faallo dheeraad ah

Qaybtan waxa loo qorsheeyay in lagu isticmaalo sida tixraac, halkii in la akhriyo sida sheeko.

• Hordhac (Qaybta 3.1)

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah mawduucyada cutubka this ayaa sidoo kale ku celiyay in Cinwaanada dhawaan Madaxweynaha at Ururka American of Opinion Research Dadweynaha (AAPOR), sida Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , iyo Link (2015) .

Waayo, asalka dheeraad ah taariikhiga ah ee ku saabsan horumarinta cilmi sahan, arki Smith (1976) iyo Converse (1987) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan fikradda ah saddex waagii cilmi sahan, arki Groves (2011) iyo Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (taas oo kor u jebiyo saddexda waagii wax yar ka duwan).

Peak A gudaha guurka ka horeysay in ay marxalad labaad ee cilmi sahan waa Groves and Kahn (1979) , kaas oo sameeya barbardhigo faahfaahsan madax-ilaa-madaxa u dhexeeya a fool-ka-fool ah iyo suaalo. Brick and Tucker (2007) u muuqataa dib horumarka taariikhiga ah ee lambar random hababka sampling garaacaysaa.

Wixii dheeraad ah sida baadhitaan cilmi uu is beddelay ee la soo dhaafay in laga jawaabayo isbeddel ah ee bulshada, arki Tourangeau (2004) , Mitofsky (1989) , iyo Couper (2011) .

• Waydiinta vs. logu (Qaybta 3.2)

Barashada ku saabsan dalalka gudaha adoo waydiinaya su'aalo noqon kartaa dhibaato sababtoo ah mararka qaar soo jawaabay waxay isku aanay ka warqabin dalalka ay gudaha. Tusaale ahaan, Nisbett and Wilson (1977) ay leeyihiin warqad cajiib ah oo leh horyaalka evocative: "sheegista badan naqaan:. Warbixino Hadal habka maskaxda" In warqada qorayaashu ku tirinnaa: "maadooyinka mararka qaarkood waa (a) halmaansan mid ah jiritaanka of heshaa in muhiimsan saamayn jawaab, (b) ka warqabin jiritaanka jawaabta, iyo (c) ogayn in heshaa ayaa saamaysay jawaabta. "

Waayo, dood in cilmi waa door bidaan dhaqanka arkay in dhaqanka sheegay ama dabeecadaha, arki Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) (cilmi nafsiga) iyo Jerolmack and Khan (2014) iyo jawaabaha (Maynard 2014; Cerulo 2014; Vaisey 2014; Jerolmack and Khan 2014) (cilmiga). Farqiga u dhexeeya waydiinaya oo logu sidoo kale u kacaya ee dhaqaalaha, halkaas oo cilmi hadlaan sheegay oo shaaca ka door bidayso. Tusaale ahaan, cilmi baare ka codsan kartaa jawaabaha haddii ay doorbidaan cunaya jalaato ama in gym (doorbidida sheegay) ama cilmi dhawrtaan yaabaa sida badan dadka cunaan jalaato oo taga si aad jimicsiga (doorbidida shaaca ka qaaday). Waxaa jira shaki qoto dheer oo noocyo ka mid ah macluumaadka la door sheegay in dhaqaalaha (Hausman 2012) .

theme A weyn ee ka doodahan waa ay tahay in dhaqanka waramayaa ma aha had iyo jeer sax ah. Laakiin, dhaqanka si toos ah duubay laga yaabaa in aanay sax ah, waxaa laga yaabaa in aan la soo ururiyey on sambal oo xiiso leh, oo laga yaabaa in aanay la heli karo si cilmi. Sidaas darteed, in xaaladaha qaar, waxaan u malaynayaa in dhaqanka waramayaa noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh. Dheeraad ah, a theme labaad ugu weyn ee ka doodahan waa ay tahay in wararka ku saabsan dareenka, aqoonta, laga filayo, iyo fikrado ma aha had iyo jeer sax ah. Laakiin, haddii macluumaad ku saabsan dalalka gudaha ayaa loo baahan yahay cilmi-labada si ay u caawiyaan sharxi dhaqanka qaar ka mid ah ama wax in la sharxay-ka dibna weydiinaya waxa laga yaabaa inay ku haboon.

• Total baadi sahanka (Qaybta 3.3)

Waayo, daaweynta dhererka buugga on total baadi sahanka, arki Groves et al. (2009) ama Weisberg (2005) . Waayo, taariikh of horumarinta ee wadarta baadi sahanka, arki Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

In la eego wakiil, hordhac u weyn in arrimaha aan jawaab iyo eexda aan jawaab yahay warbixinta Golaha Cilmi baarista Qaranka on Nonresponse in Daraasadaha cilmiga bulshada: A Agenda Research (2013) . Guudmar kale oo waxtar leh waxaa bixiya (Groves 2006) . Sidoo kale, arrimaha oo dhan gaar ah oo ka mid ah Journal of Statistics rasmiga ah, Public Opinion Quarterly, iyo The Annals of American Academy of Science Siyaasadda iyo Bulshada ayaa lagu daabacay on mawduuca ah non-jawaab. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa jira siyaabo badan oo kala duwan si dhab ah ee xisaabinta heerka jawaabta; habab kuwan waxaa lagu tilmaamay si faahfaahsan warbixin uu soo saaray Ururka American of Public Opinion Cilmi (AAPOR) (Public Opinion Researchers} 2015) .

The 1936 ra'yiururin Suugaanta Dhayjast ayaa bartay in si faahfaahsan (Bryson 1976; Squire 1988; Cahalan 1989; Lusinchi 2012) . Waxa kale oo la isticmaalo sida masaal, in laga digo soo ururinta xogta qasay.Shacabka (Gayo-Avello 2011) . In 1936, George Gallup isticmaalo qaab ka badan casri ah sampling, oo aysan awoodin in ay soo saaraan qiyaasta badan oo sax ah la muunad uga yar. Guul Gallup ee Dhayjast Suugaanta waxay ahayd guul horumarinta cilmi baadhitaan (Converse 1987, Ch 3; Ohmer 2006, Ch 4; Igo 2008, Ch 3) .

In la eego cabbirka, a khayraadka ugu horeysay weyn su'aalaha la dhigaayo waa Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Wixii daaweyn dheeraad ah oo horumarsan si gaar ah diiradda su'aalo dabeecad, arki Schuman and Presser (1996) . More on su'aalo pre-imtixaanka waxaa laga heli karaa Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , iyo Cutubka 8aad of Groves et al. (2009) .

Daaweyntu waxay classic, buug-dhererka oo ka mid ah ganacsiga-off u dhaxeeya qiimaha sahan iyo khaladaad sahan waa Groves (2004) .

• Yaa inaad weydiiso (Qaybta 3.4)

Daaweynta buug-dhererka Classic of sampling ixtimaalka caadiga ah iyo ku qiimaysay waa Lohr (2009) (hordhaca more) iyo Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (more sare). A daaweynta buug-dhererka classic of hababka post-stratification oo la xiriira waa Särndal and Lundström (2005) . In goobaha da'da digital qaar ka mid ah, cilmi ogaan qayb ilaa xad ah oo ku saabsan non-ka jawaabay, oo aan ahaa inta badan run ee la soo dhaafay. Noocyada kala duwan ee la qabsiga aan jawaabta waa u suurtoobaan marka cilmi leeyihiin macluumaad ku saabsan non-jawaabeyaasha (Kalton and Flores-Cervantes 2003; Smith 2011) .

Waxbarasho Xbox ee Wang et al. (2015) wuxuu isticmaalayaa farsamo la yiraahdo dhaca multilevel iyo post-stratification (MRP, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "Mister P") u ogolaanaya in la qiyaaso cilmi gacanta ka dhigan tahay xataa marka waxaa jira dad badan, unugyada badan. Inkasta oo ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah dood ku saabsan tayada qiyaasaha ka soo farsamadan, waxa ay u muuqataa sidii meel rajo ay ku sahamiyaan. Farsamada ayaa waxaa marka hore loo isticmaalay Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , iyo waxaa uu ahaa isticmaalka xiga iyo dood (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya miisaanka qofka iyo miisaanka gacanta ku salaysan arki Gelman (2007) .

Waayo, hababka kale ee sahan web miisaan, arki Schonlau et al. (2009) , Valliant and Dever (2011) , iyo Bethlehem (2010) .

Ku habboon Sample waxaa la soo jeediyay by Rivers (2007) . Bethlehem (2015) ku dooday in waxqabadka ku habboon tijaabada run ahaantii waxay noqon doontaa mid ah hababka kale sampling (tusaale ahaan, sampling heerarka) iyo hababka kale qabsiga (tusaale ahaan, post-stratification). Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku yiilleen darfaha online, arki Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Mararka qaarkood cilmi ayaa lagu ogaaday in tijaabada ixtimaalka iyo baarka aan jaaniska dhali qiyaasaha tayo la mid ah (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , laakiin barbardhigo kale ayaa lagu ogaaday in tijaabada non-ixtimaalka ka xun sameeyo (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Hal sabab suuragal ah in kala duwan waa in tijaabada aan jaaniska ay soo hagaagtay muddo. Wixii aragti dheeraad ah oo ku rajo habab sampling aan jaaniska arki Task Force ee AAPOR ku Sanbal Non-jaaniska (Baker et al. 2013) , iyo sidoo kale waxaan ku talinaynaa reading faallo soo socda warbixin kooban.

Waayo, Meta-falanqaynta on saamaynta miisaan si loo yareeyo eexda in tijaabada non-itimaalka, eeg Shaxda 2.4 ee Tourangeau, Conrad, and Couper (2013) , taas oo horseedaysa qorayaasha in lagu gabagabeeyo "hagaajin u muuqdaan in ay noqon kaabidda waxtar leh laakiin ummado. . . "

• Sidee si aad u weydiiso (Qaybta 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) waxay bixisaa mugga ah saxar cinwaankeedu arko Waraysi Survey ee Mustaqbalka, oo waxaa ka hadlay dad badan oo reer mawduucyada ee qaybtan. Couper (2011) ka hadlaya mawduucyada la mid ah, oo Schober et al. (2015) waxay bixisaa tusaale fiican oo ku saabsan sida hababka xog ururinta in waxaa loogu talagalay in ay goob cusub oo keeni kara in xogta tayada sare.

Tusaale kale oo xiiso leh ee la isticmaalayo Chine Facebook sahan cilmiga bulshada, arki Bail (2015) .

Wixii talo badan oo ku saabsan samaynta sahan khibrad lagu naaloodo oo qaali ah oo ay ka qaybgalayaashu, arki shaqada on Design loogu talo galay ee Habka (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) waxay bixisaa daaweynta dhererka buugga qiimaynta daqiiqad dhawrista iyo hababka la xiriira ah.

• Sahamis lala xogta kale (Qaybta 3.6)

Judson (2007) ku tilmaamay habka of isku sahan iyo xogta maamulka sida "dhexgalka macluumaadka," hadlayaa faa'iidooyinka qaar ka mid ah hab this, iyo waxay bixisaa qaar ka mid ah tusaalayaal.

Si kale in cilmi isticmaali kartaa raad digital iyo macluumaadka maamulka waa jir sampling waayo, dadka oo leh sifooyin gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay u helaan xogta, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo jir sampling ah sidoo kale abuuri kartaa su'aalo la xiriira gaarka ah (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

Marka laga weydiinta maqalka, habkan ma aha sida cusub sida ay ka sida aan u tilmaamay muuqdo. Habkan ayaa xidhiidh qoto dheer in saddex meelaha waaweyn ee post-stratification statistics-model-salaysan (Little 1993) , imputation (Rubin 2004) , iyo qiimaysay aagga yar (Rao and Molina 2015) . Waxaa sidoo kale la xiriira isticmaalka doorsoomayaasha gaadh in cilmi-baarista caafimaad (Pepe 1992) .

Waxa intaa dheer in arrimaha anshaxa la xariirta helitaanka xogta raad digital, weydiinta maqalka ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u xawilaan sifooyin xasaasi ah in dadku aysan dooran laga yaabaa inuu u muujiyo tirakoob (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) .

Qiyaasta qarashka iyo waqtiga ee Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) oo dheeraad ah si variable kharashka qiimaha mid kharashka sahan-iyo dheeraad ah ha ku darin go'an tixraac sida qiimaha si aad u nadiifiso iyo ka arrinsashada xogta call. Guud ahaan, weydiinta maqalka malaha yeelan doontaa qiimaha sare go'an oo ah kharashka variable hooseeyo mid ah tijaabo digital (eeg Cutubka 4aad). Faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku xogta loo isticmaalo in Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) warqad waa in Blumenstock and Eagle (2010) iyo Blumenstock and Eagle (2012) . Qaababka ka imputuation badan (Rubin 2004) caawin kara shaki qabtay in qiyaasaha ka weydiinta maqalka. Cilmi Haddii maqalka weydiinaya keliya daryeel ah oo ku saabsan dacwadood wadar ahaan, halkii sifooyin heer shakhsi, markaas waji ee King and Lu (2008) iyo Hopkins and King (2010) waxaa laga yaabaa in faa'iido leh. Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan hababka waxbarasho mishiinka in Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , ka eeg James et al. (2013) (hordhaca dheeraad ah) ama Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (more sare). Kale oo buugaagta waxbarashada mashiinka caansan waa Murphy (2012) .

Marka laga weydiinta hodan, natiijada in Ansolabehere iyo Hersh (2012) faseexad on laba talaabo oo muhiim ah: 1) awoodda Catalist in la isu geeyo ilo badan oo xogta kala duwan si loo soo saaro ah datafile sayidkiisa sax ah iyo 2) awoodda Catalist in link xogta sahanka si ay u ay datafile sayidkiisa. Sidaa darteed, Ansolabehere iyo Hersh taxadar leh u hubi ah tallaabo kasta.

In la abuuro datafile sayidkii, Catalist isku daraa oo ay iswaafajinaysaa macluumaad laga helay ilo badan oo kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan: duwan diiwaanka codbixinta snapshots ka gobol kasta, xogta laga Xafiiska Boostada ee National Change of Address Registry, iyo xogta ka bixiyayaasha kale ee ganacsi cayimin. Faahfaahinta Zimbabwe oo ku saabsan sida oo dhan nadiifinta iyo laga guurayo dhaca awoodda badan xajmiga ee kitaabkan lagu qoray, laakiin habka, this aan loo eegayn sida taxadir, dacaayad doonaa khaladaadka ku jira ilaha xogta asalka ah oo soo bandhigi doonaa qaladaad. Inkastoo Catalist ahaa diyaar u ah inay wada hadlaan processing xogta iyo siiyaan qaar ka mid ah macluumaadka ay cayriin, waxa uu ahaa si fudud macquul aheyn in cilmi inay dib u eegaan xogta dhuumaha Catalist oo dhan. Saas ma aha, cilmi-waxay ku jireen xaalad file xogta Catalist lahaa qaar ka mid ah aan la garanayn, oo laga yaabo in unknowable, lacagta qalad. Tani waa walaac halis ah maxaa yeelay naqdiya a qiyaasid laga yaabo in ay ku kala duwan yihiin weyn oo u dhexeeya warbixino sahanka on CCES iyo dhaqanka ee file xogta sayidkii Catalist ayaa keena khaladaadka ku jira faylka xogta sayidkii, ma by si khalad ah ay soo jawaabay.

Ansolabehere iyo Hersh qaaday laba waji oo kala duwan si ay wax ka qabashada walaac tayada xogta. Xisbiga First, marka lagu daro is barbar codaynta is-sheegay in codeynta ee faylka sayidkiisa Catalist, cilmi sidoo kale marka loo eego is-sheegay, isirka, xaaladda qofka diiwaan-galinta (tusaale, ka diiwaan gashan ama aan diiwaan gashanayn) iyo habka codbixinta (tusaale ahaan, qof ahaan, ka maqan codbixinta, iwm) kuwa qiimaha laga helay database Catalist. Waayo, kuwaas oo afar doorsoomayaasha dadka, cilmi-ka heleen heer inta ka sareeya ka mid ah heshiis u dhexeeya Warbixinta sahanka iyo xogta ee faylka sayidkiisa Catalist badan codbixinta. Sidaas darteed, file xogta sayidkii Catalist u muuqataa in ay warbixin tayo sare leh, waayo, sifooyin kale oo aan ahayn codbixinta, taasoo tilmaamaysa in sow ma aha mid guud ahaan tayada saboolka ah. Second, in qayb ka la isticmaalayo xogta laga Catalist, Ansolabehere iyo Hersh horumariyo saddex qiyaasood oo kala duwan oo tayo leh diiwaanka codbixinta gobolka, iyo waxay ka heleen in heerka lagu qiyaasay in ka badan-warbixinta ee codbixinta wuxuu ahaa muhiimad xidhiidhin si kasta oo ka mid ah tallaabooyinka tayada xogta, lagu helo in ayaa sheegaya in heerarka sare ee in ka badan-warbixinta aan la wada gobollada tayada xogta aan caadi ahayn u hooseeya.

Marka la eego abuuridda file this cod sayidkiisa, il labaad ee khaladaad ka iman kara ayaa la xiriirinaya diiwaanka sahanka, waxa uu. Tusaale ahaan, haddii xirid this waxaa si qaldan u samayn keeni kara in an ka badan-qiyaasta of farqiga u dhexeeya dhaqanka codbixinta sheegay oo la ansixiyey (Neter, Maynes, and Ramanathan 1965) . Haddii qof kastaaba wuxuu lahaa mid xasiloon, aqoonsi u gaar ah in uu ahaa in labada ilaha xogta, ka dibna ku xirid noqon lahaa Ciyaalle. In Mareykanka iyo dalalka kale ee ugu, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiro wax aqoonsi caalami ah. Dheeraad ah, xataa haddii ay jiraan kuwo sida dadka aqoonsi ah malaha noqon lahaa laba labeyn in ay bixiyaan si ay u tilmaamaan cilmi! Sidaas darteed, Catalist lahaa in la sameeyo xiriirka la isticmaalayo aqoonsiga xasilooneyn, kiiskan afar xabbadood oo macluumaad ku saabsan jawaab kasta: Magaca, jinsiga, sanadka dhalashada, iyo cinwaanka guriga. Tusaale ahaan, Catalist lahaa si go'aan looga gaaro haddii Homie J Simpson ee CCES ahaa qof la mid ah sida Jay Homer ku Simpson in file xogta sayidkiisa ay. In dhaqanka, ku habboon waa geedi socod adag oo murugsan, iyo, si ay u sameeyaan xaaladda kusii xumeeyay cilmi, Catalist tixgeliyo farsamo ku habboon si ay u noqon lahaansho.

Si loo ansixiyo algorithms ku habboon ee, iyagu waxay isku halleeyeen laba caqabado. First, Catalist ka qaybgalay tartanka ku habboon in ay maamusho madax bannaan, xisbiyada saddexaad: Corporation Mitre ah. Mitre siiyaa dhammaan ka qaybgalayaasha laba files xogta buuq badan in la isku aadiyo, iyo kooxo kala duwan oo u tartamay inuu ku soo laabto Mitre u dhigma ugu fiican. Maxaa yeelay, Mitre isu ogaa dhigma saxda ah ay awoodaan in ay wax gool ah kooxaha ka ahaayeen. Of the 40 shirkadaha tartamay, Catalist ayaa kaalinta labaad ka. Noocan ah oo madax bannaan, qiimeynta-xisbiga saddexaad ee technology lahaansho waa wax dhif ah oo cajiib ah oo qiimo leh, waa in ay na siiyaan kalsooni in habka ku habboon Catalist ayaa muhiimad ugu jira gobolka-of-the-art. Laakiin waa gobolka-of-the-art wanaagsan oo ku filan? Waxa intaa dheer in tartanka ku habboon this, Ansolabehere iyo Hersh abuuray ay caqabad ku habboon gaar ah Catalist. Laga soo bilaabo mashruuc hore, Ansolabehere iyo Hersh ayaa soo ururiyay diiwaanka cod-ka Florida. Waxay bixiyo qaar ka mid ah diiwaanka, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah goobaha ay ka maclumaad si Catalist ka dibna marka la barbar dhigo Catalist ayaa warar oo ka mid ah beeraha in qiimaha dhabta ah ee ay. Nasiib wanaag, wararka Catalist ayaa ku dhow in qiimaha laga joojiyey, oo tilmaamaysa in Catalist dhigma ayaa laga yaabaa diiwaanka cod-qayb gal file xogta sayidkiisa ay. Labadan caqabadaha, mid ka mid by a-dhinac saddexaad oo ka mid ah by Ansolabehere iyo Hersh, na siiyo kalsooni dheeraad ah ee ku habboon algorithms Catalist, inkastoo aan aan dib u eegi karaan saxda ah hirgelinta nafteena.

Waxaa jiray isku dayo badan oo hore si loo ansixiyo codbixinta. Waayo, muuqaalka guud ee suugaanta in, arki Belli et al. (1999) , Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2011) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , iyo Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) .

Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in inkastoo ay dhacdo in this cilmi ayaa lagu dhiirigelinayaa by tayada xogta laga Catalist, qiimeynta kale ee iibiya ganacsiga ayaa ka yar xamaasad leh. Cilmi helay tayo liita marka xogta laga sahan in la macaamilka-file ka Suuq Systems Group (taas oo isu soo wada biireen xogta laga saddex bixiyeyaasha: Acxiom, Experian, iyo InfoUSA) (Pasek et al. 2014) . Taasi waa, file data ma u dhigma jawaabaha sahanka ay cilmi la filayaa in ay noqon sax ah, datafile uu ka maqan xog for tiro badan oo ah su'aalaha, iyo hannaanka xogta la la'yahay waxaa xiran in qiimaha sahan sheegay (in si kale loo dhigo xogta maqan ahaa nidaamsan , ma random).

Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku record xirid dhexeeya sahan iyo xogta maamulka, arki Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) iyo Schnell (2013) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku record xirid guud ahaan, arki Dunn (1946) iyo Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (taariikheed) iyo Larsen and Winkler (2014) (casri). Wajiyada la mid ah ayaa sidoo kale la soo saaray ee computer science ka yar magacyada sida deduplication xogta, aqoonsi tusaale ahaan, magaca ku habboon, ogaanshaha nuqul, oo nuqul rikoorka ogaanshaha (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Waxaa sidoo kale jira gaarka ah ilaalinta habab si ay u qoraan xirid oo aan u baahnayn gudbinta macluumaadka shaqsiga lagu aqoonsanayo (Schnell 2013) . Cilmi Facebook horumariyo hab lagu soo probabilisticsly link xogta si ay u dabeecad codbixinta (Jones et al. 2013) ; xirid waxaas la sameeyey si ay u qiimeeyaan tijaabo ah aan kuu sheegi doonaa ah oo ku saabsan Cutubka 4 (Bond et al. 2012) .

Tusaale kale ee isku xirta a sahanka bulshada oo baaxad weyn oo diiwaanka maamulka dowladda ka timaadaa Caafimaadka iyo Hawlgabka Survey iyo Social Security Administration. Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan daraasadda in, ay ka mid yihiin macluumaadka ku saabsan nidaamka ogolaanshaha, arki Olson (1996) iyo Olson (1999) .

Geedi socodka ee isku ilo badan oo xogta maamul galay sayidkiisa datafile-socodka ah in Catalist shaqaalaha-waa wax caadi ah in xafiisyada tirakoobka of qaar ka mid ah dawladaha qaran. Laba cilmi ka Statistics Sweden ayaa ka qoray buug faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan mawduuca (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Tusaale ahaan ah hab this in hal gobol oo dalka Mareykanka ah (Olmstead County, Minnesota, guriga of Clinic Mayo ah), arki Sauver et al. (2011) . Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku qaladaad muuqda karaa diiwaanka maamulka, arki Groen (2012) .