab kale oo isku dari kartaa faa'iideeyaan sare si ay bulshada iyo halis yar ka qaybgalayaasha, arki Dwork and Roth (2014) iyo Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan fikradda ah macluumaadka shaqsiga lagu aqoonsanayo (PII), taas oo udub dhexaad u badan oo ka mid ah xeerarka ku saabsan anshaxa cilmi baarista, arki Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) iyo Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan xogta oo dhan isagoo laga yaabo xasaasi ah, arki Ohm (2015) .

Qaybtaan, waxaan taswiiran xirid ee adkayd kala duwan sida wax keeni kara in ay khatar macluumaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay sidoo kale abuuri kartaa fursado cusub oo cilmi, sida ku dooday in Currie (2013) .

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan shan kitfo, arki Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Tusaale ku saabsan sida wax soo saar la aqoonsado karo, arki Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , taas oo muujinaysa sida maps of baahsanaanta cudurka la aqoonsado karo. Dwork et al. (2017) sidoo kale tixgelinaysaa weerarada ka dhanka ah xogta celcelis ahaan, sida tirakoobka ku saabsan sida badan shakhsiyaad leeyihiin cudur gaar ah.

• Privacy (Qaybta 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) waa a article sharci durkin oo ku saabsan arimaha gaarka ah, iyo maqaalka waxaa ugu la xidhiidha fikradda ah in asturnaanta waa xaq u leedahay in keligay baa hadhay. More dhawaan daaweyn dhererka kitaabka gaarka ah in Waxaan kula talin lahaa waxaa ka mid ah Solove (2010) iyo Nissenbaum (2010) .

Waayo, dib u eegis ah oo cilmi-taaban karo oo ku saabsan sida ay dadku ka fekeraan gaarka ah, ka eeg Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Joornaalka The Science daabacay arrin gaar ah oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "The End of Privacy", oo ka hadlaya arimaha gaarka ah iyo khatarta warbixin ka soo noocyo kala duwan oo dhinacyo kala duwan, waayo kooban arki Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) waxay bixisaa qaab ah fikirka ku saabsan waxyeellooyinka ka imanaya xadgudubyada gaarka ah. Tusaale hore ee walaac ku saabsan arimaha gaarka ah ee bilowga aad u da'da digital waa Packard (1964) .

• Samaynta go'aanada hoos hubin (Qaybta 6.6.4)

Mid ka mid ah tartan marka la isku dayayo in la codsado heerka khatarta ugu yar waa in aysan ahayn mid cad oo nolol maalmeedka waa in la isticmaalaa benchmarking (Council 2014) . Tusaale ahaan, dadka bilaa guryaha ay leeyihiin heerar sare oo raaxo ah nolol maalmeedkooda. Laakiin, in ma tilmaamayso in ay tahay anshax la ogolaan karo in ay soo bandhigaan dadka bilaa in cilmi halis sare. Sababtan awgeed, waxaa u muuqataa in ay heshiis la sii kordhaya in khatarta ugu yar waa in la garab dhigay heerka dadweynaha guud ah, ma heer dadweynaha gaar ah. Intaan guud ahaan raacsan tahay fikradda ah heer dadweynaha guud, waxaan qabaa in dhufto ee online waaweyn sida Facebook, heer dadweynaha gaar ah waa macquul. Taasi waa, marka sadhaysan Qiirada, Waxaan qabaa in ay tahay macquul in ay bartilmaameed ka dhanka ah halis maalin kasta on Facebook. A caadiga ah ee dadweynaha gaar ah ay dhacdo in tani ay tahay inta badan ka sahlan in ay qiimeeyaan iyo lagama yaabo inay hor imanayn mabda'a of Justice, oo doonaya in ay ka hortagaan culaabta cilmi ku guuldareysteen cadaalad on kooxaha danyarta ah (tusaale ahaan, maxaabiista iyo Agoonta).

• Talooyin wax ku ool ah (Qaybta 6.7)

Culimada kale ayaa sidoo kale ku baaqay in waraaqaha dheeraad ah oo ay ku jiraan lifaaqyada anshaxa (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) sidoo kale waxay bixisaa talooyin wax ku ool ah.