6.6.4 Go'aanno ka qaadashada in wejiga la hubin

Lama hubo ma keeni baahan in ficil.

Bedka afaraad oo final ah meesha aan ka filan cilmi inay halgan waa go'aamo in wejiga la hubin. Taasi waa, ka dib markii philosophizing oo dhan iyo miisaamid, anshaxa cilmi ku lug leedahay go'aan gaarista ku saabsan waxa la sameeyo iyo waxa aan la samayn. Nasiib darro, go'aamo kuwaas oo inta badan waa in la sameeyey oo ku saleysan macluumaadka aan dhameystirneyn. Tusaale ahaan, marka la dhigaayo Encore, cilmi laga yaabaa rabto in la ogaado jaaniska in ay ka dhigi doonaa in qof in ay soo booqdaan booliska. Or, marka la dhigaayo cilmi ku sadhaysan Dareenka laga yaabaa rabto in aad ogaato jaaniska in ay keeni kara niyad jab in ka qaybgalayaasha qaar ka mid ah. itimaalka Kuwani malaha waa aad u hooseeya, laakiin waxay yihiin la garanayn hor cilmi qaadataa meel. Markaasaa, maxaa yeelay mashruuca innaba si cad u xiiseeyaan macluumaad ku saabsan dhacdooyinka loo kasin, ixtimaalka, kuwaas oo aan guud ahaan loo yaqaan xitaa ka dib markii ay dhammaadaan mashaariicda.

Hubin ma ah kuwo gaar ah si ay cilmi bulshada ee da'da digital. Report Belmont The, marka sharaxaya qiimaynta habaysan ee halista iyo faa'iidooyinka, si cad qirtay, kuwaas oo ay adkaan doonto in si sax ah tiradeeda. hubin Kuwanu, si kastaba ha ahaatee, way ka daran yihiin in da'da digital, in qayb ka mid sababtoo ah waxaan leeyahay waayo-aragnimo yar, iyo qayb ka mid ah sababta oo ah sifooyinka of cilmi bulsho da'da digital.

Marka la eego hubin, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah dadka u muuqdaan in ay doodo wax u eg "fiican ammaan badan ka xumahay," taas oo version a suuq ah ee Mabda'a taxaddar ah. Iyada oo habkan u muuqda macquul ah-laga yaabaa xataa xigmad leh waxaa dhab ahaan waxay sababi kartaa dhibaato, waxaa la horjoogsado in ay cilmi-baarista; iyo waxa sababa dadka qabaa in si qaldan (Sunstein 2005) . Si aad u fahamto dhibaatooyinka la Mabda'a taxaddar ah, aynu tixgelin ku sadhaysan Qiirada. Tijaabada waxaa loo qorsheeyay in ay ku lug leeyihiin oo ku saabsan 700,000 oo qof, oo sida xaqiiqada ah waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah fursad ah in uu dadka ku tijaabiyaan silco lahaa dhibaato. Laakiin, weliba waxaa kaloo jiray qaar ka mid ah fursad tijaabo wuxuu dhali kari lahaa aqoon in uu noqon doono faa'iido u isticmaala Facebook iyo bulshada. Sidaas darteed, halka jidaynayey tijaabo yahay halis (sida ayaa Jeer Digtoon wada hadleen), ka hortagga tijaabo ah sidoo kale waa khatar weyn, waayo tijaabo ah ayaa soo saaray laga yaabaa aqoon qiimo badan. Dabcan, doorasho ma aha dhexeeya samaynaya tijaabiyaan sida ay dhacay oo aan samayn tijaabo ah; waxaa jira beddelka badan oo suurto gal ah in design ah in ay u keeneen galay a dheelitirka anshaxa kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mar uun, cilmi yeelan doontaa go'aanka ka dhexeeya samaynaya baadhitaan ah oo aan samayn daraasad, iyo waxaa jira khataro in tallaabo iyo ficil labadaba. Waa aan habooneyn in ay diiradda saaraan oo keliya on halista garoomada. Waxay jeelyihiin in si fudud, waxaa jira hab khatar la'aan ma.

Ka gudubka Mabda'a taxaddar ah, hal hab muhiim ah in aad ka fikirto go'aamada la hubin siiyey waa heerka ugu khatarta yar samaynta. The isku day caadiga ah halista ugu yar in ay bartilmaameed halista waxbarasho gaar ah ka gees ah khatarta in ay ka qaybgalayaashu qabtaan ee nolol maalmeedka, sida ciyaaro isboortiga iyo baabuur-wadidda baabuurta (Wendler et al. 2005) . Habkan waa qiimo leh sababtoo ah lagu qiimeeyo haddii wax halis yar waa fudud yahay qiimeynta heerka dhabta ah ee halista. Tusaale ahaan, in cudurkeenaha Qiirada, ka hor inta cilmi bilaabay, cilmi ah ayaa marka la barbar dhigo yaabaa content dareenka on dabiici dhaca News Cunto to content dareenka in ay ka qaybgalayaashu arki lahaa in tijaabo ah (Meyer 2015) . Haddii cunaa News hoostiisa ku daaweynta waxay ahaayeen mid ah kuwa ay si dabiici ah ka dhacaan on Facebook, ka dibna cilmi gabagabayn kartaa in tijaabo waa halis yar. Markaasaa, waxay go'aan xataa haddii iyagu ma ay yaqaaniin heerka buuxda ee halista ka dhigi kara. hab la mid ah ayaa laga yaabaa in laga codsadaa in ay Encore. Markii hore, Encore kiciyay codsiyada inay websites in lagu yaqaan in ay xasaasi ah, sida websites kooxaha siyaasadeed mamnuucay in wadamada la dawladaha cadaadis. Sida oo kale, waxa aan ahaa khatarta ugu yar ka qaybgalayaasha in dalalka qaarkood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, version ah dib loo eegay ee Encore-oo kaliya keeni codsiyada in Twitter, Facebook, iyo YouTube-waa codsi yar sababtoo ah codsiyada in goobaha kuwa waxaa loo keeni inta lagu guda jiro dhirta web caadi ah (Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) .

A fikrad labaad oo muhiim ah waa marka go'aan qaadasho ku saabsan waxbarashada halista aan la aqoon waa falanqaynta xoog, kaas oo u ogolaanaya si loo xisaabiyo cilmi size ku haboon ee ay waxbarasho (Cohen 1988) . Taasi waa, haddii aad daraasadda laga yaabo in mahsruuca ka qaybgalayaasha in ay halis-xitaa yar halista markaas mabda'a Raxmaan ayaa muujinaysa in aad rabto in aad soo rogi lacagta ugu yar ee khatarta baahan yahay si loo gaaro himilooyinka cilmi aad. (Back to mabda'a yaree aan looga hadlay Cutubka 4. fikir) Inkasta oo cilmi qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin maskax mashquul ah leh samaynta waxbarashadooda sida weyn sida ay suurtagal tahay, anshaxa cilmi soo jeedinaya in waxaan ka dhigi waxbarashada aannu u duqeeyey sida ay suurtagal tahay. Sidaas darteed, xitaa haddii aadan aqoon heerka saxda ah ee halista aad waxbarasho ku lug leedahay, falanqaynta xoog ah ayaa kaa caawin kara in aad loo xaqiijiyo in ay tahay sida ugu yar ee suurtogalka ah. Falanqaynta Power ma aha cusub, dabcan, laakiin waxaa jira farqi muhiim u dhexeeya jidka in la isticmaalo in da'da analog iyo sida ay tahay in loo isticmaalo maanta. In da'da analog ah, cilmi-guud sameeyey falanqaynta xoog si loo hubiyo in ay daraasadda ma ahaa mid aad u yar (ie, hoos-shaqeeya). Hadda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in cilmi-samayn falanqaynta xoog si loo hubiyo in ay daraasadda ma aha mid aad u weyn (ie, in ka badan-powered). Haddii aad samayn falanqaynta awood ah oo aad waxbarasho u muuqataa in ay u baahan yihiin tiro aan aadka u badan ee dadka, ka dibna laga yaabo in ay calaamad u tahay in saamaynta aad waxbarasho waa yar. Haddii ay sidaas tahay, waa in aad weydiiso in saamayn this yar waa ku filan muhiim ah in la soo rogi tiro badan oo ah dadka si ay halista size aan la garanayn. Xaaladaha badan jawaabta u badan tahay ma jirto (Prentice and Miller 1992) .

The heerka halista iyo falanqaynta xoog caawimaad yar aad fikiraan oo ku saabsan iyo design waxbarashada, laakiinse iyagu ma ay kuu siiyaan wixii macluumaad cusub oo ku saabsan sida ka qaybgalayaashu ay dareemaan laga yaabaa in ku saabsan waxbarasho iyo waxa ay halis ka qayb aad daraasadda la kulmaan laga yaabaa. Si kale la hubin ka qabtaan waa in ay ururiyaan macluumaad dheeri ah, taas oo horseedaysa in ay sahan anshax-jawaabta iyo fuliyeen tijaabooyin.

In sahan anshax-jawaab, cilmi bandhigi sharaxaad kooban ee mashruuca a cilmi jeediyay ka dibna weydii labo su'aalood:

• (Q1) "Haddii cid kale oo aad daryeeli ku saabsan ahaayeen qaybgale musharax tijaabo this a, aad rabto in aad qofka in lagu daro sida qaybgale ah?", [Haa], [anigu ma door bidaan], [No]
• (Q2) "Ha aad aaminsan tahay in cilmi loo oggolaado in ay ku talaabsato tijaabiyaan this?", [Haa], [Haa, laakiin si taxadir leh], [Ma hubo], [No]

Ka dib markii su'aal kasta, jawaabaha waxaa la siiyaa meel ay sharxi karaan jawaab. Ugu dambeyntii, jawaabeyaasha-kii ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ka qayb-galayaasha ka iman kara ama dad ka ah suuqyada shaqada micro-hawl qortaan (tusaale ahaan, Amazon Farsamada Turk) -answer qaar ka mid ah su'aalaha dadka aasaasiga ah (Schechter and Bravo-Lillo 2014) .

sahan Anshaxa-jawaab leeyihiin laba sifooyinka in aan ka heli gaar ahaan soo jiidasho leh. First, ay dhici hor daraasad ayaa la sameeyay, oo sidaas daraaddeed hortagi karaa dhibaatooyinka ka hor inta uusan bilaaban cilmi (sida soo horjeeda habab in lala socdo, waayo dhibaato). Second, sahan anshax-jawaab awood cilmi inay bandhig versions kala duwan ee mashruuca cilmi ah si loo qiimeeyo dheelitirka ay arkeen Anshax versions kala duwan ee mashruuca isku. Mid ka mid ah xaddidaadda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ee sahan anshax-jawaabta waa in aysan ahayn mid cad sida in ay go'aan ka dhexeeya naqshado kala duwan cilmi siiyey natiijada sahanka. Xaaladaha of hubaal la'aan ba'an noocan oo kale ah warbixin laga yaabo kaa caawin go'aamada cilmi guide '; Dhab ahaantii, Schechter and Bravo-Lillo (2014) warbixin ka tagis daraasad la qorsheeyay in jawaab ay u tahay walaac ka qaybgalayaashu in baadhitaan anshax-jawaab ah.

Inkasta oo sahan anshax-jawaabta waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh oo lagu qiimeeyo dareen diidmo in cilmi-soo jeediyay, iyagu ma ay cabbiri kartaa jaaniska ama adkaanta dhacdooyinkan gurracan. Hal hab in cilmi-caafimaad oo aan la hubin in goobaha khatarta sare ka qaban waxaa fuliyeen tijaabooyin, hab in laga yaabo in qaar ka mid waxtar leh cilmi bulsho.

Marka jirrabaya waxtarka daawada cusub, cilmi-ha isla markiiba kuma boodaan ah Tijaabo caafimaad kala sooca lahayn waaweyn. Saas ma aha, oo waxay u ordaan laba nooc oo ah waxbarashada ugu horeysay. Marka hore, ee ah maxkamadda Wajiga I, cilmi waxaa si gaar ah diiradda loo helo qiyaas ammaan, iyo waxbarashada, kuwaas oo ku lug leh tiro yar oo ah dadka. Marka dose ammaan ah la ogaado, Phase II tijaabooyin qiimeeyo waxtarka ah ee daroogada, waa awoodda in ay ka shaqeeyaan xaalad-fiican kiis (Singal, Higgins, and Waljee 2014) . Kaliya ka dib markii Phase I iyo II waxbarashada waa daroogada cusub loo ogol yahay in la qiimeeyo in tijaabo ah oo waaweyn aan kala sooca lahayn ay gacanta ku. Iyadoo qaab dhismeedka saxda ah ee tijaabooyin fuliyeen loo isticmaalo horumarinta daawooyin cusub laga yaabaa in aanay taam wanaagsan oo cilmi bulsheed, marka la hubin wajahay, cilmi ordi yaabaa waxbarashada ka yar si cad loogu talagalay si ay u qiimeeyaan ammaanka iyo waxtarka. Tusaale ahaan, la Encore, aad qiyaasi laga yaabaa in cilmi-upka iyadoo ka qaybgalayaasha in dalalka leh xukunka-of-sharciga xoog.

Si wadajir ah, kuwaas oo afar waji-caadiga yar halista, falanqaynta xoog, sahan anshax-jawaab, iyo fuliyeen tijaabooyin-karaa caawiyo in aad sii wado in hab macquul ah, xataa in wejiga la hubin. Lama hubo ma keeni baahan in ficil.