Hawlaha

Key:

• degree of dhib, fudud , dhexdhexaad ah , adag , Aad u adag
• waxay u baahan tahay xisaabta ( )
• waxay u baahan tahay sireed ( )
• xog ururinta ( )
• ugu cadcad my ( )

1. [ ] In dooday ka dhanka ah tijaabo ku sadhaysan Qiirada, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ku qoray:

   "Xitaa haddii ay run tahay in khataraha tijaabo Facebook waxay ahaayeen hoose iyo xitaa haddii, in gocasho, natiijada waxaa lagu xukumay in uu noqdo mid waxtar leh, waxaa jira mabda 'muhiim ah ee saamiga halkan ay tahay in la fuliyo. In si la mid ah in xaday waxaa xaday aan loo eegayn waxa ay ku lug leeyihiin xaddi, sidaas darteed waxaan oo dhan waxay xaq u leeyihiin inaan la tijaabiyay on our aqoon iyo ogolaansho la'aan, wax kasta oo nooca cilmi. "

   1. Waa kuwee ka mid ah laba qaab anshax ka wada hadleen in this cutubka-consequentialism ama deontology-waa dood this ugu cad la xiriira?
   2. Haddaba, qiyaasi in aad doonayay in ay ku doodi ka dhanka ah meel this. Sida aad ku doodi lahaa in kiiska wariye ka The New York Times?
   3. Sidee, haddii at dhan, Xujadiinna noqon lahaa kala duwan haddii aad this tashanin jaalle ah?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) aragto su'aasha ah haddii cilmi waa in ay isticmaalaan Twitter in ay la tirtiray. Read ay warqad si ay u bartaan oo ku saabsan asalka ah.

   1. Falanqeeyaan go'aankan ka soo baxaysa aragtida deontological.
   2. Falanqeeyaan go'aanka saxda ah isku marka laga eego ah consequentialist.
   3. Waa kuwee ayaad ka heli wax qancin kiiskan?

3. [ ] In article ah oo ku saabsan anshaxa ee tijaabo beerta, Humphreys (2015) , soo jeediyay tijaabo soo socda khiyaali ah si loo muujiyo caqabadaha anshaxa ee waxqabadyada la sameeyo iyada oo aan oggolaansho of dhammaan dhinacyada saamaysay iyo in geystaa qaar ka mid ah iyo ku caawiyaan dadka kale.

   "Waxaad dhahdaa cilmi baare ayaa la soo xidhiidhay set ka mid ah ururada bulshada ee dooneysa in ay ku ogaado in gelinayn nalalka jidadka raranta hoos u dhigi doontaa dambi rabshad. In cilmi maadooyinka ay yihiin dambiilayaal ah: doonaya ogolaansho wargeliyay Dambiilayaasha tahay iishaan cilmi oo u badan tahay ma noqon doono socda si walba (xadgudub ku ah ixtiraamka dadka); tahay dambiilayaasha dhali doontaa kharashka cilmi la'aan oo ay ka faa'iideysanayaan (xadgudub caddaaladda); oo waxaa jiri doona khilaaf ku saabsan faa'iidooyinka cilmi - haddii ay tahay wax ku ool ah, dambiilayaasha si gaar ah ma ha qiimeeyo doonaa (saara dhib ah oo lagu qiimeeyo afada). . . . arrimaha gaarka ah halkan ma aha kuwa xaqa agagaarka maadooyinka si kastaba ha ahaatee. Halkan waxaa kale oo jira khataro in la helo ka-maadooyinka aan, haddii tusaale ahaan dambiilayaasha aar ka dhanka ah ururada ku xoorteen laambadihii meel. Ururka ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in aad u ogaadaan halista jirta laakiin diyaar u adkaysto sababta oo ah waxay si khalad ah ku riday iimaanka ee laga filayo xanuunsan-aasaasay of cilmi jaamacadaha hodanka ah kuwaas oo isu yihiin dano in qayb ka mid in la daabaco. "

   1. Ku qor email ah ururka bulshada bixiya qiimayntaada anshaxa ee tijaabo ah sida loogu talagalay? kaa caawin lahayd yeeshaan tijaabo ah sida la soo jeediyay? Waa maxay waxyaabaha laga yaabo in ay saameyn ku go'aankaaga?
   2. Ma jiraan qaar ka mid ah isbedel laga yaabaa in la hagaajiyo qiimeynta anshaxa of this design tijaabo aad.

4. [ ] In ka 1970 ayaa 60 nin oo ka qaybqaatay tijaabo dhulkaas ka dhacay musqusha ragga ee jaamacadda qaybta midwestern ee Maraykanka (cilmi ma magacaabi jaamacadda) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Cilmi baadhayaashu waxay ahaayeen xiiso sida ay dadka uga jawaabaan xadgudubyada ay boos shakhsi ah, taas oo Sommer (1969) qeexaa sida "meesha la xuduudaha aan la arki karin wareegsan jirka qofka galay oo walax aan imaado." More si gaar ah, cilmi doortay inaad wax ka barato sida a nin ee kaadida waxaa saamaysay joogaan dadka kale u dhow. Ka dib markii sameynta Gaarna waxbarasho dhawrid a, cilmi sameeyay tijaabo beer. Ka qaybgalayaasha ayaa lagu qasbay in ay isticmaalaan bidix ugu kaadiyo saddex musqusha lagu kaadiyo (cilmi ma sharxi si sax ah sida tan dhacay) ah. Next, ka qaybgalayaasha loo qoondeeyey mid ka mid ah saddex heer oo meel fog dhexdooda. Waayo, dadku waxay qaar ka mid ah waxay xidhiidh la isticmaalo xaq u kaadiyo soo socda iyaga, waayo dadka oo qaar ka mid ah waxay xidhiidh la isticmaalo a kaadiyo hal meel iyaga ka fog, iyo Ragga qaarkood waxay xidhiidh lahayn galay musqusha. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa qiyaasay doorsoomayaasha-dhac natiijada ay waqti iyo adkaysiga-by stationing kaaliyaha cilmi gudaha edegga musqusha ku dhereran kaadiyo qaybgale ee a. Halkan sida cilmi ku tilmaamay habka cabbirka:

   "Goobjooge ah ayaa ku sugan edegga musqusha isla markiiba ku xiga si ay kaadiyo maadooyinka 'ah. Intii lagu guda jiray baaritaanka pilot of nidaamyadan u caddaatay in baaqyo maqalka looma isticmaali karo in ay calaamad u ah bilow iyo joojinta ee [kaadida]. . . . Halkii, baaqyo muuqaal ah ayaa la isticmaalay. observer ayaa loo isticmaalaa prism a periscopic galin in raso ka mid ah buugaagta been dabaqa edegga musqusha. meel An dhexeeya dabaqa iyo derbiga edegga musqusha 11-inch (28-cm) la siiyaa aragti, iyada oo periscope ah, ee jir hoose ee user iyo suurto aragtida muuqaalka toos ah socodka kaadida. observer ayaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu awoodi waayay in la arko wejigiisa maaddo ee. observer ayaa ku bilaabatay laba jeedo stop markii maaddo sare u qaadeen in lagu kaadiyo, ayaa joojiyay ka mid ah marka la kaadinayo bilaabay, oo tan kalena waxay joojiyeen markii kaadida la kansalay. "

   Cilmi baarayaashu waxay ogaadeen in hoos u masaafada jirka keenaysaa in dib u dhac sii kordhaya ee bilawga iyo hoos u adkaysiga (Jaantuska 6.7).

   1. Ma u malaynaysaa in ka qaybgalayaasha lagu Dhibay by tijaabo this?
   2. Ma waxaad u malaynaysaa in baadhayaashu waa ku sameeyay tijaabo this?
   3. Maxaa isbeddel, haddii ay jiraan, aad ku talin lahayd in la hagaajiyo dheelitirka anshax?
   

   Jaantuska 6.7: Natiijooyinka ka Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Ragga galay musqusha loo qoondeeyey mid ka mid ah saddex xaaladaha: masaafo dhow (waxay xidhiidh ah la saaray in lagu kaadiyo isla markiiba ku xiga), masaafada dhexdhexaad ah (waxay xidhiidh ah la saaray mid lagu kaadiyo saaro), ama xidhiidh lahayn loo isticmaalo qalabka kaadida. observer An sugan edegga musqusha loo isticmaalo periscope caadadii-dhisay ah si ay u dhawraan oo markii dib u dhac iyo adkaysiga of kaadida. khaladaadka Standard agagaarka qiyaasta aan la heli karin.

5. [ ] In August 2006, oo ku saabsan 10 maalmood ka hor doorashada hoose, 20,000 oo qof oo ku nool Michigan helay boostada a in tusay dhaqanka codbixinta iyo dhaqanka codbixinta ee deriskooda (Jaantuska 6.8). (Sida lagaga hadlay cutubkii, ee dalka Maraykanka, dawladaha gobolka hayaa diiwaanka of kuwaas oo cod doorashada kasta oo macluumaadka la heli karo si ay dadweynaha.) Daaweyn Tani gaar ah soo saaray saamaynta ugu weyn ee abid kor u arkay inay dhibic in hal boostada gabal: waxaa kor u kacay heerka ayey doorasho ka boqolkiiba 8.1 dhibcood (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Si taas loo dhigay in la eego, warqadaha isku waslad caadi ahaan loo soo saaro korodhka ee ku saabsan hal dhibic Boqolkiiba (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Saamaynta ahaa si weyn in operative siyaasadeed magacaabay Hal Malchow bixiyeen Donald Green $ 100,000 ma si ay u daabacaan natiijada tijaabo ah (ineey si Malchow ka dhigi kara isticmaalka macluumaadka this qudhiisu) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Laakiin, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, iyo Christopher Larimer ma daabici warqada 2008 ee Siyaasadda Science Review American ah.

   Marka aad si taxadar leh u baaraan mailer ee Jaantuska 6.8 laga yaabaa in aad dareento in magacyada cilmi ha u muuqdaan waxa on. Saas ma aha, cinwaanka soo laabashada waa in Consulting Siyaasadda la taaban karo. In aqoonta in warqada qorayaasha sharax: "Mahad gaar ah u tag Mark Grebner ee la taaban karo Siyaasadda Consulting, kuwaas oo loo jaangooyey loona maamulay barnaamijka mail halkan bartay."

   1. Fadlan qiimeeyaan isticmaalka daaweynta marka la eego afarta mabaadi'da anshaxa tilmaamay in cutubkan.
   2. Maxaa isbeddel, haddii ay jiraan, aad ku talin lahayd in ay tijaabiyaan this?
   3. Qor lifaaqa ah anshax muuqda karaa warqad this markii la daabacay.
   

   Jaantuska 6.8: mailer Deris ka Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . mailer Tani kordheen heerarka tiro boqolkiiba 8.1 dhibcood, saamaynta ugu weyn in aan weligeed la arkay for mailer-hal gabal.

6. [ ] Dhisida su'aasha hore, hal mar, kuwaas oo 20,000 oo mailers la diray (Jaantuska 6.8), iyo sidoo kale 60,000 oo kale oo laga yaabo mailers yar xasaasi ah, waxaa jiray gadoodaan ka qayb-galayaasha. Dhab ahaantii, Issenberg (2012) (p 198) ayaa sheegay in "Grebner [agaasimaha la taaban karo Siyaasadda Consulting] waligeed ma aysan awoodin in ay xisaabiyo sida dad badan oo qaaday dhibaato inaad ka cabato by phone, maxaa yeelay, xafiiska u jawaabay mashiinka si deg deg ah in wacaya cusub buuxiyeen waxay awoodi waayeen in uu ka tago fariin. "Dhab ahaantii, Grebner xusay in gadoodaan ah ayaa laga yaabaa xitaa ka weyn haddii ay kor u qaaddey daaweynta. Isagu wuxuu u Alan Gerber, mid ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha, ayaa sheegay in "Alan haddii naloo qaatay shan boqol oo kun oo doolar oo wuxuu ku qariyey gobolka oo dhan adiga iyo waxaan jeclaan lahaa in la Salman Rushdie nool." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. macluumaadkan ma bedesho jawaabo su'aasha hore?
   2. Maxay yihiin xeeladaha wax looga qabanayo go'aan qaadashada in wejiga la hubin aad ku talin lahayd waxbarashada kuwa la mid ah mustaqbalka?

7. [ ] In dhaqanka, ugu doodo anshaxa dhacdaa oo ku saabsan waxbarashada, halkaas oo cilmi aadan haysan oggolaansho run wargeliyo ka qayb-galayaasha (tusaale ahaan, saddexda daraasado cutubkan). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dood anshaxa sidoo kale dhici karaan waxbarashada in ay leeyihiin oggolaansho la wargeliyey run. U samaynta daraasad khiyaali ah, halkaas oo aad leedahay lahaa oggolaansho la wargeliyey run ka qayb-galayaasha, laakiin aad weli qabaa noqon lahaa akhlaaq daro. (Tilmaam: Haddii aad dhibtoonaya, aad karto isku day reading Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Cilmi waxay u halgamayaan in lagu qeexo sida ay u fakirayaan anshaxa midba midka kale iyo in ay dadweynaha guud. Ka dib markii la ogaaday in dhadhamiya, Xiriirka, iyo Time ahaa dib-u-aqoonsaday, Jason Kauffman, oo amiir u ahaa kooxda cilmi baarista, ka dhigay a comments yar dadweynaha oo ku saabsan anshaxa ee mashruuca. Read Zimmer (2010) ka dibna ku qoroto comments Kauffman ee isticmaalaya mabaadiida iyo qaab anshax la tilmaamay in cutubkan.

9. [ ] Banksy waa mid ka mid ah artist ugu caansan casriga ah ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, oo isagu waa garan waayo siyaasad-oriented darbiga wadada (Jaantuska 6.9). Uu aqoonsi sax ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa wax cajiib ah. Banksy ayaa website shakhsi si uu yaabaa inuu dadweynaha aqoonsiga haddii uu doonayo, laakiin waxa uu doortay in aan. Sannadkii 2008 Daily Mail, wargeys, waxay daabacday maqaal ay sheegtay in la ogaado magaca dhabta ah ee Banksy. Markaas 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo iyo Steven C. Le Comber (2016) isku dayeen in ay xaqiijiyaan labo geesood ah oo isticmaalaya habka model dar Dirichlet of juqraafi muuqaalka. More si gaar ah, waxay la soo ururiyay goobaha juqraafiyeed ee darbiga dadweynaha Banksy ee Bristol iyo London. Next, by raadinaya dhex articles wargeyska jir ah iyo diiwaanka codeynta dadweynaha, Hauge iyo asxaabtii helay cinwaanada ee la soo dhaafay ee shakhsiga la odhan jiray, iyo naagtiisii, iyo inuu kubada cagta (ie, soccer) Kooxda. Qoraaga ayaa koobaan raadinta ah ee ay warqad sida soo socota:

   "Iyada oo maya 'tuhmane' halis kale [ingula] si ay u baaraan, way adag tahay in la sameeyo statements qanci karo oo ku saabsan aqoonsiga Banksy ee ku salaysan falanqaynta halkan lagu soo bandhigay, aan ka ahayn isagoo danbow of geoprofiles ee labada Bristol iyo London waxaa ka mid ah cinwaanada lagu yaqaan in ay la xiriiraan la [name maclumaad]. "

   Ka dib markii Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , Waxaan go'aansaday in aan in ka mid ah magaca qofka markii ay kala hadlayaan daraasaddan.

   1. Qiimee daraasaddan isticmaalaya mabaadiida iyo qaab anshax cutubkan.
   2. Ma rabtaa inaad ku samaysay daraasaddan?
   3. Qorayaashu waxay qiil daraasaddan in aan la taaban karin ee waraaqaha la xukumay soo socda: "Guud ahaan, natiijooyinka kuwaas oo taageero talooyinka hore in falanqaynta argagixisada la xiriira falalka yar yar (tusaale ahaan, graffiti) loo isticmaali karo si ay uga caawiyaan la helo saldhig argagixiso ka sii daran ka hor dhacdooyinka dhacaan, iyo waxay bixisaa tusaale xiiso of codsiga of model ah in ay adag, dhibaato dhab ah ee dunida. "ma bedesho opinion of warqada? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?
   4. Qorayaashu waxay ka mid note soo socda anshaxa dhamaadka ay warqad: "Qorayaashu waxay ka warqabaan, iyo ixtiraam ah, gaarka ah ee [name maclumaad] iyo qaraabada uu oo sidaas xogta kaliya loo isticmaalo in domain dadweynaha. Waxaan si ula kac ah saaray cinwaanada saxda ah. "Ma bedesho opinion of warqada? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee? Ma waxaad u malaynaysaa dadweynaha / boglaynta gaarka loo leeyahay macno ay dhacdo in this?
   

   Jaantuska 6.9: farshaxanka Street by Banksy in Cheltenham, England. Photo by Brian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

10. [ ] In article xiiso Metcalf (2016) ka dhigaysa wax xuja ah in "adkayd si cad laga heli karaa oo ay ku jiraan xogta gaarka ah kuwa ugu xiiso leh in cilmi-baarayaasha iyo ugu khatar u maadooyinka ku jira."

    1. Maxay yihiin laba tusaale la taaban karo in ay taageeraan labo geesood ah?
    2. In isla qodobkan Metcalf sidoo kale sheegtay in uu yahay ee mashaqada in loo qaato in "dhibaato kasta oo macluumaadka hore loo sameeyey by dataset dadweynaha". Sii hal tusaale oo meesha tani waxay noqon kartaa kiiska.

11. [ ] Cutubkan waxaan soo jeediyay xukunka suulka in xogta oo dhan waa laga yaabo inay la aqoonsan karo oo xogta oo dhan waa laga yaabo xasaasi ah. Shaxda 6.5 siisaa liiska tusaalooyinka xogta uu jirin cad shakhsi aqoonsashada macluumaad laakiin taas weli lala karaa dadka gaarka ah.

    1. Dooro laba ka mid ah tusaalooyinka iyo qeex sida weerarkii de-anonymization labada kiis ee uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka la mid ah.
    2. Waayo, mid kasta oo ka mid ah laba tusaale ee qayb (a), sharaxaad ka bixi sida xogta Muujin yaabaa warbixin xasaasi ah oo ku saabsan dadka ku nool dataset ah.
    3. Haddaba qaado dataset saddexaad miiska ka. Ku qor email ah in qof ka fiirsaneysa inay u sii daayo. Sharax iyaga sida xogta tani waxay noqon kartaa laga yaabo aqoonsan karo oo laga yaabo xasaasi ah.

    Shaxda 6.5: List of tusaalooyin xogta bulshada in uusan haysan wax macluumaadka shaqsiga lagu aqoonsanayo cad, laakiin taas weli lala karaa dadka gaarka ah.

    Data	yeerida
    diiwaanka caymiska caafimaadka	Sweeney (2002)
    kaadhka Credit xogta macaamilka ganacsi	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix movie rating xogta	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Phone call Meta-data	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    data Search log	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    macluumaadka deegaanka, maamulka, iyo bulshada oo ku saabsan ardayda	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Naftaada Habeynta ee kabaha qof kasta oo ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaashu aad iyo dadweynaha guud, ma ahan oo keliya in aad facooda. Soocin Tan waxaa lagu muujiyey in ay dhacdo Hospital Yuhuudda Chronic Disease (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Chester M. Southam ahaa dhakhtar distinguished iyo cilmi-at Sloan-Kettering Institute for Research Cancer iyo Professor ah Associate of Medicine ee Medical College University Cornell. On July 16, 1963, Southam iyo labada qof ee shaqaalaheeda durayaa unugyada kansarka live galay meydadkii 22 bukaanka xoog u jilcay Isbitaalka Yuhuudda Chronic Disease ee New York. irbado Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen qeyb ka mid ah cilmi-Southam si ay u fahmaan nidaamka difaaca jirka ee bukaanka kansarka. In cilmi hore, Southam ku soo helay in mutadawiciinta caafimaad ay awoodaan in ay diidaan unugyada kansarka duraa qiyaastii 4 ilaa 6 todobaad, halka qabsaday bukaan oo hore u qabay kansarka dheer. Southam yaabay in jawaabta raagay qaba cudurka kansarka ahaa waayo, waxay lahaayeen kansarka ama sababtoo ah waxay ahaayeen dadka waayeelka ah iyo hore u jilcay. Si wax looga qabto fursadaha kuwan, Southam go'aansaday si aad isugu durto unugyada kansarka live galay koox dad ah kuwaas oo ay ahaayeen dadka waayeelka ah iyo wiiqay laakiin kuwa aan qabto kansarka. Marka erayga of faafinta daraasadda, kiciyay in qayb istiqaalad saddex dhakhtarrada oo la codsaday in ay ka qayb qaataan, qaar ka mid ah ka dhigay isbarbardhiga u Tijaabo Camp Urursanaanta Nazi, laakiin qaar kale waxay ku salaysan ee ka qayb on balanqaad by Southam-helay cilmi gaysto. Ugu dambayntii, Guddiga Gobolka New York ee Regents dib u eegay kiiska si uu u go'aansado haddii Southam waa in ay awoodaan in ay sii wadaan in ay ku dhaqmaan daawo. Southam ku dooday uu difaaca inuu simaha daafaca Southam ayaa ku salaysan tiro ka mid ah sheegashada, kaas oo ku jiray oo dhan oo ay taageerayaan khubaro dhowr distinguished markay marag furtay oo uu ka wakiil "dhaqanka ugu fiican ee dhaqanka caafimaad masuul ka.": (1) inuu cilmi ahaa of mudnaan sayniska iyo bulshada sare; (2) ma jiraan khataro appreciable in ka qaybgalayaashu, codsi ku salaysan in qayb ka mid ah Southam ayaa 10 sano oo waayo aragnimo hor leh in ka badan 600 oo maaddo, (3) heerka bixinta waa in la beddelo sida ay heerka khatarta ay wadaan cilmi; (4) cilmi-baaris ah ku jiray waafaqsan heerka dhaqanka caafimaadka wakhtigaas. Ugu dambayntii, guddiga Regent ayaa helay Southam dambi ah khiyaamo, iyo khiyaanada, iyo anshax aan, iyo ganaax uu liisan caafimaad muddo hal sano ah. Laakiinse, dhowr sano ka dib, Chester M. Southam loo doortay Madaxweynaha Association American ah ee Cancer Cilmi.

    1. Qiimee waxbarasho Southam ee la isticmaalayo afar mabda 'cutubkan.
    2. Waxay u muuqataa in Southam qaatay aragti ah ee saaxiibadii iyo si sax ah la filayo sida laga yaabo in ay ka jawaabaan uu shaqada; Dhab ahaantii, qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa ka marag kacay on magiciisa ku hadlaya. Laakiin, waxa uu ahaa awoodin ama diyaar u ahayn in ay fahmaan sida uu cilmi baaris laga yaabo in dhibaan dadweynaha. Waa maxay doorka kula tahay opinion-kaas oo ay noqon kartaa kala duwan oo ka soo fikrado ka qaybgalayaasha-waa in ay leeyihiin in anshaxa cilmi dadweynaha? Maxaa dhacaya waa in, haddii opinion caanka ah iyo opinion faca ku kala duwan yihiin?

13. [ ] In warqad cinwaankeedu yahay "Crowdseeding in Eastern Congo: Isticmaalka Taleefannada Gacanta Loo Ururiyo Dhacdooyinka Khilaafaadka Data in Real Time", Van der Windt iyo Humphreys (2016) tilmaami nidaamka ururinta xogta qaybiyey ah (eeg Cutubka 5) in ay ka abuuray bariga Congo. Sharaxaad ka bixi sida cilmi la hubin oo ku saabsan waxyeellooyinka suurto gal ah in ka qaybgalayaasha la macaamilooday.

14. [ ] Bishii Oktoobar 2014, saddex cilmibaadhe oo siyaasadeed mailers in 102,780 diiwaan diray in Montana oo qayb ka ah tijaabo ah si loo qiyaaso in cod-kii waxaa la siiyaa macluumaad dheeraad ah oo u badan tahay in ay codeeyaan. mailers-kaas ayaa ku tilmaamay kaalinta Guide 2014 Montana General Information Doorashada Cod musharax Montana Sare Maxkamadda Cadaaladda, kaas oo doorasho hal dhinac u xaglin, on scale ka deeqsi ah in muxaafidka ah, oo ay ka mid Barack Obama iyo Mitt Romney sida barbardhigo. mailer ayaa sidoo kale ka mid dhalmo ah Shaabadda Weyn ee Gobolka Montana (Jaantuska 6.10).

    mailers The ahbaa cabashooyinka ka cod-Montana, waxayna Linda McCulloch, Montana ee Secretary of State, si aad u gudbiso cabasho rasmi ah dowladda gobolka Montana. The jaamacadaha in ka shaqeeya cilmi-Dartmouth iyo Stanford-soo diray warqad u qof walba in uu helay mailer ka raali for wareer kasta oo iman kara iyo Caddayn in mailer ah "oo aan xiriir la leh urur ama xisbi siyaasadeed, musharaxa ama urur, iyo waxaa aan loogu tala galay in saamaynta tartanka kasta. "warqadda ayaa sidoo kale caddeeyo in darajayn" xogta dadweynaha oo ku saabsan kuwaas oo ku deeqday in kasta oo olole ku hallaysay. "(Jaantuska 6.11)

    In May 2015, ka Commissioner of Practices Siyaasadda ee Gobolka Montana, Jonathan Motl, go'aamisay in cilmi xadgudbay sharciga Montana: "Guddoomiyaha ayaa go'aaminaya in ay jiraan xaqiiqooyin ku filan si ay u muujiyaan in Stanford, Dartmouth iyo / ama cilmi oo ay ku xad Montana dhaqanka ololaha sharciyada u baahan diiwaangelinta, warbixinta iyo bixinta kharashka madax banaan. "(ku filan u heli lahayd Number 3 ee Motl (2015) ). Guddoomiyaha ayaa sidoo kale lagu talinayaa in Xeer-ilaaliyaha Degmada baaraan in isticmaalka isticmaalka aan la fasaxin ee Shaabadda Weyn ee Montana ku xadgudba sharciga gobolka Montana (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford iyo Dartmouth diiddan xukun Motl ee. Afhayeen u Stanford A magacaabay Lisa Lapin yiri "Stanford ... ma rumaysan kasta oo sharciyada doorashada ayaa ku xadgudbay" iyo in boostada "ma ku jira u doodid kasta oo taageeraya ama ka soo horjeeda musharax kasta." Waxay tilmaamay in mailer ku cad in ay "brbera, iyo ma aqbalin musharax kasta ama xisbiga. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Qiimee daraasaddan la isticmaalayo afar mabda 'oo laba Qaababka tilmaamay in cutubkan.
    2. Qabtaan in mailers la diray inay sambal random codbixiyayaasha (laakiin badan oo ku saabsan in daqiiqad a), hoos waxa laga yaabaa in xaaladaha boostada ayaa beddeli natiijada doorashada Sare Maxkamadda Caddaaladda?
    3. Dhab ahaantii, mailers ayaa la iima soo dirin, muunad random codbixiyayaasha. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixin ay Jeremy Johnson (a saynisyahano siyaasadeed oo gacan ka baadhitaanka), mailers "ayaa loo diray 64.265 cod aqoonsaday deeqsi badan tahay in ay badhtamaha tiirsan ee maka tiirsan Democratic iyo 39.515 cod aqoonsaday muxaafidka ah inay badhtamaha ee Jamhuuriga maka tiirsan. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa xaq faraq u dhaxeeya tirada Democratic iyo Jamhuuriga oo ku salaysan in ay filayo tiro ka mid ah codbixiyayaasha Democratic ahaan si weyn u hooseeya. "ma beddeli qiimaynta of design cilmi aad? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?
    4. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo baaritaanka, cilmi ayaa sheegay in ay soo gaaray doorashadii tan ka qayb sababtoo ah "tartanka mana garsoorka ayaa si dhow ula tartamay ee aasaasiga ah. Iyada oo ku saleysan falanqayn ka mid ah 2014 natiijooyinka doorashada aasaasiga ah ee macnaha guud ee doorashooyinka garsoorka hore Montana, cilmi go'aamisay in daraasaddan cilmibaadhista sidii loogu tala galay ma beddeli doono natiijada tartanka midkood. " (Motl 2015) ma beddeli qiimaynta cilmi aad ? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?
    5. Dhab ahaantii, doorashada soo baxday in aan si gaar ah dhow (Shaxda 6.6). ma bedeli qiimaynta cilmi aad? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?
    6. Waxaa soo baxday in baadhitaan ayaa la gudbiyaa Dartmouth IRB by mid ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha, laakiin waxa ay si wayn isku khilaafay ka waxbarasho Montana dhabta ah. mailer ayaa loo isticmaalaa in Montana marna gudbiyay IRB. Baadhitaanka ayaa la marna gudbiyay IRB Stanford ah. ma bedeli qiimaynta cilmi aad? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?
    7. Waxaa kale oo soo baxday in cilmi in 143.000 codbixiyayaasha ee California iyo 66,000 ee New Hampshire diray qalabka doorashada la mid ah. Ilaa hadda sida waan ogahay, waxaa jiray wax cabasho rasmi ah ka dhashay, kuwaas oo ku dhawaad ​​200,000 oo mailers dheeraad ah. ma bedeli qiimaynta cilmi aad? Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?
    8. Waa maxay, haddii ay wax, lahaa aad si ka duwan samayn haddii aad ahaayeen baarayaasha maamulaha? Sidee aad loogu talagalay lahaa waxbarasho haddii ay xiiseeyaan inay sahamiyaan in macluumaad dheeraad ah u kordhiyaa dadka codeeyey ee jinsiyadaha brbera?

    Shaxda 6.6: Natiijooyinka ka 2014 doorashada Montana Sare Maxkamadda Caddaaladda. Source: webpage of Montana Secretary of State .

    musharixiinta	Codadka helay	Boqolkiiba
    Sare Maxkamadda Caddaaladda # 1
    W. David Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Sare Maxkamadda Caddaaladda # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike qamadiga	195.303	59,06%

    

    Jaantuska 6.10: Mailer by saddex cilmibaadhe oo siyaasadeed 102.780 cod ka diiwaan gashan Montana diray oo qayb ka ah tijaabo ah si loo qiyaaso in cod-kii waxaa la siiyaa macluumaad dheeraad ah oo u badan tahay in ay codeeyaan. Cabbirka muunad in tijaabo oo intaasu waxay ahayd qiyaastii 15% cod-bixiyayaasha xaqa u leh ee gobolka.

    

    Jaantuska 6.11: Warqad Apology in loo diray si ay 102.780 cod ka diiwaan gashan Montana kuwaas oo helay mailer ee Jaantuska 6.10. Warqadda ayaa waxaa lagu soo diray by Guddoomiyeyaasha Dartmouth iyo Stanford, jaamacadaha in ka shaqeeya cilmi-kii soo diray mailer ah.

15. [ ] On May 8, 2016, laba cilmi-Emil Kirkegaard iyo Julius macluumaad Bjerrekaer-xoqay oo goobta shukaansiga online OkCupid oo si cad u sii daayay dataset ah oo ku saabsan 70,000 users, oo ay ku jiraan doorsoomayaal ee username, da'da, jinsiga, goobta, fikrado diinta la xidhiidha, fikradaha falaga la xiriira, danaha shukaansi, tirada sawiro, iwm, iyo sidoo kale jawaabo siiyey top 2600 su'aalo ah oo ku saabsan goobta. In warqad qabyo ah oo la socda xogta la sii daayay, qorayaasha ayaa sheegay in "Qaar ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ay diiddo anshaxa ee ururinta iyo sii daayo macluumaadka this. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan xogta laga helay dataset yihiin ama hore u jiray si cad u heli karo, sidaas sii daayo dataset this keliya u soo bandhigaysaa foom kale oo muhiim ah. "

    Iyada oo laga jawaabayo sii daayo xogta, mid ka mid ah qorayaasha ayaa la weydiiyay on Twitter: "set data Tani waa heer sare ah dib-u-garan karo. Xitaa waxaa ka mid ah usernames? wax shuqul ah oo dhan u sameeyey oo u anonymize ahaa? ". Uu jawaab ahaa "No. Data horeba waa dadweynaha ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Qiimee sii daayo macluumaadka this isticmaalaya mabaadiida iyo qaab anshax lagaga dooday cutubkan.
    2. Ma rabtaa inaad isticmaasho xogta this aad cilmi u gaar ah?
    3. Maxaa dhacaya haddii aad u xoqay naftaada?

16. [ ] In 2010 oo ah falanqeeye sirdoonka la Army Maraykanka siiyey 250,000 fiilooyinka diblomaasiyadeed xogo hay'adda WikiLeaks, oo ay markii dambe posted online. Gill and Spirling (2015) ku doodaya in "bixinta WikiLeaks ee laga yaabo inay ka dhigan trove ah xog laga yaabo in lagu taabtay in tijaabiso aragtiyaha khiyaano in xiriirka caalamiga ah ", ka dibna tira sifaha shaybaarka ee saxaafada. Tusaale ahaan, qorayaasha qiyaaso in ay matalaan oo ku saabsan 5% dhammaan fiilooyinka diblomaasiyadeed muddada wakhtigaas, laakiin in saamiga this kala duwan safaaradda safaaradda (eeg Jaantuska 1 of ay warqad).

    1. Read warqad, ka dibna ku qor lifaaqa ah anshaxa waa in.
    2. Qorayaashu waxay ma falanqeeyaan content ee mid ka mid ah saxaafada. Ma jiraa mashruuc kasta oo isticmaalaya fiilooyinka in aad qaban lahayd? Ma jiraa mashruuc kasta oo isticmaalaya fiilooyinka in aadan samayn lahaa?

17. [ ] Si aad u barato sida shirkadaha ay ka jawaabaan cabashooyinka, cilmibaadhe warqado been abuur ah cabasho 240 maqaayado-dhamaadka sare ee City New York diray. Halkan hoostana aad ka warqadda khayaal ah.

    "Waxaan warqaddan idiinku soo qorayaa si maxaa yeelay careysan oo ku saabsan la soo dhaafay waxaan lahaa ee aad makhaayad aragnimo Waxaan ahay. Ma muddo dheer ka hor, aniga iyo xaaskeyga waan u dabaal our guuradii ugu horeysay. ... Fiidkii ayaa noqday xumeeyay marka calaamadaha bilaabay in ay u muuqdaan in ku dhow afar saacadood ka dib markaad cunto. lallabo dheereeyey, matag, shuban, iyo xanuun caloosha oo dhan tilmaamay in hal shay: cunto lagu sumoobo. Waxay ka dhigaysa ii caraysan kaliya fikirka in jaceyl fiidkii gaarka ah ayaa noqday mid hoos u naagtayda i daawashada usu boos uurjiifka dabaqa goolad of our musqusha ee u dhexeeya wareeg oo tuuraya ilaa. ... In kasta oo waxa aan la ii doonayo inuu gudbiso wixii warar la Better Business Bureau ama Department of Health, waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaad, [name of restaurateur ah], si ay u fahmaan waxa aan dhex marayay isagoo maanka ku hayay in aad sida ugu jawaabi doonaa. "

    1. Qiimee daraasaddan isticmaalaya mabaadiida iyo qaab anshax ku tilmaamay in cutubkan. Marka la eego qiimaynta, waxaad samayn lahaa baadhitaanka?
    2. Halkan sida makhaayadaha, kuwaas oo warqad ka helay jawaabay: "Waxa ay aheyd fowdo, Kuliyadda sida milkiilayaasha, maamulayaasha iyo maqaayad baadhay iyada oo kombiyuutar for [name maclumaad] boos ama credit card diiwaanka, bedeley dib soo saari dhalmo cunto suurto gal boobay, iyo su'aalo shaqaalaha jikada ku saabsan gaabiska suurtagal ah, oo dhan ku dhiira galiyay by waxa labada jaamacadda iyo professor hadda gool ahaa waxbarasho dugsiga ganacsiga ka cadaabta. " (Kifner 2001) macluumaadkan ma bedesho sida aad u qiimeeyaan daraasadda?
    3. Ilaa hadda sida waan ogahay, daraasaddan aan la dib loo eego by IRB ah ama wax kasta oo kale oo xisbiga saddexaad. Ma isbedel in sida aad u qiimeeyaan daraasadda? Maxaad ama maxaa diidaya?

18. [ ] Dhisidda on su'aashan hore, waxaan jeclaan lahaa in aad is barbar daraasaddan baadhitaan aad u kala duwan in ay sidoo kale ku lug maqaayado. In daraasaddan kale, Neumark iyo asxaabtii (1996) soo diray laba laba ardayda kulliyadda dumar ah la resume Abuurtay lab iyo si aad u codsato shaqooyinka sida mudalabyada iyo waitresses at 65 makhaayadood oo ku yaal Philadelphia, si ay u baaraan takoorka jinsiga ah ee shaqaalaynta makhaayad. The 130 codsiyada keentay in 54 wareysiyo iyo 39 dalabyo shaqo. Baadhitaanka ayaa lagu helay cadaymo tira weyn takoorka jinsiga ka dhanka ah haweenka ee makhaayadaha qiimaha-sare.

    1. Qor lifaaqa ah anshaxa waxbarasho.
    2. Ma u malaynaysaa in daraasaddan waa anshax ka duwan mid ka mid ah ku tilmaamay in su'aasha hore. Haddii ay sidaas tahay, sidee?

19. [ ] Mararka qaarkood ku dhawaad ​​2010, 6.548 Professor ee dalka Mareykanka heshay emails la mid ah tan mid ka mid.

    "Gacaliye Professor Salganik,

    Waxaan idin qoraal sababtoo ah waxaan ahay Ph.D. a la filayo ardayga la xiisaha badan ee cilmi-baarista. My qorshaha waa in aad codsato in Ph.D. Barnaamijyada deyrtan soo socda, oo waxaan u xiiseynayey in ay bartaan sida ugu badan ee aan awoodo ku saabsan fursadaha cilmi Dhanka ahay.

    Anna waxaan noqon doonaa on campus maanta, iyo in kastoo aan ogahay waxaa ogeysiis gaaban, waxaan la yaabanahay hadii waxaa laga yaabaa inaad leedahay 10 daqiiqo marka aad rabto inaad la kulanto ila si kooban u hadasho oo aad shaqada iyo fursad kasta oo suurtagal ah ii ku lug yeelato aad cilmi. waqti kasta in uu noqon doono haboon in aad noqon lahaa wanaagsan ila, sida kulan kula waa mudnaanta koowaad lagu guda jiro booqasho campus this.

    Waad ku mahadsan tahay ka hor si aad u eegto.

    Daacadnimo, Carlos Lopez "

    emails Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen qeyb ka mid ah tijaabo beerta si loo cabbiro ah in Professor waxay u badantahay in ay ka jawaabaan email ah oo ku xidhan 1) mar-jir (maanta vs toddobaadka soo socda) iyo 2) magaca diraha oo la kala duwanaayeen in ay calaamad u ah qowmiyad iyo jinsiga (tusaale ahaan, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, iwm). Cilmi baarayaashu waxay ogaadeen in marka codsiyada waxay ahaayeen in ay la kulmaan in 1 toddobaad, lab Caddaan waxaa la siiyey in ay helaan xubnaha macalimiinta oo ku saabsan 25% inta badan ay ahaayeen haween iyo beelaha laga tirada badan. Laakiin, marka ardayda khayaal ah ka codsaday kulan in maalin la mid ah qaabka ka mid ah ayaa muhiimad reebay (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Qiimee tijaabiyaan this sida ay mabaadi'da iyo qaab cutubkan.
    2. Ka dib markii daraasadda waxaa u sarreeyey, cilmi email ugu iswaraysi dambe soo socda si aad ka qaybgalayaasha oo dhan soo diray.

    "Dhawaan, aad email ka helay arday weydiisanaya 10 daqiiqo oo waqtigaaga si aad uga hadasho Ph.D. barnaamijka (jidhka email hoos ku qoran u muuqataa). Waxaan aad email maanta si aad Xilakiii ujeedada dhabta ah ee email in, maadaama ay qeyb ka tahay barashada cilmi ah ahaa. Waxaan rajaynayaa our waxbarasho ma aad carqalad kasta oo aynu raali haddii aad at dhan xaraj. Our rajo waa in warqad this siin doonaa sharaxaad ku filan oo ujeeddada iyo design of our waxbarasho si loo yareeyo wax welwel ah ee aad qabtid ee ku saabsan ka qayb qaadashada. Waxaan rabnaa in aan aad ugu mahad naqayaa, waayo, wakhtigii aad iyo akhriska dheeraad ah haddii aad xiisaynayso in la fahmo sababta aad fariin this helay. Waxaan rajaynayaa in aad arki doonaa qiimaha aqoonta waxaanu fileynaa soo saaro tan waxbarasho tacliinta badan. "

    Ka dib markii sharaxay ujeeddada iyo design ee daraasadda, waxay sii xusay in:

    "Sida ugu dhakhsaha badan natiijada cilmibaarista waxaa laga heli karaa, waxaan iyaga ku dhejin doonaa on websites our. Fadlan nasan xaqiijiyay in aanay jirin xog lagu garan karo ee abid loo gudbin doonaa ka daraasaddan, iyo inta u dhaxaysa ku xiran design hubisaa in aynu noqon doonaa oo kaliya awoodo in la ogaado qaabka email ka jawaabid in wadar - ma heer shakhsi. No shaqsi ama jaamacad noqon doonaa garan karo in wax ka mid ah cilmi-baaris ama xogta aan ku daabacaan. Dabcan, wax kasta oo ka mid ah jawaab email shaqsi ma aha macno leh sida ay jiraan sababo badan sababta oo ah xubin awood shaqsi aqbali kartaa ama hoos u codsado kulan. Dhammaan xogta horay loo de-aqoonsaday iyo jawaabaha email garan karo ayaa durba la tirtiray ka database iyo server la xiriira our. Waxaa intaa dheer, inta lagu jiro waqtiga marka xogta ahaa ee la aqoonsan karo, waxaa la ilaaliyaa sirta xoog leh oo aamin ah. Oo had iyo jeer waa kiiska marka cilmi tacliinta dhaqanka ku lug leh maadooyinka aadanaha, hab maamuuska cilmi our ayaa la ansixiyay Institutional Review Guddiyada jaamacadaha '(Morningside University Columbia ee IRB iyo Jaamacadda Pennsylvania IRB).

    Haddii aad qabto wax su'aalo ah oo ku saabsan xuquuqda aad leedahay sida maadada cilmi ah, waxaad la xiriiri kartaa Guddiga Morningside Institutional Review University Columbia ee 212-851-7040 ama by email ugu askirb@columbia.edu iyo / ama Guddiga Jaamacadda Pennsylvania Institutional Review ee 215 -898-2614.

    mar Waad ku mahadsan tahay wakhtiga iyo fahamka shaqada aan samaynayno aad. "

    3. Maxay yihiin doodaha iswaraysi dambe ay dhacdo in this? Maxay yihiin doodaha ka dhanka ah? Ma waxaad u malaynaysaa in cilmi-waa in ay ka qayb-galayaasha ama waraystay ay dhacdo in this?
    4. In la taageero qalab online, cilmi-waxay leeyihiin qaybta cinwaan looga dhigay "Maadooyinka Human Ilaalinta." Fadlan akhri qaybtan. Ma jiraan wax in aad ku dari lahaa ama laga saaro.
    5. Maxay ahayd kharashka tijaabiyaan this baadhayaashu? Maxay ahayd kharashka tijaabo si ay ka qaybgalayaashu? Andrew Gelman (2010) ayaa ku dooday in ay ka qaybgalayaashu daraasaddan laga yaabaa ayaa la magdhow ay waqti ka dib markii tijaabo ka talin jiray. Ma ku raacsan? Isku day in aad wax xuja ah adiga oo isticmaalaya mabaadiida iyo qaab anshax cutubkii.