Cilmi Bulshada ee da'da digital leeyahay sifooyin kala duwan oo sidaas daraaddeed su'aalo anshaxa kala duwan.
cilmi bulsheed ee da'da analog ugu dhuftay dheelitirka anshaxa ku haboon. Tusaale ahaan, in dib u eegis ah oo tijaabo shaybaarka in si wadajir ah ugu lug ka badan 100,000 oo qof, Plott (2013) helay dhacdo xun ka mid ah oo kaliya, arday, kuwaas oo noqday xumaaday, maxaa yeelay of lacag laga badiyay kulanka dhaqaale. Sida hore saddex tusaale da'da digital muujiyo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi hadda caqabado anshax kuwaas ka mid ah kuwii hore ka duwan. Guud ka saddexdan waxbarashada, waxaan qabaa in dhibaatada ugu weyn ee in si fiican-la micno ah cilmi-fool waa in awoodaha waxaa la beddelo si ka dhaqso badan xeerarka, sharciyada, iyo xeerarka. More si gaar ah, cilmi-badanaa iyadoo lala kaashanayo shirkado iyo dowlado-leeyihiin awood dheeraad ah ka badan ka qayb galayaasha ka badan ee la soo dhaafay. By xoog, waxaan si fudud macnaheedu awood u leeyahay inuu sameeyo waxyaabo dadka iyagoo aan raali ka ama xataa wacyiga. Waxyaalaha aan la hadlayo ku saabsan waxa uu noqon karaa mid logu dhaqankooda ama u qoraan in tijaabo. Sida xoogga cilmi si ay u dhawraan oo perturb sii kordhaya, ma jiro korodh u dhigma in la caddeeyo oo ku saabsan sida waa in la isticmaalaa in xoog. Dhab ahaantii, waa in cilmi-go'aansato sida ay u gutaan awood ku salaysan xeerarka khilaafsan iyo noqnoqashada, sharciyada, iyo xeerarka. Si aad u noqoto cad, tani macnaheedu ma aha in inta badan cilmi da'da digital waa akhlaaq daro. Dhab ahaantii, siiyey xaaladda this, waxaan u malaynayaa in cilmi waxay muujiyeen xukunka la yaabka wanaagsan. isku dhafan ee awoodaha awood iyo tilmaamaha aan caddayn, si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-geliya si fiican u la micno ah in xaalad adag.
Inkasta oo aad shaqsi ahaan ma dareemi karaa gaar ahaan awood badan marka la eego awoodda aad wax dadka sameeyo, sii kordheysa cilmi-badanaa iyadoo lala kaashanayo shirkadaha iyo dawladaha ay leedahay awood ay si ay u dhawraan oo perturb dadka iyagoo aan raali ka ama wacyiga. Tusaale ahaan, qiyaasi socda qof ku dhawaad oo lagu qoro wax walba oo ay sameeyaan. Tan waxaa ka mid lahaa raad waxyaalahan oo kale halkaas oo ay u tagaan, waxa ay iibsan, kuwaas oo ay la hadasho, iyo waxa ay u akhri. Kormeerka dadka sidan oo kale ah ee ay da'doodu ka analog loo isticmaalo in ay alaabta ee dawladaha la miisaaniyadda weyn. Haddaba, dhammaan macluumaadka waxaa si joogto ah iyo si toos ah duubay oo ku saabsan malaayiin iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan in ay balaayiin dad. Dheeraad ah, sababtoo ah dhammaan macluumaadka lagu kaydiyo dijital ah, waa ay fududahay in nuqul, search, gudbin, ku milmaan, iyo dukaan. In si kale loo dhigo, waxa si joogta ah u sameeyey maanta ka nixin lahaa iyo yaabiyo hay'adaha sirdoonka Dagaalkii Qaboobaa sida KGB, CIA, iyo Stasi ah. Dheeraad ah, badan ee this raadraaca dabeecadda waxaa loo qaadan meel aan waxgarashada lahayn buuxa ee kuwa la socod ku hayeen yihiin.
Tusaalaha A cad in qayb qabsatay xaaladda this of surveillance mass waa panopticon ah. First soo jeediyay in qarnigii 18-dabayaaqadii by Jeremy Bentham sida naqshadda dhismaha ah xabsiyada, panopticon waa muujinta jirka ah ee ilaalada (Jaantuska 6.3). panopticon waa dhismaha wareeg ah iyadoo qolal ku wareegsan u janjeedha munaaradda dhexe. Ku alla kii degan munaaradda dhawrtaan karaa dhaqanka dadka qolalka oo dhan. Oo, adag, dadka qolalka ma arki karaan qofka munaaradda waardiyaha. Qofka gogladaan sidaas waa wax arke ah waxa maqan (Foucault 1995) .
Dhab ahaantii, ilaalo digital waa ka sii ba'an ka badan qof gogladaan ah maxaa yeelay waxa ay soo saari kartaa diiwaanka dhamaystiran digital ah dhaqanka in lagu kaydin karaa weligiis (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Inkastoo aysan jirin weli duubo buuxda ee dhaqanka aadanaha oo dhan darsadeen database Masterka, wax usoconaa jihada in. Oo, dhaqdhaqaaqa in ay u badan tahay sii wadi doonaan inta awoodooda ah dareemayaal wadi doono inuu kordho, kharashka kaydinta sii yaraadaan, iyo in ka badan ee nolosheena noqon computer-dhexaadin.
Si aad u cilmi badan oo bulshada database sayidkiisa this hore u muuqan yaabaa xiiso leh, iyo waxa laga yaabaa in dhab ahaan loo isticmaalo wax badan oo cilmi-baaris muhiim ah. Culimada Legal, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ayaa la siiyey magac oo kala duwan si ay u database sayidkiisa this: database halaag (Ohm 2010) . In la sameeyo xataa ah database sayidkiisa dhamaystirnayn ay dhici karto inay saamayn horjoogsado on nolosha bulshada iyo siyaasadda haddii dadka diidan in la akhriyo qalab gaar ah ama wada hadlaan mawduucyo gaar ah (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Waxaa sidoo kale jira khatar ah in database sayidkii, halka abuuray hal ujeeddo-dhihi xayeysiis-laga yaabo oo lagu beegsanayo hal maalin loo isticmaalo ujeeddo ka duwan, xaaladda loo yaqaan sare-isticmaalka. Tusaale A naxdin filayn sare-isticmaalka dhacay inta lagu guda jiro dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka markii xog-ku tirakoobka dowladda database sayidkiinna ah in waqti loo isticmaalay si loo fududeeyo xasuuqii in la qaato meel Yuhuudda, Roma, iyo kuwa kale (Shaxda 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . The statisticians kuwa ururiyey xogta waqtiyada nabad hubaal lahaa niyad wanaag. Laakiin, marka dunida bedelay-marka naasiga in ay awood u yimid in Germany iyo deriska dal-this xogta awood u sare-isticmaalka ahaa marna loogu talo galay. Marka database Masterka jirto, way adag tahay in rajayn kuwa u dhawdihiin marin iyo sida loo isticmaali doono.
Place | Time | shakhsiyaad ama kooxo Beegsado | nidaamka Xogta | xadgudub xuquuqda aadanaha ama ujeeddo gobolka fuulaan |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 19 & qarnigii 20aad hore | Aborigines | diiwaangelinta dadweynaha | socdaalka qasabka ah, xubno ka mid ah xasuuqa |
Shiinaha | 1966-76 | asal-fasalka Bad xilligii kacaankii dhaqanka | diiwaangelinta dadweynaha | socdaalka qasabka ah, rabshadaha goobasho shilalka |
France | 1940-44 | Yuhuudda | diiwaangelinta dadweynaha, tirakoobyadu gaar ah | socdaalka qasabka ah, xasuuqa |
Germany | 1933-45 | Yuhuudda, Roma, iyo kuwa kale | Dhawr | socdaalka qasabka ah, xasuuqa |
Hungary | 1945-46 | Jarmalka iyo kuwa warbixinta afka hooyo Jarmal | 1941 Population Census | socdaalka qasabka ah |
Netherlands | 1940-44 | Yuhuud iyo Roma | nidaamka diiwaangelinta dadweynaha | socdaalka qasabka ah, xasuuqa |
Norway | 1845-1930 | Samis iyo Kvens | tirakoobyadu Population | daahirintiisa Ethnic |
Norway | 1942-44 | Yuhuudda | tirakoobka Gaarka ah & diiwaanka dadweynaha soo jeediyay | Genocide |
Poland | 1939-43 | Yuhuudda | tirakoobyadu Badidoodu gaar ah | Genocide |
Romania | 1941-43 | Yuhuud iyo Roma | 1941 Population Census | socdaalka qasabka ah, xasuuqa |
Rwanda | 1994 | Tutsiga | diiwaangelinta dadweynaha | Genocide |
South Africa | 1950-93 | Afrika oo popualtions "leh midabo" | 1951 Dadka Tirakoobka & diiwaangelinta dadweynaha | Apartheid, disenfranchisement cod- |
United States | qarnigii 19aad | Native Americans | tirakoobyadu Gaarka ah, diiwaanka dadweynaha | socdaalka qasabka ah |
United States | 1917 | Tuhmay xadgudbayaasha sharciga qabyada ah | 1910 Census | Baarista & xeer kuwa diiwaangelinta iska ilaalinta |
United States | 1941-45 | Japanese Americans | 1940 Census | socdaalka & xirinta qasabka ah |
United States | 2001-08 | argagixiso lagu tuhmay | NCES sahan & xogta maamulka | Baarista & xeer argagixisada gudaha & caalamiga ah |
United States | 2003 | Arab-Americans | 2000 Census | Lama yaqaan |
USSR | 1919-39 | dadka laga tirada badan yahay | tirakoobyadu kala duwan ee dadweynaha | socdaalka qasabka ah, ciqaabta dambiyada kale oo halis ah |
cilmi bulshada caadiga ah aad u tahay, aad u fog wax la mid abuuraya saamayn horjoogsado on bulshada ama ka qayb xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha iyada oo sare-isticmaalka. Waxaan doortay si ay ugala hadlaan mawduucyadan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah waxaan qabaa waxay kaa caawin doontaa in cilmi bulsho fahmi siku kaas oo dadka qaar ka mid ah arki doonaa shaqadooda. Aan si dhadhamiya ah, Xiriirka, iyo mashruuca Time soo noqon, tusaale ahaan. By biirtay xogta wada dhamaystiran iyo granular ka Facebook macluumaadka dhameystiran iyo granular ka Harvard, cilmi abuuray aragtida la yaab leh qani ku ah nolosha bulshada iyo dhaqanka ardayda (Lewis et al. 2008) . Si aad u cilmi badan oo bulshada this u muuqataa sida database sayidkii, taas oo loo isticmaali karo oo wanaagsan. Laakiin, dadka kale qaar ka mid ah, waxa ay u muuqataa sidii bilowgii database halaag in la abuuray oo aan ogolaansho ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha. Dhadhamiya The, Xiriirka, iyo mashruuca Time bilaabay in 2006, iyo macluumaadka in cilmi lahaa ma ahaa gaar gaar ah. Laakiin, haddii aad u sugaynaa waxoogaa aad ka fekeri karto in arrimahan ay u badan tahay in ay helaan dheeraad ah oo adag. Waa maxay nooca mosaic digital cilmi awood u yeelan doonaan si ay u dhisaan oo ku saabsan ardayda ee 2026 ama 2046?
Waxa intaa dheer in ilaalo mass this, cilmi-mar kale iyadoo lala kaashanayo shirkado iyo dowlado-karaa kordheysa nidaamsan fara nolosha dadka si loo abuuro tijaabo kala sooca lahayn ay gacanta ku. Tusaale ahaan, in cudurkeenaha Qiirada, cilmi ku qoran 700,000 oo qof oo ku nool tijaabo ah iyagoo aan raali ka ama wacyiga. Markaasaa, sida aan ku tilmaamay in cutubka 5 (tijaabo Orodka), noocan oo kale ah qasabka qarsoodi ah ka qaybgalayaasha galay tijaabo ma aha wax aan caadi ahayn. Dheeraad ah, waxa aanu u baahan yihiin wadashaqayn ee shirkadaha waawayn. Sida aan ku tilmaamay in cutubka 5, cilmi kordheysa qorshee kara iyo in la dhiso tijaabo digital la eber kharashka variable, qaab-dhismeedka qiime kaas oo awood u tijaabo aad u weyn. Like awood u si ay u dhawraan, awood u leh inay si nidaamsan perturb tahay sii wadaan in ay koraan doonaa.
In wajiga of this xoog u kordhay, cilmi-ka fool xeerarka khilaafsan iyo noqnoqashada, sharciyada, iyo xeerarka. Mid ka mid ah ilaha of gudeed this waa in awoodaha of da'da digital waxaa si deg deg ah la beddelo xeerarka badan, sharciyada, iyo xeerarka. Tusaale ahaan, Rule Common (set ee nidaamyo ayaa lagu maamulayaa dowladda cilmi ugu maal ee Maraykanka) ayaa bedelay yar tan iyo 1981. dadaal lagu casriyeeyo Rule Common bilaabay sanadkii 2011, laakiin ma ahaa dhamaystiran sida xagaagii 2016. labaad A source of gudeed waa in caadooyinka agagaarka fikradaha dahsoon sida gaarka ah ayaa weli lagu firfircoon uga dooday cilmi, siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha, oo ah dhaq. Haddii takhasusay meelahaas ma gaadhi karto heshiis uniform, ma filan waa in cilmi-taaban karo ama ka qaybgalayaasha gaari doonaa heshiis labada. Ilo wareedyo ayaa kama dambaysta ah ee gudeed waa in cilmi-baarista da'da digital ayaa waxaa sii kordhaya isku qasan xaallada kale, taas oo horseedaysa in caadooyinka iyo sharciyada laga yaabo noqnoqashada. Tusaale ahaan, Dareenka ku sadhaysan ahaa wada shaqeyn ka dhexeysa saynisyahan xogta ah ee Facebook iyo arday professor iyo graduate ee Cornell ah. At Facebook socda tijaabo weyn waa caadiga ah inta ay u hoggaansamaan Facebook ayaa la eego adeega, oo wakhtigaas, ma jirin dib u eegis dhinac saddexaad ee tijaabo. At Cornell ah caadooyinka iyo sharciyada waa kuwo kala duwan, dhammaan tijaabooyinka waa in dib loo eego by IRB Cornell ah. Sidaas, kuwaas oo set of sharciyada waa in ay maamulaan Dareenka ku sadhaysan-Facebook ama Cornell ee? Marka waxaa jira xeerar khilaafsan iyo noqnoqashada, sharciyada, iyo xeerarka xitaa cilmi iyo sidoo kale-oo macnaheedu yahay laga yaabo dhib samayn wax sax ah. Dhab ahaantii, sababta oo ah gudeed, waxaa laga yaabaa in aan xitaa noqon wax xaq hal.
Guud ahaan, labadan muuqaalada-kordhaya awoodda iyo la'aanta heshiis ku saabsan-celceliska isticmaalo sida awoodda in la in cilmi-shaqeeya da'da digital u socdaan in ay la kulmaan caqabado anshaxa mustaqbalka dhow. Nasiib wanaag, cilmi jeeda caqabadahaas aan u baahnayn inuu ku soo bilowdo ka xoq. Halkii, cilmi sawiri kartaa xigmadda xagga mabaadii'da hore horumariyo anshax iyo Qaababka, mawduucyada labada qaybood ee soo socda ee.